Intra- or inter-specific difference in genotypes of Caligus elongatus Nordmann 1832?

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Øivind Øines ◽  
Thomas Schram
Keyword(s):  
Species Differences ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Specific Difference ◽  
Species Status ◽  
Lower Range ◽  
Crustacean Species

AbstractTwo mitochondrial and one nuclear genetic marker were used to study the phylogenetic position of the two reported CO1-genotypes of Caligus elongatus in a group of closely related caligid parasites. Molecular analysis of the two mitochondrial genes (CO1 and 16S), indicate genetic distances of the two C. elongatus genotypes in the lower range of distances previously reported between other crustacean species, but higher than comparable reported within-species differences. Analyses of nuclear 18S sequences indicate no detectable differentiation between these genotypes, but may be due to expected differences in the resolution of these genetic markers. Investigation of two of three selected morphological characters reveals phenotypes supporting the division based on the molecular division. The species status on the two C. elongatus genotypes cannot be drawn conclusively, although the molecular and morphological data presented here suggests the presence of sibling species.

Phylogeny, Molecules Versus Morphology, and Rates of Character Evolution Among Fruitbats (Chiroptera: Megachiroptera)

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 557 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Springer ◽  
LJ Hollar ◽  
JAW Kirsch
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Character Evolution ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Minimum Length ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Dna Hybridisation ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses

Andersen's 1912 monograph on megachiropterans remains the definitive work on the systematics of this group. Andersen argued that the Macroglossinae, containing the eonycterine and notopterine sections, are a monophyletic sister-group to other fruitbats (i.e. Andersen's Rousettus, Cynopterus and Epomophorus sections). Two recent molecular studies (DNA hybridisation and restriction mapping of ribosomal cistrons), as well as an analysis of female reproductive characters, challenge the monophyly of the Macroglossinae and several of Andersen's other conclusions such as the phylogenetic position of Nyctimene. We performed a cladistic analysis on 36 morphological characters, including 33 that were gleaned from Andersen, to determine whether phylogenetic hypotheses based on modem phylogenetic methods are in agreement with Andersen's original conclusions and to compare morphological and molecular phylogenetic hypotheses. Minimum-length trees based on parsimony are largely consistent with Andersen and support (1) a monophyletic Macroglossinae, within which the eonycterine section is paraphyletic with respect to a monophyletic notopterine section, (2) a monophyletic Cynopterus section, excepting the exclusion of Myonycteris, (3) a monophyletic Epomophorus section, excepting the exclusion of Plerotes, and (4) a paraphyletic Rousettus section, with several of the Rousettus-like forms branching off near the base of the tree. Bootstrapping analyses on a reduced data-set that included taxa shared in common with the DNA hybridisation study did not provide strong support (greater than or equal to 95%) for any clades but did provide moderate support (greater than or equal to 70) for several clades, including a monophyletic Macroglossinae. These findings are in marked contrast to the DNA hybridisation phylogeny. A high index of between-data-set incongruence is further evidence for the clash between DNA hybridisation and morphology. A phylogenetic framework was constructed on the basis of morphological data and DNA hybridisation data using a criterion of moderate support and shows little resolution, whereas employing a criterion of strong support produced a framework resolving several additional nodes. One implication of this framework is that characteristic macroglossine features such as a long tongue with a thick carpet of filiform papillae have evolved independently on several occasions (or evolved once and were lost several times). Rates of character evolution for the morphological characters employed in our analysis were calculated using divergence times estimated from DNA hybridisation data. Rates have apparently been fastest in the interior branches, and slower along the external branches, which suggests an early adaptive radiation in the history of fruitbats.

scholarly journals Molecular and morphological data support reclassification of the octocoral genus Isidoides

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Pante ◽  
Esprit Heestand Saucier ◽  
Scott C. France
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Type Specimen ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Gene Rearrangements ◽  
Molecular Variation ◽  
Remarkable Similarity ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
Close Relationship

The rare octocoral genus Isidoides Nutting, 1910 was originally placed in the Gorgonellidae (now the Ellisellidae), even though it showed a remarkable similarity to the Isidae (now the Isididae). Isidoides was not classified in the Isididae mostly because the type specimen lacked skeletal nodes, a defining characteristic of that family. The genus was later assigned to the Chrysogorgiidae based on sclerite morphology. Specimens were recently collected in the south-western Pacific, providing material for genetic analysis and detailed characterisation of the morphology, and allowing us to consider the systematic placement of this taxon within the suborder Calcaxonia. A previously reported phylogeny allowed us to reject monophyly with the Chrysogorgiidae, and infer a close relationship with the Isididae subfamily Keratoisidinae. While scanning for molecular variation across mitochondrial genes, we discovered a novel gene order that is, based on available data, unique among metazoans. Despite these new data, the systematic placement of Isidoides is still unclear, as (1) the phylogenetic relationships among Isididae subfamilies remain poorly resolved, (2) genetic distances between mitochondrial mtMutS sequences from Isidoides and Keratoisidinae are characteristic of intra-familial distances, and (3) mitochondrial gene rearrangements may occur among confamilial genera. For these reasons, and because a revision of the Isididae is beyond the scope of this contribution, we amend the familial placement of Isidoides to incertae sedis.

