First report of multiple drug-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in Arbat District, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq detected by in vivo and in vitro methods

Abstract Introduction The control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in small ruminants is principally dependent on anthelmintic therapy, which encounters the rising problem of anthelmintic resistance (AR) development. Veterinarians reported anthelmintic failure in several sheep farms in Arbat District, Sulaymaniyah, northern Iraq, which called for a systematic study about the efficacy of three commonly used drugs: albendazole, ivermectin, and levamisole. Material and Methods A faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was conducted to elucidate the anthelmintics’ efficacies, with coprocultures to determine the GINs parasitising sheep in the study area. Larval development assays (LDAs) were conducted to determine the drugs’ median inhibitory concentrations (IC50). Results The FECRT revealed that AR was widespread to all three drugs, and ivermectin was the least effective, reducing the faecal egg counts (FECs) by 50.5% to 57.1%. The coprocultures revealed that the GIN genera of sheep in Arbat District were Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, and Trichuris, and the resistance was mainly due to Trichostrongylus species. The mean IC50 of albendazole, ivermectin, and levamisole were 0.073 ng/mL, 7.97 ng/mL, and 1.43 ng/mL, respectively. Conclusion This study is the first Iraqi report of AR confirmed by both in vivo FECRT and in vitro LDA methods.

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Worm-control practices and prevalence of anthelmintic resistance using in vivo FECRTs on smallholder sheep farms in Lithuania

Helminthologia ◽

10.1515/helmin-2015-0064 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 24-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

T. Kupčinskas ◽

I. Stadalienė ◽

A. Šalomskas ◽

P. Trusevičius ◽

M. Varady ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Future Studies ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Two Samples ◽

Faecal Egg Count ◽

Worm Control

SummaryThis study determined the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in parasitic nematodes on smallholder sheep farms in Lithuania from April to November 2014. Faecal samples were collected from two groups of 10-15 sheep treated with fenbendazole (FBZ) or ivermectin (IVM) on 18 sheep farms. Two samples were collected from each group: on day zero (T1) and 10-14 days after treatment. Faecal egg counts (eggs per gramme, EPG) were determined using a modified McMaster technique. Animals with < 140 EPG on day zero were removed from the analysis. The prevalence of AR was estimated using the in vivo faecal egg count reduction test. AR to FBZ was detected on three of 15 farms where FBZ was used (20 %) and was suspected on one farm (6.7 %). AR to IVM was detected on two of 16 farms where IVM was used (12.5 %). The main species of resistant gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) identified after treatment were Teladorsagia spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. A questionnaire surveying 71 sheep farmers estimated that 71.8 % of sheep farmers used anthelmintics against GINs. IVM was the most frequently (68.6 %) applied anthelmintic, and 62.7 % of the respondents reported treating their animals twice a year. This study confirmed the presence of AR to GIN infections on sheep farms in Lithuania. Future studies should assess the prevalence of AR to GIN infection using in vitro methods.

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Multiple anthelmintic resistance at a goat farm in Slovakia

Helminthologia ◽

10.2478/helm-2021-0014 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 173-178

Author(s):

M. Babják ◽

A. Königová ◽

M. Várady

Keyword(s):

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Threshold Concentration ◽

Faecal Egg Count ◽

Goat Farm ◽

Threshold Criteria ◽

Larval Development Test

Summary Cases of parasite resistance to the main classes of anthelmintics are increasingly reported from small ruminants at farms in Europe. We visited a goat farm in Slovakia in November 2019 with suspected parasite problems that reduced productivity and performed an in vivo faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and an in vitro larval development test (LDT) for all three main classes of anthelmintics. The lowest efficacy (60 %) detected by FECRT was for ivermectin (IVM). Benzimidazole (BZ) efficacy ranged between 80.3 and 86.5 %, and levamisole (LEV) efficacy was 94 %. The results from the in vivo FECRT test were confirmed by the in vitro LDT. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 173.6 ng/ml for IVM several times exceeded the recommended threshold of 21.6 ng/ml. Mean LD50 for BZ was equal to the threshold concentration, but the other threshold criteria indicated a low level of resistance in the population. The LDT did not indicate the presence of resistance only for LEV. The MIC 1.0 μg/ml for LEV was evaluated as susceptible with respect to species composition. Teladorsagia was the dominant genus after treatment with BZ, IVM, and LEV. Haemonchus contortus was identifi ed after treatment with BZ and LEV.

