Methods for evaluating ground dislocations in mining areas / Metoda oceny przemieszczeń budowli na terenie górniczym

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Kanciruk
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Underground Mining ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Vibrating Wire ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Vibration Period ◽  
Reference Direction ◽  
Mining Areas

Abstract Underground exploitation of natural resources results in disturbance of the original equilibrium in the strata and leads to the emergence of the so-called subsidence troughs on the ground surface (Florkowska, 2010). Due to ground distortion, buildings located in these areas suffer damages and deformations, including angular tilts. An instrument for measuring constructions’ angles of slope is known as an inclinometer. The prototypical vibrating wire inclinometer discussed in the present paper has three wires (each of them cooperating with one electromagnet) on which a weight - attached to an arm - is suspended. Thanks to this, it comes of use in a range of procedures, such as measuring object inclines, or determining the angle between the plane of the incline and the assumed reference direction. As any other vibrating wire transducer, an inclinometer cooperates with a proper electronic device which makes it possible to measure the vibration period for each wire separately. The device is also used for the inclinometer’s calibration. Additionally, the paper provides an example of an inclinometer’s use in measuring the angular tilt of a historical church tower located in the area affected by underground mining operations connected with exploitation of hard coal.

scholarly journals Effect of Assumed Boundary Conditions in Numerical Model of Road Pavement-Mining Subsoil System on Criterial Values Used in Design Using Mechanistic Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 1203 (3) ◽  
pp. 032021
Author(s):  
Beata Parkasiewicz ◽  
Marta Kadela
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Underground Mining ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Wheel Load ◽  
The Road ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Road Pavement

Abstract Underground mining brings benefits in the form of the extracted mineral. The negative effects of mining exploration are deformations of the rock mass, which also cause deformations on the ground surface. There are continuous deformations, discontinuous deformations and mining-induced tremors. Recommendations regarding the protection of the structure of cubature building against the negative effect of mining operations are discussed in detail, for example, in the recommendation published by the Building Research Institute (ITB) in Warsaw. In the case of road structures, the situation is different. Firstly, there are no general rules that would provide clear guidelines for the procedure for designing road pavement in mining areas, similarly to cubature buildings. Secondly, in the computer programs used for the individual design of road pavement, it is not possible to assign additional actions, including mining impact. Therefore, in order to analyze the behavior of the pavement-mining subsoil system, an advanced numerical analyze should be carried out. In this case, the subsoil thickness, the boundary conditions and the constitutive relationships of the materials of the road pavement layers and subsoil should be determined. This paper presents an attempt to select kinematic boundary conditions for the FEM model of the road pavement-mining subsoil system, analogically to the model of the building-mining subsoil system. The paper is aimed at assessment of the influence of kinematic boundary conditions selection on the criterial values that are taken into account during the design process of road pavement using mechanistic methods. For this purpose, three cases were considered: (i) horizontal mining strain (εdesign ), (ii) curvature of surface (Kdesign ), (iii) combined impact of these actions. In these cases, each time vehicle wheel load was assumed. Based on the analyzes, the computational horizontal strain of the mining area εcomp is decisive when assessing the criterial values taken into account in the design process of road pavement structures.

scholarly journals Identification of theoretical parameters used to forecast underground mining impacts to implement long-terms forecasts of underground mining impacts – case study

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 37-48
Author(s):  
Marek Kruczkowski
Keyword(s):  
Underground Mining ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Coal Seams ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Mining Impacts ◽  
Geodetic Measurements ◽  
The Impact

The paper is a case study of ground surface subsidence induced by a long-term mining of hard coal. Knothe prediction model is commonly used in Poland as a technique for prediction of the subsidence-related deformation of ground surface. The presented issue is related to assumptions about the value of the theory parameters in long-term forecasts on the impact of mining on the surface, which are included in the mine development plan. Incorrectly selected values can significantly influence the quality of deformation forecasts. The calculations presented in the article were made for the area where the exploitation of six coal seams lasted more than thirty years. At the same time, deformations of the surface were observed by means of geodetic measurements. Based on the subsidence curves of the observation line points over time, three periods of rock movement decrease were determined. The range of mining operations was determined for the periods of decreased rock movements. The parameters of Knothe’s model were identified on the basis of geodetic measurements for extracted coal seams. Parametric calculations were made for the increasing range of mining operations and for the ranges of operation between subsequent decreases in the movements of the rock mass. Identification of the parameters of the theory thus made it possible to trace changes in the parameter values for different mining ranges. Significant changes were noted for the parameter describing the dispersion of influence (tanβ), while changes in the coefficient of roof control are not significant and their value becomes stable after some time. As the extent of the mining exploitation was increasing, its influence on both parameters (tangent of angle of major influence – tanβ and coefficient of roof control ‘a’) were evaluated. The changes of tanβ values were found to be significant whereas the changes of the ‘a’ coefficient value are negligible and its value seems to be constant after the initial stage of mining.