scholarly journals Towards the unravelling of the slug <i>A. ater–A. rufus</i> complex (Gastropoda Arionidae): new genetic approaches

Web Ecology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
María L. Peláez ◽  
Antonio G. Valdecasas ◽  
Daniel Martinez ◽  
Jose L. Horreo
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Species Status ◽  
Conservation Policies ◽  
Specific Species ◽  
Arion Rufus

Abstract. The genus Arion includes several slug species, some of which are considered to be a pest to both cultivated and wild flora. Within this genus, the Arion ater complex comprises two different morphological forms: Arion rufus and A. ater, but there is no consensus about their species status. Their phylogenetic relationships have been recently solved, both of them belonging to different phylogenetic clades, but their species status is still unclear (as different clades are not always different species). For this reason, the aim of this study was to precisely identify these species status by employing the up-to-date multi-rate Poisson tree processes (mPTP) methodology as well as the classic methodology of genetic distances, both of which have three different mitochondrial genes. Results confirmed that both A. ater and A. rufus are independent evolutionary clades, and the high genetic distances between them (K2P distances ranged between 9.1 and 16.4 %, depending on genes) together with mPTP analyses, supported the idea that the clades correspond to different species. Results will be useful for the classification of these specific species as well as for developing proper pest control methodologies and conservation policies in both cultivated and wild plants.

Affinities of four freshwater putative “Chantransia” stages (Rhodophyta) in Southern China from molecular and morphological data

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 441 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-59
Author(s):  
JIN-FEN HAN ◽  
FANG-RU NAN ◽  
JIA FENG ◽  
JUN-PING LV ◽  
QI LIU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Morphological Description

Four putative “Chantransia” isolates were collected from four locations in Hubei and Yunnan Provinces, China. Morphological analyses were conducted on all isolates. Two specimens (HB26 and YN2) fit the morphological description of A. pygmaea, while the other two isolates (YN1 and YN3) varied in morphology, but were within the circumscription of Audouinella hermannii. Due to the fact that the morphological characters of the “Chantransia” stages of order Batrachospermales and the species of genus Audouinella are too similar to be distinguished, a molecular analysis was performed to clarify the phylogenetic position of these four isolates based on rbcL and psbA sequences. Two “pygmaea” specimens collected from Jiugong Mountain, Hubei Province (HB26) and Shimen Gorge, Yunnan Province (YN2), such as S. jiugongshanensis and S. shimenxiaensis, are proposed primarily based on the DNA sequence data generated in this study. The description of these two new species provides more molecular data for phylogenetic analysis of the genus Sheathia. In addition to these newly described species, the results strongly support that those “hermannii” isolates (YN1 and YN3) collected from Yunnan Province were the “Chantransia” of S. arcuata. However, their gametophyte stages have not been found, meaning that critical diagnostic morphological features were unavailable and molecular methods were the only means for ascertaining their phylogenetic position. Considering the extensive application of the rbcL and psbA genes in phylogenetic analyses of freshwater red algae, we recommend using these two genes to identify species when no morphological characteristics are available.

Hippocampus queenslandicus Horne, 2001 - a new seahorse species or yet another synonym?

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. Teske ◽  
Sara A. Lourie ◽  
Conrad A. Matthee ◽  
David M. Green
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Incomplete Lineage Sorting ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Mitochondrial Control Region ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Lineage Sorting ◽  
Species Status ◽  
The Past ◽  
Species Descriptions

During the past six years, 15 new seahorse species (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) have been described on the basis of morphological characters. This approach is known to be problematic, and most species names in Hippocampus are now considered to be synonyms. Genetic methods have great potential to resolve the confused taxonomy of the genus, but none have yet been incorporated into species descriptions. In the present study, mitochondrial control region and cytochrome b DNA sequences, as well as morphological data from the recently described Queensland seahorse, Hippocampus queenslandicus Horne, 2001, were compared with corresponding data from closely related seahorse species to determine whether there is strong support for distinction of this taxon. The haplotypes of H. queenslandicus were nested among haplotypes belonging to two of the three major Southeast Asian lineages of H. spinosissimus Weber, 1913. Although incomplete lineage sorting characteristic of very recently diverged species cannot be ruled out, the genetic results suggest that H. queenslandicus is paraphyletic. Morphometric analysis further fails to provide strong support for the species status of H. queenslandicus. We conclude that support for the distinctness of H. queenslandicus is weak, and indicate that it is a synonym of H. spinosissimus. The taxonomic validity of other recently described seahorse species should be similarly scrutinised using combined genetic and detailed morphological methods.

