scholarly journals Media policy in Greenland

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (s2) ◽  
pp. 36-52
Author(s):  
Signe Ravn-Højgaard

Abstract This article describes the historical development of media policy in Greenland, and the shifts in the underlying normative and causal ideas that legitimise media policy. I argue that media policy reflects changes in Greenland's political system. Specifically, under colonial rule, Greenlandic media was state run and media was seen as an instrument to educate the population. Gradually, with the introduction of home rule, a paradigm shift took place, whereby media was seen as a vital instrument to strengthen Greenlandic language and identity. At the same time, normative ideas of media independence appeared which called for institutionalisation of the arm's length principle. Due to the influence and institutional spill-over from Denmark, I argue, Greenlandic media policy fit rather well into the “Nordic media model” although media policy in Greenland is mostly formulated without long-term or broad political agreements.

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Géza Antal Entz

A tanulmány amellett érvel, hogy eredményes város- és településfejlesztés, csak úgy képzelhető el, ha azt a mai szükségletek felmérésén túl az épített és természeti környezet komplex ismeretére alapozzák. A legtöbb nyugat-európai országban a hosszú távú és folyamatos műemléki topográfiai kutatómunka biztosítja az ehhez szükséges tudás és ismeretek szilárd alapját. A magyar műemlékvédelem másfél százados története során szintén voltak figyelemre méltó erőfeszítések annak érdekében, hogy az ország műemlékeinek, illetve tágabban műemléki értékeinek kor-szerű és többé-kevésbé naprakész kataszterét megalkossák, de ezzel a szükséges szakmai mélységben sohasem sikerült a teljes ország teljes területét lefedni és az 1950 és az 1980-as évek vége közötti periódustól eltekintve, a vállalkozás mindig csak részlegesen, gyakori megszakításokkal és hosszú szünetekkel valósulhatott meg. Az 1990-ben bekövetkezett politikai rendszerváltozás után minden szakmai érv amellett szólt, hogy újrainduljon a magyarországi műemléki értékállomány rend-szerelvű számbavétele. A magyar épített örökség jellegzetességei alapján a topográfiai számbavétel szempontjából szóba jövő objektumok száma jelenleg 300.000-re becsülhető. Ezt a célt szem előtt tartva a tanulmány tömör, átfogó képet ad Német-ország, Ausztria, Svájc, Franciaország és érintőlegesen Anglia példáján a műemléki inventarizáció, illetve topográfia európai, elsősorban kontinentális fejlődéséről, aláhúzva a műemléki topográfia és a műemlékvédelem elméleti és gyakorlati kihívásai közti szoros összefüggést és a társadalmi háttér jelentőségét. --- Inventorization of Monuments and Making Accessible the Built Heritage The author argues, that any kind of settlement or town development needs the complex and thorough knowledge of the built and natural environment in question. The long term and continuous research in the field of monument’s inventorization has provided the solid foundation for all these aspects of knowledge in most of the western European countries for more than a century. In the course of the one and a century old history of monuments protection in Hungary there were also notable efforts to create an up-to-date and updated inventory of every kind of monument in the country, but it never managed to cover the territory as a whole to the required professional depth, and apart from a period from1950 to the end of the 1980s the project was fulfilled only partially, interrupted many times and with protracted gaps. After the change in the political system in 1990 all the professional arguments promote the effort to restart the systematic inventorization of the monumental substance of Hungary. According to the characteristics of the built heritage, in Hungary the number of the objects which today have to be taken into consideration might be estimated as being as many as 300,000. In favour of this ambition the study provides a concise overview of the historical development of the European, primarily continental development of monuments inventorization (Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France and superficially England), underlining the connection between the inventorization and the practical and theoretical challenges of monuments protection, and their societal background.Keywords: inventorization of monuments, built heritage, Inventory of Historical Monuments, protection of monuments


Author(s):  
JeongHun Han

This chapter examines the characteristics of presidentialism in South Korea, equipped with several parliamentary institutional elements in the Constitution. Although the performance of these parliamentary elements have been actively disused, it has not been analysed in a systematic way. In redressing this weakness, this chapter aims to illustrate the conditions under and extent to which these elements distinguish South Korean presidentialism from other presidential systems. In so doing, it first reviews the historical development of these institutions and then explores their long-term performance, focusing both on the National Assembly’s involvement in the president’s appointment of personnel and on executive legislation. The analysis shows that constitutionally the South Korean political regime can be clearly identified as a presidential system. In addition, the parliamentary elements are unlikely to serve as a check on South Korean presidents to orient the political system into one which relies on a mutual dependence between the executive and the legislature.