scholarly journals Enhancement of the Walbrzych Hard Coal Mines Geographic Information System for its application in studies of mining deformations

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 00002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Blachowski ◽  
Paulina Herkt
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Underground Mining ◽  
Coal Mines ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Mining Sites ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Geospatial Analyses ◽  
Interactive Map

Geographic information systems (GIS) have been increasingly used in augmenting studies of mining and post-mining areas such as surface deformation analyses, risk assessment associated with old mining sites, identification of old mining sites and other. Up-to-date and complete geodatabase is an indispensable element of any geoinformation system facilitating such geospatial analyses. In this paper the process of verification and integration of Walbrzych Hard Coal Mines geodatabase and project of enhancing the Deformation Information System for these mines with web map application of underground workings and query tools developed with free and open source software (FOSS) have been described. The interactive map allows users to interact and obtain precise information on location and characteristics of underground mining and the query tools streamline pre-processing operations necessary for geospatial analyses.

scholarly journals MONITORING OF THE UNDERMINED TERRITORIES OF KARAGANDA COAL BASIN ON THE BASIS OF SATELLITE RADAR INTERFEROMETRY

2016 ◽  
Vol III-6 ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
S. B. Ozhigina ◽  
D. V. Mozer ◽  
D. S Ozhigin ◽  
S. G. Ozhigin ◽  
O. G. Bessimbayeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Underground Mining ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Radar Interferometry ◽  
Coal Basin ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Satellite Radar ◽  
Karaganda Coal

In the Karaganda coal basin, mines are located in close proximity to each other and to the city of Karaganda and ongoing mining operations are accompanied by a dangerous process of settling the earth's surface and monitoring are essential for the region's econ-omy. Underground mining leads to the formation of voids in the rock mass, which cause displacement of the earth surface. This paper demonstrates an innovative use of the integrated approach for monitoring on the example of Karaganda coal basin, which includes estimation of the rock mass displacement using leveling profile lines and satellite radar interferometry. It is proved that satellite radar interferometry provides reliable results of surface subsidence measurements in mining areas and can be used for con-sidered sort of monitoring.

scholarly journals Influence of Soil Deformation Caused by Mining on Sewage Pipelines Built Using The Pipe Jacking Method

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-153
Author(s):  
Piotr Kalisz ◽  
Magdalena Zięba
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Underground Mining ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Soil Deformation ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Expansion Joints ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Pipe Joints ◽  
Pipe Jacking

AbstractThis paper discusses the issues associated with the influence of underground mining operations on sewage pipelines built using the pipe jacking method. At present, to build sewage pipelines, especially in urban areas and deep embedment, trenchless technologies are employed. Mainly in these technologies, pipes are jacked into a bored tunnel using hydraulic jacks. These methods are also applied in mining areas.The aim of this paper is to analyse the influence of ground deformation, caused by mining operations, on sewage pipelines built using the pipe jacking method. The type of pipelines discussed here is built with butted sections, which cannot compensate the influences of mining operations in pipe joints if horizontal compression occurs in the near-surface layer of soil. Pipelines embedded in trenches in the mining areas are secured against the influence of mining operations with expansion joints, which compensate for ground deformation. Hence, in the analysis of the influence of soil deformation caused by mining on sewage pipelines built using jacking method, special attention was paid to the performance of pipe joints. Pipelines of the type are subjected to additional loads and displacements, caused by soil deformations like horizontal strains, horizontal soil displacements and surface curvatures. We propose a way to consider the influence of mining operations on sewage pipelines built using the pipe jacking method.

scholarly journals Finite Element Analysis of the State of Stresses on the Structures of Buildings Influenced by Underground Mining of Hard Coal Seams in the Jiu Valley Basin (Romania)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dacian Paul Marian ◽  
Ilie Onica ◽  
Ramona-Rafila Marian ◽  
Dacian-Andrei Floarea
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Underground Mining ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Coal Seams ◽  
Coal Face ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Concrete Panels ◽  
Compressive Stresses