Morphological and Genetic Relation in Hybrids of Triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) of the Phyllosoma Complex from Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (5) ◽  
pp. 398-406
Author(s):  
Jesus A Davila-Barboza ◽  
Mario C Saucedo-Montalvo ◽  
Susana Favela-Lara ◽  
Gustavo- Ponce-Garcia ◽  
Ildefonso Fernandez-Salas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Neighbor Joining ◽  
Phenotypic Characters ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Dominant Phenotype ◽  
High Dominance ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract Triatoma longipennis Usinger 1939, Triatoma pallidipennis (Stal, 1872), and Triatoma picturata Usinger 1939 are considered among the species with the highest transmission capacity of Chagas disease in Mexico, with an impact on health mainly in rural zones and places with worn-out dwellings. There have been previous studies on the phylogenetic relationship of these species of the Phyllosoma complex using molecular approaches, in addition to analyzing morphological characters. However, one of the problems in the field is the presence of hybrids that due to the short genetic distance between species, and such organisms have not yet been identified and could be confused with parental organisms. In this work, we analyzed genotypical and phenotypic characters, between the species and the three possible hybrids resulting from the cross between the species. In the analysis of wings morphology, we found that the dominant phenotype in hybrids was that of T. pallidipennis, having a higher dominance than T. longipennis. Besides, the use of the COI marker amplified in DNA of parentals and the three possible hybrids showed by neighbor-joining phylograms a greater association of the hybrids with T. longipennis, in agreement with the analysis of genetic distances and polymorphic sites. Thus, the morphological data demonstrate the high dominance of T. pallidipennis and the molecular data of T. longipennis in its hybrids, in such a way that it is possible to differentiate hybrids from parental species.

Phylogenetic placement of Echinotheridion (Araneae:Theridiidae) - do male sexual organ removal, emasculation, and sexual cannibalism in Echinotheridion and Tidarren represent evolutionary replicas?

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingi Agnarsson
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Total Evidence ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Sexual Cannibalism ◽  
Sister Relationship ◽  
Sexual Organ ◽  
Organ Removal ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

Uniquely among spiders, males of two cobweb spider (Theridiidae) genera, Tidarren Chamberlin & Ivie, 1934 and Echinotheridion Levi, 1963, voluntarily amputate one of their secondary sexual organs (the pedipalpi, modified as sperm transfer organs) before their last molt and thus have only one palp as adults. This is the first step in a fascinating sexual biology observed in both genera, which is marked by sexual dimorphism – males are tiny compared with females – and usually involves both emasculation and sexual cannibalism. To study the evolution of these striking traits it is essential to understand the phylogenetic relationship of these genera. Both morphological and molecular data place Tidarren in the subfamily Theridiinae. However, Echinotheridion has not been placed phylogenetically to date owing to rarity of specimens, and difficulty of interpreting the highly autapomorphic palpal organ, the main source of morphological characters. Here, the phylogenetic position of Echinotheridion is inferred using fragments of three nuclear (Histone 3, 18S rDNA, and 28S rDNA) and two mitochondrial (16S rDNA and COI) loci. Each matrix separately, and a combined matrix, were analysed using parsimony with gaps either treated as missing data, or as 5th state, and with Bayesian methods. Although all genes agree that Tidarren and Echinotheridion are closely related, perhaps surprisingly, none of the analyses supported their sister relationship. The sister relationship was ambiguously supported in a preliminary morphological analysis, whereas combined molecular and morphological data refuted it. This implies a more complex evolutionary history of male sexual organ removal and other bizarre sexual biology of Tidarren and Echinotheridion than previously envisioned. Many of the analyses are equally consistent with two hypotheses: a single origin, followed by a secondary loss; or independent evolution of this behaviour in the two genera. However, based on the combined molecular Bayesian phylogeny, and some of the preliminary ‘total evidence’ analyses, the latter hypothesis is better supported.