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First Report of Anthelmintic Resistance in Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Goats in Romania

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11102761 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 2761

Author(s):

Adrian Valentin Potârniche ◽

Marcin Mickiewicz ◽

Diana Olah ◽

Constantin Cerbu ◽

Marina Spînu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Dairy Goat ◽

Control Group ◽

In Vitro Methods

Currently, there are three classes of anthelmintics most commonly used in small ruminants: the benzimidazoles (BZs), macrocyclic lactones (MLs) and cholinergic agonists (especially levamisole; LEV). The widespread use of those products has led to the emergence of drug-resistant parasite strains which represents a serious threat to the livestock industry. In the present study, we describe for the first time a case of resistance to anthelmintics in goats in Romania. The study was carried out in 2021 in a dairy goat herd from the Transylvania region. Two types of diagnostic methods were used to confirm anthelmintic resistance (AR). First, the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT), an in vivo AR diagnostic method, was used to evaluate the efficacy of eprinomectin (EPM). The results of this test were analysed applying two different calculative methods that are used only in treated animals (without the control group). Furthermore, two in vitro methods were used: the egg hatch test (EHT) for the detection of resistance to BZs, and the larval development test (LDT) for detection of resistance to all three classes of anthelmintics. The results of FECRT indicate the resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) to EPM in both calculative methods (FECR1 = −88% and FECR2 = −202%). In addition, the results obtained for ivermectin aglycone (IVM-AG) in LDT also indicate resistance to drugs from MLs group, especially avermectins. Similarly, the results of in vitro methods (EHT and LDT) indicate resistance to BZs in this herd. LEV was the only drug that stopped the development of L3 larvae 100% (LDT). H. contortus was the only nematode species found in coproculture after EPM treatment. Furthermore, H. contotus L3 larvae was the only species found in the wells with the highest concentrations of thiabendazole (TBZ) and IVM-AG in LDT. This suggests that resistance to both BZs and MLs was present for that species.

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Effect of Jatropha curcas Latex on L3 Haemonchus contortus Larval Motility

International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.25258/ijpcr.v9i3.8317 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Noorzaid Muhamad ◽

Syahirah Sazeli ◽

Resni Mona ◽

Jannathul Firdous

Keyword(s):

Larvicidal Activity ◽

Jatropha Curcas ◽

Haemonchus Contortus ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Plants Extract

The anthelmintic resistance has limited the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants and thus has awakened interest in the study of plants extract as a source of anthelmintics. These experiments were carried out to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of Jatrophacurcas latex extract against Haemonchuscontortus larval motility. To evaluate the larvicidal activity, H.contortus L3 were incubated with the extracts with varying concentration of 5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL at 27°C for 48, 72 and 96 hrs. The results were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test (P less than 0.05). The extracts showed dose-dependent larvicidal effects. These results suggest that J.curcas can be used to control gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants.

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Antitumor mechanism of evodiamine, a constituent from Chinese herb Evodiae fructus , in human multiple-drug resistant breast cancer NCI/ADR-RES cells in vitro and in vivo

Carcinogenesis ◽

10.1093/carcin/bgi041 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 968-975 ◽

Cited By ~ 79

Author(s):

Cho-Hwa Liao ◽

Shiow-Lin Pan ◽

Jih-Hwa Guh ◽

Ya-Ling Chang ◽

Hui-Chen Pai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Chinese Herb ◽

Multiple Drug ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Multiple Drug Resistant

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Klebsiella virus UPM2146 lyses multiple drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in vitro and in vivo

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0245354 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. e0245354

Author(s):

Omar Assafiri ◽

Adelene Ai-Lian Song ◽

Geok Hun Tan ◽

Irwan Hanish ◽

Amalia Mohd Hashim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Multiple Drug ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Zebrafish Model ◽

