scholarly journals To fear or not to fear? Exploring the temporality of topophobia in urban environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-321
Author(s):  
Petr Šimáček ◽  
Miloslav Šerý ◽  
David Fiedor ◽  
Lucia Brisudová
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Empirical Survey ◽  
Mental Mapping ◽  
Local Decision ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThe concept of topophobia has been known in Geography for decades. Places which evoke fear in people’s minds can be found in almost every city. The perception of fear within an urban environment shows a certain spatio-temporal concentration and is often represented by fear of crime. The meaning of topophobic places, however, derived from the experience of fear of crime changes over time, and thus can alter the usual patterns of population behaviours in relation to time (in the time of the day and over longer periods) and space. A spatiotemporal understanding of these changes is therefore crucial for local decision-makers. Using data from the Czech Republic, this paper deals with the analysis of topophobic places, and is based on an empirical survey of the inhabitants of four cities, using the concept of mental mapping. In contrast to most similar geographical studies, the paper emphasises the temporal dimension of the fear of crime. The results have shown that over time there are significant differences in the meanings of topophobic places, and they have demonstrated the necessity of taking local specifics into account. The paper shows how the intensity of and the reasons for fears vary, depending on time and place. In general, the results provide support for the idea of place as a process and contain useful information for spatial planning and policy in urban areas.

scholarly journals Glimpse: A Gaze-Based Measure of Temporal Salience

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3099
Author(s):  
V. Javier Traver ◽  
Judith Zorío ◽  
Luis A. Leiva
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Temporal Consistency ◽  
Visual Salience ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Spatial Perspective ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Scoring Algorithms ◽  
Over Time

Temporal salience considers how visual attention varies over time. Although visual salience has been widely studied from a spatial perspective, its temporal dimension has been mostly ignored, despite arguably being of utmost importance to understand the temporal evolution of attention on dynamic contents. To address this gap, we proposed Glimpse, a novel measure to compute temporal salience based on the observer-spatio-temporal consistency of raw gaze data. The measure is conceptually simple, training free, and provides a semantically meaningful quantification of visual attention over time. As an extension, we explored scoring algorithms to estimate temporal salience from spatial salience maps predicted with existing computational models. However, these approaches generally fall short when compared with our proposed gaze-based measure. Glimpse could serve as the basis for several downstream tasks such as segmentation or summarization of videos. Glimpse’s software and data are publicly available.

scholarly journals Understanding spatio-temporal mobility patterns for seniors, child/student and adult using smart card data

2014 ◽  
Vol XL-1 ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Huang ◽  
J. Tan
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Weighted Graph ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Travel Behaviour ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Urban Dynamics ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Using Data

Commutes in urban areas create interesting travel patterns that are often stored in regional transportation databases. These patterns can vary based on the day of the week, the time of the day, and commuter type. This study proposes methods to detect underlying spatio-temporal variability among three groups of commuters (senior citizens, child/students, and adults) using data mining and spatial analytics. Data from over 36 million individual trip records collected over one week (March 2012) on the Singapore bus and Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system by the fare collection system were used. Analyses of such data are important for transportation and landuse designers and contribute to a better understanding of urban dynamics. <br><br> Specifically, descriptive statistics, network analysis, and spatial analysis methods are presented. Descriptive variables were proposed such as density and duration to detect temporal features of people. A directed weighted graph G &equiv; (N , L, W) was defined to analyze the global network properties of every pair of the transportation link in the city during an average workday for all three categories. Besides, spatial interpolation and spatial statistic tools were used to transform the discrete network nodes into structured human movement landscape to understand the role of transportation systems in urban areas. The travel behaviour of the three categories follows a certain degree of temporal and spatial universality but also displays unique patterns within their own specialties. Each category is characterized by their different peak hours, commute distances, and specific locations for travel on weekdays.

scholarly journals Spatio-Temporal Variation of the Urban Heat Island in Santiago, Chile during Summers 2005–2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 3345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Montaner-Fernández ◽  
Luis Morales-Salinas ◽  
José Sobrino Rodriguez ◽  
Luz Cárdenas-Jirón ◽  
Alfredo Huete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Urban Heat Islands ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Heat Islands ◽  
Local Decision ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

Urban heat islands (UHIs) can present significant risks to human health. Santiago, Chile has around 7 million residents, concentrated in an average density of 480 people/km2. During the last few summer seasons, the highest extreme maximum temperatures in over 100 years have been recorded. Given the projections in temperature increase for this metropolitan region over the next 50 years, the Santiago UHI could have an important impact on the health and stress of the general population. We studied the presence and spatial variability of UHIs in Santiago during the summer seasons from 2005 to 2017 using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite imagery and data from nine meteorological stations. Simple regression models, geographic weighted regression (GWR) models and geostatistical interpolations were used to find nocturnal thermal differences in UHIs of up to 9 °C, as well as increases in the magnitude and extension of the daytime heat island from summer 2014 to 2017. Understanding the behavior of the UHI of Santiago, Chile, is important for urban planners and local decision makers. Additionally, understanding the spatial pattern of the UHI could improve knowledge about how urban areas experience and could mitigate climate change.