Cultivation of New Emerging Agro-Nutritional Crop of Quinoa at Madinat al-Hikmah Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Afzal Rizvi ◽  
Syed Abid Ali ◽  
Iqra Munir ◽  
Kousar Yasmeen ◽  
Rubina Abid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arid Zone ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Sindh Province ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Elemental Accumulation ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Good Agreement

Aim: Quinoa is a popular source of protein, minerals and alternative to traditional grains. The objective of this study is to introduce the Quinoa in the semi-arid zone of Sindh province of Pakistan. Method: A variety of NARC-9 from the agricultural Punjab province was cultivated and subjected to analyze the growth, morphological characters of the varieties obtained, saponin, protein and the elemental composition viz. Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Na, Pb, and Zn. Result: The result demonstrated the optimum growth and no disease were found in the experimental area. At least three major varieties of quinoa were obtained. Seed morphological data of these three quinoa cultivars were collected. The average saponin levels were quite reasonable. Overall proteins band pattern revealed very high polymorphism in quinoa cultivars and the results were also in good agreement with earlier studies. Conclusion: All quinoa cultivars of Madinat al-Hikmah showed high concentrations of albumin than globulin concentrations (i.e. 48-52% and 24-27%, respectively) as compared to control seeds from market that had similar concentrations of the two fractions i.e. 35.58% and 37.68%, respectively. Likewise, low concentrations of prolamin 14-16% and glutelin 11-12% compared to control seeds 13% rank our crop much better quality than the imported one in the market. The trend of elemental accumulation was followed as K >Na >Fe >Zn >Cu >Pb >Cd, while for comparison it was Na >K >Zn >Fe >Cu >Pb >Cd >Pb for wheat grown under similar conditions. Traditional grains together make a major contribution to the total nutritional element intake of the average Pakistani citizen through diet, not only because of large amounts consumed, but also in part by suitable levels of their proteins and elemental up take for good health. Thus the successful cultivation of quinoa in the semi-arid zone of Sindh will certainly prove beneficial.

scholarly journals Tardigrades of Kristianstads Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve with description of four new species from Sweden

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edoardo Massa ◽  
Roberto Guidetti ◽  
Michele Cesari ◽  
Lorena Rebecchi ◽  
K. Ingemar Jönsson
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
New Records ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Biological Value

AbstractKristianstads Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve [KVBR] is a UNESCO designated area of Sweden possessing high biological value. Although several studies on tardigrades inhabiting Sweden have been performed, the KVBR area has been neglected. The current study investigates the tardigrade fauna of five areas of the biosphere reserve and includes 34 samples of different substrates analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. In total, 33 species of tardigrades were found in the samples, including 22 new records for the Skåne region, 15 new records for Sweden, and four species new to science. Mesobiotus emiliae sp. nov., Xerobiotus gretae sp. nov., Itaquascon magnussoni sp. nov., and Thulinius gustavi sp. nov. were described with an integrative approach (when possible) using morphological characters (light, electron scanning, and confocal laser scanning microscopies) and molecular markers (ITS2, 18S, 28S, cox1). A new protocol to increase morphological data was developed recovering mounted specimens within old slides for SEM analysis. Emended diagnoses for the genus Itaquascon and the transfer of Platicrista itaquasconoide to the genus Meplitumen are proposed. This study enriches the knowledge of the tardigrade biodiversity both within the KVBR and in Sweden and contributes to the rapidly increasing number of tardigrade species reported worldwide. The 33 species identified in the KVBR area represents 28% of all water bear species found in Sweden so far. The restricted study areas and limited number of samples collected suggests that the KVBR is very rich of tardigrades.

scholarly journals Disentangling relationships among eastern Mediterranean Cymbalaria including description of a novel species from the southern Peloponnese (Greece)

2021 ◽  
Vol 307 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pau Carnicero ◽  
Núria Garcia-Jacas ◽  
Llorenç Sáez ◽  
Theophanis Constantinidis ◽  
Mercè Galbany-Casals
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Aegean Islands ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

AbstractThe eastern Mediterranean basin hosts a remarkably high plant diversity. Historical connections between currently isolated areas across the Aegean region and long-distance dispersal events have been invoked to explain current distribution patterns of species. According to most recent treatments, at least two Cymbalaria species occur in this area, Cymbalaria microcalyx and C. longipes. The former comprises several intraspecific taxa, treated at different ranks by different authors based on morphological data, evidencing the need of a taxonomic revision. Additionally, some populations of C. microcalyx show exclusive morphological characters that do not match any described taxon. Here, we aim to shed light on the systematics of eastern Mediterranean Cymbalaria and to propose a classification informed by various sources of evidence. We performed molecular phylogenetic analyses using ITS, 3’ETS, ndhF and rpl32-trnL sequences and estimated the ploidy level of some taxa performing relative genome size measures. Molecular data combined with morphology support the division of traditionally delimited C. microcalyx into C. acutiloba, C. microcalyx and C. minor, corresponding to well-delimited nrDNA lineages. Furthermore, we propose to combine C. microcalyx subsp. paradoxa at the species level. A group of specimens previously thought to belong to Cymbalaria microcalyx constitute a well-defined phylogenetic and morphological entity and are described here as a new species, Cymbalaria spetae. Cymbalaria longipes is non-monophyletic, but characterized by being glabrous and diploid, unlike other eastern species. The nrDNA data suggest at least two dispersals from the mainland to the Aegean Islands, potentially facilitated by marine regressions.

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