The hard coal seams in the Jiu Valley mining basin have been mined with different mining methods and technologies, including with the complete caving of the surrounding rocks and with top coal caving. These mining systems have led to the degradation of the ground surface by producing subsidence of the land, ranging from a few meters up to tens of meters, in the areas with thick coal seams with high dips. When the limits of the main safety pillars are accidentally exceeded whilst mining, buildings situated either below the ground or on the surface are affected. In the future, the possibility exists of mining some of the very large reserves that are immobilized in the main safety pillars, where the gentle dip seams are stored. In consideration of the above, in order to study the behaviour of typical buildings that are under the influence of underground mining and to develop a model of the stress state in the structural elements of the structures, finite element modelling is used. As such, several modelled buildings with one, two, and three levels were generated, as well as buildings with two levels and with different lengths. These buildings were built of reinforced concrete panels or brick masonry and were subjected to the mining influence of a panel specific to the mines in the Jiu Valley basin, sequentially extracted with a longwall coal face method at different operating heights, with the use of roof control by caving of rocks and with top coal caving methods. Following the analysis of the major principal (tensile) stresses and minor principal (compressive) stresses, a series of conclusions regarding the behaviour of these buildings that are under the influence of the underground mining is revealed. In this context, it was concluded that the value and location of the stresses developed in the structure of the buildings depend mainly on the extension of the panel and the volume of the goaf, the relative position of the building in respect to the coal face line, and the length of the building.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Linear Discontinuous Deformations in Upper Silesia (Poland) in Conditions of Intensive Mining Extraction—Case Study

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1897
Author(s):  
Piotr Strzałkowski ◽  
Katarzyna Szafulera
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Underground Mining ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Tectonic Structure ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Tectonic Faults ◽  
Mining Conditions ◽  
The Subject

Currently, linear discontinuous deformations in mining areas are an important issue, both due to the frequency of their occurrence and the threat they pose to general safety. This paper presents a case study of an occurrence of such a deformation. The analyses of the geological and mining conditions, as well as the conducted calculations presented herein, indicate that the cause of the deformation was the occurrence of high-value horizontal tensile strains. It was triggered by mining exploitation carried out with caving in three seams at depths between 200 and 545 m. An additional factor conductive to the creation of the deformation was the tectonic structure of the rock mass. The subject matter of the paper is significant given the growing number of discontinuous linear deformations occurring on the surface due to underground mining—even if the mining was conducted at great depths. They were formed as a result of intensive underground mining operations and the occurrence of high-value deformations. These deformations were particularly dangerous to building structures on the surface, which were often damaged. For this reason, it was worthwhile to make arrangements regarding the correlation between the occurrence of the deformations and the values and the distribution of continuous deformations caused by underground extraction, as well as the existence of tectonic faults.

scholarly journals The Process of Designing the Post-Mining Land Reclamation Investment Using Process Maps. Case Study

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 5429
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Midor ◽  
Witold Biały ◽  
Joanna Rogala-Rojek ◽  
Piotr Matusiak
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Investment Project ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Universal Method ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Process Maps ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Map Analysis ◽  
Realization Process

In the present day, Europe is moving away from fossil fuels. This is due to the need to reduce CO2 emissions released to the atmosphere. As a result of this process, especially in Upper Silesia, Poland, there will be more areas requiring measures after the closing of mines. Reclamation of post-mining areas is a very difficult task, as there is no universal method of planning the recultivation. During mining operations, we observed many forms of environmental degradation. The article presents the use of one of the newer and increasingly used modeling methods in recultivation processes—the process map. Analysis of the investment is presented, based on the example of the recultivation of a pit after closing the hard coal mine. The main purpose of the analysis was to shorten the designing time of the construction and realization process. Two maps of processes were made, and a map of the existing and desired processes, as well as the benefits from this, are shown. This article presents only one of the stages of the recultivation process—the investment project process—, treating it as an example for optimizing the entire project related to recultivation.

Geotechnical Aspects of Revitalisation of Post-Mining Areas - An Example of the Adaptation of Katowice Hard Coal Mine for the New Silesian Museum / Geotechniczne aspekty rewitalizacji terenów pogórniczych - przykład adaptacji KWK „KATOWICE” na nowe muzeum śląskie

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-374
Author(s):  
Marek Cała ◽  
Anna Ostręga
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mine ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Historic Buildings ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Protection Technology ◽  
Hard Coal Mining ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Functions

The article presents the history of the Katowice Hard Coal Mine and the concept of revitalisation taking into consideration the historical development of the mine which today is closed. The concept accepted for realisation assumes adaptation of the post-mining area with its historical infrastructure for cultural functions, and namely for the construction of the New Silesian Museum. Basing the concept on the idea of minimum interference into the existing spatial layout of the former mine has had the result that the museum areas and garages have been designed under the surface of the area adjacent to the historic facilities of the mine. In relation therewith, it was necessary to carry out the works aimed at reinforcing foundations of the historic buildings and protecting the geotechnical pit slopes. The article presents the technological solutions applied to protect the historic buildings, the lift tower, and the excavations for new facilities of the Silesian Museum. Attention was drawn to the instability of the subsoil and of the rock mass due to previous mining operations conducted in the area, the need to adapt the protection technology to the existing conditions as well as the need of constant monitoring of geotechnical works underway.> It is emphasised that the presented investment is part of an ongoing process aimed at preserving the industrial part of the material cultural heritage of Upper Silesia, for centuries connected with hard coal mining and as such it stands a chance to become a showcase not only for Katowice but for the entire region of Silesia.

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