scholarly journals The synchronicity of COVID-19 disparities: Statewide epidemiologic trends in SARS-CoV-2 morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality among racial minorities and in rural America

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0255063
Author(s):  
Brian E. Dixon ◽  
Shaun J. Grannis ◽  
Lauren R. Lembcke ◽  
Nimish Valvi ◽  
Anna R. Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Racial Minorities ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Over Time

Background Early studies on COVID-19 identified unequal patterns in hospitalization and mortality in urban environments for racial and ethnic minorities. These studies were primarily single center observational studies conducted within the first few weeks or months of the pandemic. We sought to examine trends in COVID-19 morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality over time for minority and rural populations, especially during the U.S. fall surge. Methods Data were extracted from a statewide cohort of all adult residents in Indiana tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 1 and December 31, 2020, linked to electronic health records. Primary measures were per capita rates of infection, hospitalization, and death. Age adjusted rates were calculated for multiple time periods corresponding to public health mitigation efforts. Comparisons across time within groups were compared using ANOVA. Results Morbidity and mortality increased over time with notable differences among sub-populations. Initially, hospitalization rates among racial minorities were 3–4 times higher than whites, and mortality rates among urban residents were twice those of rural residents. By fall 2020, hospitalization and mortality rates in rural areas surpassed those of urban areas, and gaps between black/brown and white populations narrowed. Changes across time among demographic groups was significant for morbidity and hospitalization. Cumulative morbidity and mortality were highest among minority groups and in rural communities. Conclusions The synchronicity of disparities in COVID-19 by race and geography suggests that health officials should explicitly measure disparities and adjust mitigation as well as vaccination strategies to protect those sub-populations with greater disease burden.

Perthes’ disease of the hip: socioeconomic inequalities and the urban environment

2012 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 1053-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C Perry ◽  
Colin E Bruce ◽  
Daniel Pope ◽  
Peter Dangerfield ◽  
Mary Jane Platt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Socioeconomic Deprivation ◽  
Perthes Disease ◽  
Discharge Rates ◽  
Rural Environments ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Using Data

IntroductionPerthes’ disease is a puzzling childhood hip disorder for which the aetiology is unknown. It is known to be associated with socioeconomic deprivation. Urban environments have also been implicated as a risk factor, however socioeconomic deprivation often occurs within urban environments and it is unclear if this association is the result of confounding. The objective of the current work was to gain a greater understanding of the influence of the urban/rural environment in Perthes’ disease.MethodsThis was a descriptive observational study using the Scottish Morbidity Record, based in Scotland, UK using data from 2000–2010. A total of 443 patients with a discharge diagnosis of Perthes’ disease were included. Socioeconomic deprivation was determined using the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation, and exposure to the ‘urban environment’ was recorded based on the Scottish Urban–Rural Classification.ResultsThere was a strong association with socioeconomic deprivation, with rates among the most deprived quintile more than twice those of the most affluent (RR 2.1 (95% CI 1.5 to 2.9)). Urban areas had a greater rate of Perthes’ disease discharges (RR 1.8 (95% CI 1.1 to 3.2)), though this was a reflection of greater deprivation in urban areas. Stratification for socioeconomic deprivation revealed similar discharge rates in urban and rural environments, suggesting that the aetiological determinants were not independently associated with urban environments.ConclusionsThe occurrence of Perthes’ disease within urban environments is high, yet this appears to be a reflection of higher socioeconomic deprivation exposure. Disease rates appear equivalent in similarly deprived urban and non-urban areas, suggesting that the determinant is not a consequence of the urban environment.

scholarly journals Educational inequalities, urbanicity and levels of non-communicable diseases risk factors: evaluating trends in Argentina (2005–2013)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Rodríguez López ◽  
Usama Bilal ◽  
Ana F. Ortigoza ◽  
Ana V. Diez-Roux
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Educational Inequalities ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background We investigated a) whether urbanicity is associated with individual-level non-communicable diseases (NCD) risk factors and whether urbanicity modifies trends over time in risk factors; and (b) whether educational inequalities in NCD risk factors change over time or are modified by province urbanicity. Methods We used data from three large national surveys on NCD risk factors (Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo; ENFR2005–2009-2013) conducted in urban areas of Argentina (n = 108,489). We used gender-stratified logistic random-intercept models (individuals nested within provinces) to determine adjusted associations of self-reported individual NCD risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and current smoking) with education and urbanicity. Results In both men and women, the prevalence of obesity and diabetes increased over time but smoking decreased. Hypertension prevalence increased over time in men. Higher urbanicity was associated with higher odds of smoking and lower odds of hypertension in women but was not associated with NCD risk factors in men. Obesity increased more over time in more compared to less urbanized provinces (in men) while smoking decreased more over time in less urbanized provinces. All risk factors had a higher prevalence in persons with lower education (stronger in women than in men), except for diabetes in men and smoking in women. Educational inequalities in obesity (in men) and hypertension (in men and women) became stronger over time, while an initial inverse social gradient in smoking for women reverted and became similar to other risk factors over time. In general, the inverse associations of education with the risk factors became stronger with increasing levels of province urbanicity. Conclusion Increasing prevalence of diabetes and obesity over time and growing inequities by education highlight the need for policies aimed at reducing NCD risk factors among lower socioeconomic populations in urban environments in Argentina.