Author(s):  
Arezou Azad

Covering the period from 709 to 871, this chapter traces the initial conversion of Afghanistan from Zoroastrianism and Buddhism to Islam. Highlighting the differential developments in four regions of Afghanistan, it discusses the very earliest history of Afghan Islam both as a religion and as a political system in the form of a caliphate.  The chapter draws on under-utilized sources, such as fourth to eighth century Bactrian documents from Tukharistan and medieval Arabic and Persian histories of Balkh, Herat and Sistan. In so doing, it offers a paradigm shift in the way early Islam is understood by arguing that it did not arrive in Afghanistan as a finished product, but instead grew out of Afghanistan’s multi-religious context. Through fusions with Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, early Abrahamic traditions, and local cult practices, the Islam that resulted was less an Arab Islam that was imported wholesale than a patchwork of various cultural practices.


2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 808-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayce L. Farmer

This study extends the literature on county government structure by examining the three basic forms of county governments and their long-term effects on regional service spending. An examination of 1,532 U.S. counties between 1977 and 2012 reveals that those with the commission government form produce on average less regional service spending than those with reformed government structures. Examining the two major distinctions in reformed government types reveals that elected executive governments spend on average more than those with the commission-administrator form. However, the amount of increase for elected executive spending was very minor. The findings also reveal that the ability to establish home rule charters alters the effects of government structure for commission and commission-administrator counties. Meanwhile, charter-enabling laws matter little regarding the effects for elected executive counties. The analytical results lead to four major points for consideration regarding the link between county service provision and county institutional arrangements.


2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2(2)) ◽  
pp. 53-70
Author(s):  
Anna Slatinská

The present paper is devoted to the topic of the Irish language and its relation to Irish identity in the modern world, taking into account crucial aspects of the language’s revitalisation and protection. The focus is predominantly on particular ways of achieving the ambitious goal of societal bilingualism in Ireland in the long term. The notion that language and identity are interrelated is the leitmotif of this chapter. Approaching the issue from socio-linguistic and ethnographic perspectives, the revitalisation of the Irish language may trigger the interest of the wider public, assuming that language is an invaluable part of spiritual, nonmaterial culture. Indeed, we consider that the death of the Irish language would be a serious loss not only in the sphere of Ireland’s cultural and national heritage, but also in the wider European sphere.


Author(s):  
Bryan Christiansen ◽  
Dilara Demir ◽  
Hacer Günsever ◽  
Melike Esra Kaymak

The global marketplace is characterized by various changes occurring in economic, social, natural, and technological areas. As such, experts in numerous fields are still working to revise various systems and infrastructures to operate in a robust manner within the new realities of today. This paper focuses on part of the educational aspect of that massive effort by examining the intrinsic motivation of Turkish students of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and its potential impact on the country's long-term economic sustainability since English remains the global business language. The paper commences with an introduction to the realities of contemporary globalism that underscore the very purpose for this work, and the subsequent sections present and then synthesize all material to provide suggestions to create a paradigm shift in thinking required for teaching EFL in Turkey.


2019 ◽  
pp. 239-261
Author(s):  
Ghaidaa Hetou

This chapter evaluates the formulation, implementation, and consistency of Saudi Arabia’s grand strategy since 1979. It examines how internal and regional factors influenced that strategy through the optic of a series of critical regional turning points, often overlain by shifting US debates on the Kingdom’s regional role. The chapter delineates why Saudi elites prioritize certain long-term objectives, how they perceive threats, and why they respond in specific ways. Its guiding conceptual framework is informed by four elements: the Kingdom’s dominant strategic culture, its political system, perception of national security, and regional alliance formations. The chapter demonstrates how the current Saudi establishment’s ability to sustain a grand strategy—primarily a regional role—is closely linked to its economic power, financial solvency, and internal stability.