Whole Genome Analysis ◽

Narrow Host Range ◽

Opportunistic Bacteria ◽

Multiple Drug Resistant

Klebsiella pneumoniae are opportunistic bacteria found in the gut. In recent years they have been associated with nosocomial infections. The increased incidence of multiple drug-resistant K. pneumoniae makes it necessary to find new alternatives to treat the disease. In this study, phage UPM2146 was isolated from a polluted lake which can lyse its host K. pneumoniae ATCC BAA-2146. Observation from TEM shows that UPM2146 belongs to Caudoviriales (Order) based on morphological appearance. Whole genome analysis of UPM2146 showed that its genome comprises 160,795 bp encoding for 214 putative open reading frames (ORFs). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the phage belongs to Ackermannviridae (Family) under the Caudoviriales. UPM2146 produces clear plaques with high titers of 1010 PFU/ml. The phage has an adsorption period of 4 min, latent period of 20 min, rise period of 5 min, and releases approximately 20 PFU/ bacteria at Multiplicity of Infection (MOI) of 0.001. UPM2146 has a narrow host-range and can lyse 5 out of 22 K. pneumoniae isolates (22.72%) based on spot test and efficiency of plating (EOP). The zebrafish larvae model was used to test the efficacy of UPM2146 in lysing its host. Based on colony forming unit counts, UPM2146 was able to completely lyse its host at 10 hours onwards. Moreover, we show that the phage is safe to be used in the treatment against K. pneumoniae infections in the zebrafish model.

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In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of extracts from Artemisia parviflora and A. sieversiana

Helminthologia ◽

10.1515/helm-2017-0028 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 218-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S. Irum ◽

H. Ahmed ◽

B. Mirza ◽

K. Donskow-Łysoniewska ◽

A. Muhammad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adult Worm ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Anthelmintic Activity ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Egg Hatching ◽

Infective Larvae

SummaryIn the northern areas of Pakistan, the use of Artemisia based therapeutics is a common practice. Plants of genus Artemisia are known to possess anthelmintic and therapeutic effect. Infections caused by gastrointestinal nematodes are major threat to livestock industry across the world resulting in loss of production and indirect economic losses due to high cost of anthelmintic drugs. Present study was carried out to evaluate in vitro and in vivo effect of Artemisia sieversiana and Artemisia parviflora on Haemonchus contortus, a parasitic nematode of small ruminants. Methanolic plant extract was tested against three different developmental stages using an egg hatch assay, infective larvae and adult worm motility assay. Different concentrations were used for the bioassays and post exposure mortality was recorded after 8 hr for adult worms and infective larvae, while egg inhibition percentage was observed after 27 hr. A highly significant ability to inhibit the egg hatching (100 %) was recorded for both plant extracts while, the highest activity for adult worm assay and larvicidal assay was 90 % for A. sieversiana. The highest activity for adult motility and larvicidal assay for A. parviflora was 89 % and 86.6 % respectively. For in vivo trials maximum parentage reduction was 77.0 % for A. sieversiana and 73.6 % for A. parviflora. It is concluded that selected plant extracts were effective in reducing worm burden in animals.

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A marine microbiome antifungal targets urgent-threat drug-resistant fungi

Science ◽

10.1126/science.abd6919 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 370 (6519) ◽

pp. 974-978 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fan Zhang ◽

Miao Zhao ◽

Doug R. Braun ◽

Spencer S. Ericksen ◽

Jeff S. Piotrowski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mode Of Action ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Antifungal Drugs ◽

Multiple Drug ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Candida Auris ◽

Marine Animals ◽

Multiple Drug Resistant

New antifungal drugs are urgently needed to address the emergence and transcontinental spread of fungal infectious diseases, such as pandrug-resistant Candida auris. Leveraging the microbiomes of marine animals and cutting-edge metabolomics and genomic tools, we identified encouraging lead antifungal molecules with in vivo efficacy. The most promising lead, turbinmicin, displays potent in vitro and mouse-model efficacy toward multiple-drug–resistant fungal pathogens, exhibits a wide safety index, and functions through a fungal-specific mode of action, targeting Sec14 of the vesicular trafficking pathway. The efficacy, safety, and mode of action distinct from other antifungal drugs make turbinmicin a highly promising antifungal drug lead to help address devastating global fungal pathogens such as C. auris.