scholarly journals Dynamics of unmet need for social care in England

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 809-809
Author(s):  
Athina Vlachantoni ◽  
Maria Evandrou ◽  
Jane Falkingham ◽  
Min Qin
Keyword(s):  
Unmet Needs ◽  
Social Care ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Core Element ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Meeting individuals’ social care needs is a core element of UK social policy. However, the conceptualisation and operationalisation of ‘unmet need’ remain a challenge. This paper advances our understanding by incorporating a temporal dimension in the conceptual framework on unmet need to investigate the dynamics of met and unmet need for social care over time. Using data from Waves 6,7 and 8 of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, this paper examines five possible trajectories among individuals with a social care need at baseline: 1) no longer having such a need; 2) having continued needs met; 3) delayed needs met; 4) newly arisen unmet needs; and 5) persistent unmet needs. The results indicate that amongst those with need at baseline unmet need has decreased over time, indicating that some needs may be fulfilled with a delay. However, a significant proportion of older people experienced persistent unmet needs, particularly those who were younger, living alone, with educational qualifications, and with fewer difficulties with Activities of Daily Living at baseline. Understanding the dynamics of unmet need can support policymakers in ensuring that those facing an elevated risk of persistent unmet need over time do not fall through the social care safety net.

scholarly journals The COVID-19 health equity twindemic: Statewide epidemiologic trends of SARS-CoV-2 outcomes among racial minorities and in rural America

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian E. Dixon ◽  
Shaun J. Grannis ◽  
Lauren Lembcke ◽  
Anna Roberts ◽  
Peter J. Embi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Racial Minorities ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Over Time

AbstractBackgroundEarly studies on COVID-19 identified unequal patterns in hospitalization and mortality in urban environments for racial and ethnic minorities. These studies were primarily single center observational studies conducted within the first few weeks or months of the pandemic. We sought to examine trends in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality over time for minority and rural populations, especially during the U.S. fall surge.MethodsStatewide cohort of all adult residents in Indiana tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 1 and December 31, 2020, linked to electronic health records. Primary measures were per capita rates of infection, hospitalization, and death. Age adjusted rates were calculated for multiple time periods corresponding to public health mitigation efforts.ResultsMorbidity and mortality increased over time with notable differences among sub-populations. Initially, per capita hospitalizations among racial minorities were 3-4 times higher than whites, and per capita deaths among urban residents were twice those of rural residents. By fall 2020, per capita hospitalizations and deaths in rural areas surpassed those of urban areas, and gaps between black/brown and white populations narrowed. Cumulative morbidity and mortality were highest among minority groups and in rural communities.ConclusionsBurden of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality shifted over time, creating a twindemic involving disparities in outcomes based on race and geography. Health officials should explicitly measure disparities and adjust mitigation and vaccination strategies to protect vulnerable sub-populations with greater disease burden.

scholarly journals Predation and Scavenging in the City: A Review of Spatio-Temporal Trends in Research

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Álvaro Luna ◽  
Pedro Romero-Vidal ◽  
Eneko Arrondo
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Conservation Implications ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The City ◽  
Trophic Role

Many researchers highlight the role of urban ecology in a rapidly urbanizing world. Despite the ecological and conservation implications relating to carnivores in cities, our general understanding of their potential role in urban food webs lacks synthesis. In this paper, we reviewed the scientific literature on urban carnivores with the aim of identifying major biases in this topic of research. In particular, we explored the number of articles dealing with predation and scavenging, and assessed the geographical distribution, biomes and habitats represented in the scientific literature, together with the richness of species reported and their traits. Our results confirmed that scavenging is largely overlooked compared to predation in urban carnivore research. Moreover, research was biased towards cities located in temperate biomes, while tropical regions were less well-represented, a pattern that was more evident in the case of articles on scavenging. The species reported in both predation and scavenging articles were mainly wild and domestic mammals with high meat-based diets and nocturnal habits, and the majority of the studies were conducted in the interior zone of cities compared to peri-urban areas. Understanding the trophic role of carnivores in urban environments and its ecological consequences will require full recognition of both their predation and scavenging facets, which is especially desirable given the urban sprawl that has been predicted in the coming decades.

Temporal patterns

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip James
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Far East ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Urban Flora ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Over Time

Beginning in the Far East over 2000 years ago the discussion in this chapter charts the movement of species found in contemporary urban environments around the globe. A city is dependent on trade for the resources required by the inhabitants to live and work. Some items of trade are plants and animals, and over time, many species have been introduced intentionally, and many others unintentionally (perhaps as a result of hitching a lift in or on items being traded between countries and continents) to become part of the urban flora and fauna. All the time that such global dispersal has been occurring, some floral and faunal species originally present in an urban area have become locally extinct. These processes of invasion and extinction are controlled by filters and process, and there are certain traits, the possession of which is seemingly beneficial to organisms in urban environments.

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