Author(s):  
Paul Harrison ◽  
Philip Cowen ◽  
Tom Burns ◽  
Mina Fazel

‘Psychiatric services’ is concerned with the provision of psychiatric care for populations. It deals mainly with the needs of and provisions for people aged 18–65 years (‘adults of working age’), and focuses on the situation in the United Kingdom. (A more global perspective is provided in Chapter 23.) The chapter begins with an account of the historical development of psychiatric services, followed by descriptions of the commonly available psychiatric services and of the problems they encounter. It outlines the components of services, both those within primary care and those within specialized secondary care. These include services for acute disorders and those for complex long-term disorders (rehabilitation services). Service adaptations for patient groups with special needs (e.g. deafness, eating disorders) are also presented. The difficulties encountered by community care services are examined, as are emerging international service principles.


2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-87
Author(s):  
James C. Schopf

Easton's systems theory greatly contributed to the field of political science by providing a useful holistic framework, demonstrating how the political system functions, by meeting societal demands with policy outputs. Easton's interest lay in the political system's persistence, which in his model, merely required the existence of community. Communities, however, require state-provided security to survive in a hostile international environment. Hence, this paper builds a sub-systemic governance model able to explain domestic political system and state persistence. The model argues that large input generating groups require sufficient allocation of public goods for the long term maintenance of the domestic political system. Application of the model to the successful South Korean case demonstrated that the share of public goods increased along with the size of the input generating group. Long term disruption of this critical subsystem in countries with large input generating groups, however, can destabilize the state and its domestic political system with increased pressure from unmet societal demands. This new sub-systemic model seeks to advance understanding of the operation of the system and open up new areas of research into the persistence of the domestic political system. The systems approach has greatly contributed to the study of politics. David Easton's seminal Systems Theory drew attention to important aspects of political life and provided a critical framework with which to understand and analyze inputs into the political system and policy outputs to the social environment. The advancement of systems theory in political science was hobbled, however by methodological shortcomings. Easton failed to operationalize key concepts, and as a result, the theory was neither applied nor tested. In addition, Easton's all-inclusive system design was unable to give insight into several systems-related questions areas of interest to social scientists, including the survival or collapse of states and their domestic political systems, regime change, and variation in the nature of policy outputs or societal inputs. Combining Easton's policy process framework with methodologically rigorous approaches sharing key system's theory assumptions helps to deepen understanding of these issues. By narrowing Easton's system to a critical subsystem comprised of the leader and his/her supporters, it becomes evident that changes in the size of the input-generating group can markedly affect the quality of government policy outputs. This new sub systemic model yields the prediction that leader's seeking to maintain power will allocate an increased ratio of public goods to private goods, the larger the size of the input generating group. After operationalizing the size of the input-generating group and the share of public vs. private goods allocated through economic policy, this paper applies this sub systemic hypothesis to explain recent changes in economic policy making in South Korea. Modernization theory provides the added insight that the forces of industrialization and economic development are increasing the size of the input-generating group in societies throughout the world, which are calling for public policy goods, in the form of democratic political rights as well as improved overall living standards. Leadership failing to respond to these increased demands over a prolonged period not only provokes regime change, but, in certain circumstances, can destabilize and trigger the collapse of states and of domestic political systems. Research into underdeveloped institutions, economic power concentration, sectarian division and other factors impeding delivery of public goods to large input generating groups, can offer further insight into the question of systemic persistence, the central concern of Easton's systems theory. The article first critiques the strengths and weaknesses of Easton's systems theory. A sub-systemic model is offered to ameliorate the methodological shortcomings of Easton's systems theory while making it applicable to questions concerning the persistence of domestic political systems and state maintenance. Applied to two cases of Korean industrial restructuring, the predictions of the sub-systemic model hold true: small input generating groups under authoritarian rule were associated with provision of private goods, whereas larger input generating groups under democracy produced policies that allocated public goods. The final section of the paper then explores the possible collapse of the domestic political system in cases where leadership is unable to provide public goods to large input generating groups.


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