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Ovicidal activity of succinic acid isolated from sisal waste (Agave sisalana) against gastrointestinal nematodes of goats

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20170036 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (8) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nathália Silva de Souza Santos ◽

Jener David Gonçalves Santos ◽

Francianne Oliveira Santos ◽

Taiane Menezes Serra ◽

Hélimar Gonçalves de Lima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Succinic Acid ◽

Anthelmintic Activity ◽

Vero Cells ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Significant Inhibition ◽

Egg Hatching ◽

The Mean ◽

Agave Sisalana

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic activity of the succinic acid (SA) isolated from sisal waste against gastrointestinal nematodes of goats, using the egg hatching and larvae motility assays. In addition, potential cytotoxicity of SA on Vero cell cultures was investigated by means of MTT (3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl, 2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide) test. The SA induced a significant inhibition of egg hatching (P<0.05) at all concentrations tested (60 to 250µg mL-1), and the concentrations to inhibit 50% (EC50) and 90% (EC90) values (mean ± standard deviation) were 90.3±2.8 and 130.6±3.5µg mL-1, respectively. The SA has not shown larvicidal activity. The SA was less toxic to the Vero cells, with the mean percentage of cell viability equal to 85±6.2% at the concentration of 130µg mL-1. The results suggested that SA has potential anthelmintic effect; although, more research is needed to confirm its activity in vivo.

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Resistencia a los antihelmínticos: origen, desarrollo y control.

Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria ◽

10.21930/rcta.vol4_num1_art:14 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 55 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Dildo Márquez Lara

Keyword(s):

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Nematode Resistance ◽

Development Of Resistance ◽

Helminth Infections ◽

Wide Range ◽

And Control

Una variada gama de antihelmínticos modernos, con espectro amplio y alto grado de eficacia, como los benzimidazoles, los agonistas nicotínicos y las lactonas macrocíclicas, se encuentran disponibles comercialmente en el mundo para el control de las infecciones causadas por helmintos en rumiantes. El uso intensivo y la administración inadecuada de antihelmínticos, en épocas y grupos de rumiantes no apropiados, han contribuido al desarrollo de resistencia a estas sustancias, lo que constituye un obstáculo importante para el control de los endoparásitos. La resistencia antihelmíntica se ha reportado principalmente en pequeños rumiantes y es escasa la información relacionada con los nemátodos de bovinos. Se han identificado algunos factores aceleradores del proceso de desarrollo de resistencia, entre ellos factores genéticos, reproductivos y ecológicos de los parásitos, así como factores de orden antrópico, siendo la resistencia una característica heredable. El aumento de la resistencia a los antihelmínticos en la última década, así como los requerimientos de información sobre su ocurrencia e incidencia, han señalado la necesidad de desarrollar y estandarizar técnicas más sensibles para su detección. Hay varias técnicas disponibles in vivo e in vitro útiles para detectar la resistencia antihelmíntica, si bien la prueba de Reducción del Conteo de Huevos Fecales (RCH) es la más usada. La detección temprana de esta condición es un factor esencial para el control estratégico de los endoparásitos a fin de preservar la eficacia de los antihelmínticos. La presente revisión propone diferentes alternativas, químicas y no químicas, para el control de helmintos con el objeto de retardar la aparición de resistencia. Anthelmintic resistance: origin, development and controlA wide range of modern anthelmintics, with broad-spectrum and high efficacy to control helminth infections in ruminants, are commercially available, such as benzimidazoles, nicotinic agonist and macrocyclic lactones.The intensive use and inadequated dosages of anthelmintics in ruminants have contributed to develop resistance, becoming the main threat to control endoparasites. Anthelmintic resistance has been reported mainly in small ruminants, but there is scarce information about it in nematodes of cattle. Genetic, reproductive, ecological and anthropic factors have been found to enhance the development of resistance. Because nematode resistance has increased in the last decade, it is necessary to investigate about its occurrence and incidence; so, developing and standarization of improved techniques for detection of the resistance should be carried out. There are several techniques (in vivo and in vitro) available for detection of anthelmintic resistance, being the Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) the most commonly used. Early detection of resistance is an essential factor on parasite control strategies in order to preserve the effectiveness of anthelmintics. Different chemical and non-chemical helminth control strategies have been suggested in order to slow the onset of resistance.

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