Freshwater green algal biofouling of boats in the Kabul River, Pakistan

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izaz Khuram ◽  
Nadeem Ahmad ◽  
Samin Jan ◽  
Sophia Barinova
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Temperature Conductivity ◽  
Green Algal ◽  
Significant Stimulation ◽  
Kabul River

AbstractFreshwater green algal biofouling of boats refers to the accrual of freshwater green algae on boats immersed in water. The current research focused on the morphological characteristics of the isolates, species ecology, and the physicochemical properties of the water at the sampling sites. Two localities, Haji Zai and Sardaryab, were sampled at the Kabul River in the district of Charsadda, Pakistan. Freshwater green algae causing biofouling were isolated from the boats. A total of three genera: Cladophora, Rhizoclonium, and Spirogyra with fifteen species belonging to the families Cladophoraceae and Zygnemataceae were observed. Statistical analysis reveals significant stimulation of green algal species in the boats’ fouled communities by increases in water temperature, conductivity, and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). The algal growth at the Haji Zai site is suppressed by TDS in autumn (Pearson −0.56) and is stimulated by water temperature in spring (Pearson 0.44). At the Sardaryab site, algae were stimulated in spring by pH of water (Pearson 0.61), and suppressed by Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in autumn (Pearson −0.43). Statistical analysis indicates that pH, conductivity, and temperature are the main factors determining the algal biofouling in the Kabul River.

Ecological assessment of water quality in the Kabul River, Pakistan, using statistical methods

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izaz Khuram ◽  
Sophia Barinova ◽  
Nadeem Ahmad ◽  
Asad Ullah ◽  
Siraj Ud Din ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Algal Diversity ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Kabul River

AbstractWe identified 209 species of algae and cyanobacteria at 4 sites in the Kabul River. Green algae, diatoms, and charophytes dominated in the river, which reflects regional features of agricultural activity. Species richness and algal abundance increased down the river. The Water Quality Index characterizes the quality of water down the river as medium to bad. The index of saprobity S reflects Class III water quality. The Water Ecosystem Sustainability Index (WESI) shows contamination with nutrients. According to the River Pollution Index (RPI), waters in the river have low alkalinity and low salinity, and are contaminated with nutrients. Pearson coefficients showed that water temperature plays a major role in the total species richness distribution (0.93*) and in the green algae distribution (0.89*), while cyanobacteria were stimulated also by water salinity (0.91*). Stepwise regression analysis indicated water temperature as the major regional factor that determines riverine algal diversity. Surface plots and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed that salinity, nitrates, temperature, and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) can be defined as major factors affecting algal diversity. Dendrites mark the upper site of the Warsak Dam as the source of the community species diversity. Bioindication methods can give relevant and stable results of water quality and self-purification assessment that can be employed to monitor the regional water quality.

The resistance of viable permafrost algae to simulated environmental stresses: implications for astrobiology

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.A. Vishnivetskaya ◽  
E.V. Spirina ◽  
A.V. Shatilovich ◽  
L.G. Erokhina ◽  
E.A. Vorobyova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
Siberian Permafrost

54 strains of viable green algae and 26 strains of viable cyanobacteria were recovered from 128 and 56 samples collected from Siberian and Antarctic permafrost, respectively, with ages from modern to a few million years old. Although species of unicellular green algae belonged to Chlorococcales were subdominant inside permafrost, green algae Pedinomonas sp. were observed in Antarctic permafrost. Filamentous cyanobacteria of Oscillatoriales, Nostocales were just found in Siberian permafrost. Algal biomass in the permanently frozen sediments, expressed as concentration of chlorophyll a, was 0.06–0.46 μg g−1. The number of viable algal cells varied between <102 and 9×103 cfu g−1, but the number of viable bacterial cells was usually higher from 102 to 9.2×105 cfu g−1. Frozen but viable permafrost algae have preserved their morphological characteristics and photosynthetic apparatus in the dark permafrost. In the laboratory, they restored their photosynthetic activity, growth and development in favourable conditions at positive temperatures and with the availability of water and light. The discovery of ancient viable algae within permafrost reflects their ability to tolerate long-term freezing. In this study, the tolerance of algae and cyanobacteria to freezing, thawing and freezing–drying stresses was evaluated by short-term (days to months) low-temperature experiments. Results indicate that viable permafrost microorganisms demonstrate resistance to such stresses. Apart from their ecological importance, the bacterial and algal species found in permafrost have become the focus for novel biotechnology, as well as being considered proxies for possible life forms on cryogenic extraterrestrial bodies.

scholarly journals Molecular Phylogeny of Unicellular Marine Coccoid Green Algae Revealed New Insights into the Systematics of the Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1586
Author(s):  
Tatyana Darienko ◽  
Cecilia Rad-Menéndez ◽  
Christine N. Campbell ◽  
Thomas Pröschold
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Green Algal ◽  
The Family ◽  
Chloroplast Formation

Most marine coccoid and sarcinoid green algal species have traditionally been placed within genera dominated by species from freshwater or soil habitats. For example, the genera Chlorocystis and Halochlorococcum contain exclusively marine species; however, their familial and ordinal affinities are unclear. They are characterized by a vegetative cell with lobated or reticulated chloroplast, formation of quadriflagellated zoospores and living epi- or endophytically within benthic macroalgae. They were integrated into the family Chlorochytriaceae which embraces all coccoid green algae with epi- or endophytic life phases. Later, they were excluded from the family of Chlorococcales based on studies of their life histories in culture, and transferred to their newly described order, Chlorocystidales of the Ulvophyceae. Both genera form a “Codiolum”-stage that serves as the unicellular sporophyte in their life cycles. Phylogenetic analyses of SSU and ITS rDNA sequences confirmed that these coccoid taxa belong to the Chlorocystidales, together with the sarcinoid genus Desmochloris. The biflagellated coccoid strains were members of the genus Sykidion, which represented its own order, Sykidiales, among the Ulvophyceae. Considering these results and the usage of the ITS-2/CBC approach revealed three species of Desmochloris, six of Chlorocystis, and three of Sykidion. Three new species and several new combinations were proposed.

scholarly journals Toxic or Otherwise Harmful Algae and the Built Environment

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 465
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Karl Hofbauer
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Harmful Algae ◽  
Special Group ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Nature Literature

This article gives a comprehensive overview on potentially harmful algae occurring in the built environment. Man-made structures provide diverse habitats where algae can grow, mainly aerophytic in nature. Literature reveals that algae that is potentially harmful to humans do occur in the anthropogenic environment in the air, on surfaces or in water bodies. Algae may negatively affect humans in different ways: they may be toxic, allergenic and pathogenic to humans or attack human structures. Toxin-producing alga are represented in the built environment mainly by blue green algae (Cyanoprokaryota). In special occasions, other toxic algae may also be involved. Green algae (Chlorophyta) found airborne or growing on manmade surfaces may be allergenic whereas Cyanoprokaryota and other forms may not only be toxic but also allergenic. Pathogenicity is found only in a special group of algae, especially in the genus Prototheca. In addition, rare cases with infections due to algae with green chloroplasts are reported. Algal action may be involved in the biodeterioration of buildings and works of art, which is still discussed controversially. Whereas in many cases the disfigurement of surfaces and even the corrosion of materials is encountered, in other cases a protective effect on the materials is reported. A comprehensive list of 79 taxa of potentially harmful, airborne algae supplemented with their counterparts occurring in the built environment, is given. Due to global climate change, it is not unlikely that the built environment will suffer from more and higher amounts of harmful algal species in the future. Therefore, intensified research in composition, ecophysiology and development of algal growth in the built environment is indicated.

scholarly journals Chroococcalean blue green algae from the paddy fields of Satara District, Maharashtra, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 16979-16992
Author(s):  
Sharada Jagannath Ghadage ◽  
Vaneeta Chandrashekhar Karande
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Polar Region ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Green Algal ◽  
The Family

Blue green algae are the photosynthetic prokaryotes representing a wide distribution in habitat, i.e., temperate, tropical, and polar region.  Paddy fields are the best studied aquatic ecosystems on earth which fulfill all the necessary demands required for blue green algal growth.  Blue green algal role in enhancement of paddy yield has been studied worldwide.  Sustainable utilization of an organism for community use depends on how successfully the ecology of that organism is understood.  Twenty-eight chroococcalean blue green algal taxa were recorded from the study area.  They were taxonomically investigated and found to belong to two families and 11 genera.   The first family Chroococcaceae was the largest family with 10 genera and 26 species while the second family Entophysalidaceae had only one genus and two species.  The genus Gloeocapsa from the family Chroococcaceae exhibited largest species diversity (21.42%), as well as taxa Chlorogloea fritschii of family Entophysalidaceae showed species abundance from the study area.  All heterocystous blue green algal forms are capable of fixation of atmospheric N2.  Many of the non-heterocystous or unicellular blue green algae also have the capacity of N2 fixation.  The taxonomical documentation of chroococcalean blue green algae provide information about such indigenous unicellular blue green algae which will help in the development of niche specific inoculants as biofertilizers for rice fields of the study region.  

Speculations on a possible essential function of the gelatinous sheath of blue-green algae

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1181-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willy Lange
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Algal Cell ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Green Algal ◽  
Vigorous Growth ◽  
Associated Species

Voluminous and often fluffy sheaths surrounding blue-green algal cells are observed (a) in productive natural waters, (b) in bacteria-containing laboratory cultures growing in inorganic nutrient media with added bacteria-assimilable organic matter, and (c) in axenic cultures in the same inorganic media even without added organic matter. The sheaths of bacteria-associated species in inorganic media without added organic matter are, by comparison, thin, and growth is meager. Repeated observations show that voluminous sheaths and vigorous growth of algal species are associated. It is suggested that formation and retention of a voluminous sheath provide a microenvironment around the algal cell where essential nutrients, present at only submarginal levels in the surrounding water, are concentrated and become readily available to the cell. This increase in nutrient concentration above a critical level, in turn, leads to vigorous algal growth. The voluminous sheath produced by the alga is not attacked by alga-associated bacteria when other assimilable organic matter is available: but in the absence of a more suitable food, the bacteria feed on the less desirable gelatinous sheath, markedly reducing its thickness and causing meager algal growth.

Differences between two green algae in biological availability of iron bound to strong chelators

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 400-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold G. Weger ◽  
Carlyn J. Matz ◽  
Rachel S. Magnus ◽  
Crystal N. Walker ◽  
Michael B. Fink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Green Alga ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Iron Acquisition ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Desferrioxamine B ◽  
Green Algal ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Green Alga Chlorella ◽  
Strategy I

N,N′-di(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetic acid (HBED) is a very strong Fe3+ chelator. Strategy I vascular plants, which use a reductive system for iron acquisition, similar to many green algae, are able to access iron from HBED (R.L. Chaney. 1988. J. Plant Nutr. 11: 1033–1050). However, iron-limited cells of the Strategy I green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard were unable to access iron present as Fe3+–HBED. In contrast, Fe3+ chelated with hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA; a weaker chelator) was rapidly taken up by iron-limited Chlamydomonas cells. Chlamydomonas ferric reduction rates with Fe3+–HBED were approximately 15% of the rate observed with Fe3+–HEDTA, suggesting that low reduction rates with Fe3+–HBED might be one factor in the low rate of iron acquisition. By contrast, iron-limited cells of the Strategy I green alga Chlorella kessleri Fott et Nováková were able to rapidly assimilate Fe3+ chelated by HBED, although ferric reduction rates with Fe3+–HBED were approximately 38% the rate of activity with Fe3+–HEDTA. Similar differential iron uptake rates for the two algal species were obtained using the strong Fe3+ chelator (and siderophore analogue) desferrioxamine B mesylate and the cyanobacterial siderophore schizokinen. These results suggest that there are differences among Strategy I green algae in their abilities to acquire Fe3+ from various ferric chelates: not all Strategy I algae can equally access tightly complexed Fe3+. Chlamydomonas appears to be the first documented Strategy I organism that is unable to acquire iron from Fe3+–HBED. These results also suggest that green algal iron acquisition from siderophores is species dependent. Finally, we suggest that iron acquisition from Fe3+–HBED might serve as an assay for an organisms’ ability to access tightly complexed iron.

A study on bioecology of macroalgae, genus Caulerpa in northern Minahasa Waters, North Sulawesi Province

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Irma Pulukadan ◽  
Rene Ch Keppel ◽  
Grevo S Gerung
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Caulerpa Racemosa ◽  
Bottom Substrate ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
Ecological Aspects

Alga is a marine resource of potential to fisheries and marine sector. It has an important economic value to promote the economy in Indonesia. Nowdays, algae have been used as a relatively high value fisheries commodity since it has been used for food, industrial, pharmaceutical and cosmetic raw materials. This important potential needs to be supported with understanding of its biology and ecology, so that its utilization could increase the livelihood of the coastal villagers. This study was aimed at inventorying and identifying the members of genus Caulerpa found in North Minahasa Regency waters and studying some biological and ecological aspects of the algae in the area. Resuls showed that there were 7 species recorded, Caulerpa racemosa, C. racemosa var. macrophysa, C. sertularioides, C. taxifolia, C. serrulata,C. lentillifera and C. peltata. Ecologically, the environmental parameters, such as water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, were in tolerable ranges for algal growth. Bottom substrate supported the growth of genus Caulerpa as well© Saat ini alga dijadikan sebagai komoditas hasil perikanan dengan nilai ekonomis yang relatif tinggi karena manfaatnya sebagai bahan makanan serta bahan baku industri, farmasi, dan kosmetik. Potensi yang cukup penting ini harus ditunjang dengan ilmu pengetahuan tentang biologi dan ekologi dari alga laut, sehingga pemanfaatannya dapat meningkatkan taraf hidup masyarakat pesisir. Penelitian tentang kajian bioekologi alga makro genus Caulerpa di perairan Minahasa Utara ini dilaksanakan dan diharapkan dapat memberikan informasi ilmiah tentang bioekologi alga makro genus Caulerpa, sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pengembangan pemanfaatan bagi kepentingan masyarakat pesisir khususnya dan industri alga makro umumnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginventarisasi dan mengidentifikasi alga makro genus Caulerpa di perairan Kabupaten Minahasa Utara, dan mengkaji aspek bioekologinya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan 7 spesies, yaitu Caulerpa racemosa, C. racemosa var. macrophysa, C. sertularioides, C. taxifolia, C. serrulata, C. lentillifera dan C. peltata. Parameter lingkungan seperti suhu, salinitas, pH, oksigen terlarut, tingkat kecerahan air berada pada kisaran yang dapat ditolerir untuk pertumbuhan alga makro, sedangkan substrat juga mendukung pertumbuhan alga makro ini©

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