GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

The development of exogenous processes on the Earth's surface is a large-scale problem. Due to the development of exogenous processes there are changes in the composition and structure of the earth's crust and its surface. The destruction of streets, houses and public buildings, roads and railways leads to enormous losses. To predict the development of soil degradation, erosion processes on agricultural lands, which lose annual production areas, leads to the formation of a ravine-beam system and reduces the productive amount of land owned by citizens – is a solution. The use of GIS technologies, remote sensing of the Earth and modern programming can partially solve the problem, as it is a rapid identification of areas that have undergone the process of soil degradation and possible prediction of the development of negative phenomena. The use of geodetic software, GIS, information layers of the Public cadastral map can help in the fastest finding of territories, development of the forecast of the further destructive action, development of the corresponding protective methods and their introduction. The areas with manifestations of exogenous processes - soil degradation in agricultural enterprises, where every year the area of highly fertile chernozems is lost, which leads to large losses and landslides in the forest-steppe and steppe settlements of Kharkiv region have been subject of our study. We investigated destructive processes by geodetic measurements in the territories of their manifestations, observations were carried out for 8 years. The development of exogenous processes on the Earth's surface was revealed, which was manifested in landslides in the settlements of the forest-steppe zone and degradation of agricultural lands in the steppe and forest-steppe part of Kharkiv region. The cause of the destruction of the earth's surface were factors independent of human activity. We built 3-D models of development of exogenous processes manifested in soil erosion and growth of the ravine-beam system and determined the degree of erosion after surveying and processing the results of geodetic measurements in the software Digitals. For 8 years, we made changes to the software, surveying the area and building a monitoring line. Also in the settlements on the territory of the two zones, we observed the development of landslides on the streets of the village. Milova and s. Nova Vasylivka, where there is an intensive development of exogenous processes. The use of GIS technologies and remote sensing of the Earth to monitor the development of exogenous processes simplifies the solution.

Videogrammetric Verification of Accuracy of Wearable Sensors Used in Kiteboarding

Owing to the combination of windsurfing, snowboarding, wakeboarding, and paragliding, kiteboarding has gained an enormous number of fans worldwide. Enthusiasts compete to achieve the maximum height and length of jumps, speed, or total distance travelled. Several commercially available systems have been developed to measure these parameters. However, practice shows that the accuracy of the implemented sensors is debatable. In this study, we examined the accuracy of jump heights determined by sensors WOO2 and WOO3, and the Surfr app installed on an Apple iPhone SE 2016, compared to a combination of videogrammetric and geodetic measurements. These measurements were performed using four cameras located on the shore of the Danube River at Šamorín, Slovakia. The videogrammetrically-determined accuracy of jump heights was 0.03–0.09 m. This can be considered a reference for comparing the accuracy of off-the-shelf systems. The results show that all of the systems compared tend to overestimate jump heights, including an increase in error with increasing jump height. For jumps over 5 m, the deviations reached more than 20% of the actual jump height.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE EXECUTIVITY OF THE SINGLE-FORMAT TECHNOLOGY OF AUTOMATED PROCESSING OF THE RESULTS OF GEODESIC MEASUREMENTS

The expediency of single-format technology of automated processing of geodetic measurements for the needs of the road construction industry is considered. This technology allows you to perform end-to-end automated processing of geodetic measurements with subsequent automated design and transfer the results of one design phase to the next in a single format and a single design environment. Through single-format automated technology for processing geodetic measurements and development of design solutions is to transfer the results of one stage of data processing or development of design solutions to another in one format and one software package. In the event of any corrections to previous results or the development of new solutions at any stage, all changes should be reflected in all parts of the project. This approach will allow the use of a one-time digitally developed highway project at all subsequent stages in the development of overhaul and reconstruction projects, subject to changes in the digital model of the area. The digital model of the terrain and section of the highway constructed in this way can be constantly adjusted and used at the stages of geodetic surveys, design, construction or repair and maintenance until the next geodetic surveys. End-to-end single-format cycle includes: design, technological design, engineering analysis, control programs. This ensures the integrity of the geometry in the transition to each subsequent stage. Providing end-to-end automated automated processing of geodetic measurement results for road repair or construction design tasks can be done by involving software products such as «CREDO», «Topomatic Robur», «Autodesk Civil 3D» and others. The use of single-format end-to-end automated processing of geodetic measurements with the subsequent construction of a digital terrain model will speed up and facilitate the development of design solutions, improve their quality, which in turn improves the quality of roads and man-made structures.

Analysis of droughts due to the operation of water structures: Gidra river case study

The paper deals with an analysis of a drought in the small basin of the Gidra River in Slovakia due to problems with the abstraction of water from small reservoirs and ponds. A detailed hydrological assessment of the M-daily discharges for a long-term period was based on a dataset from the only gauging station on the upper part of the river. Because of the existing water structures with prescribed operations during the year, hydrometric and geodetic measurements were taken by the authors. The solution to this problem represents the conditions for the minimum required Q355 discharge in the river anytime and anywhere. This can only be solved with a master operational manual for the whole river to be able to flexibly react to the current hydrological situation.

ANALYSIS AND GENERALIZATION OF REGULATORY SUPPORT FOR GEODESIC SUPPORT OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION OBJECTS

The transfer of the project to the site requires the performance of measurements and constructions with high accuracy. Changes in the technology of geodetic works related to the computerization of geodesy, the introduction into geodetic practice of electronic geodetic instruments and automated processing programs, require the introduction into production of both traditional methods of geodetic measurements and new technologies and methods of geodetic works. Despite the fact that geodetic works are an integral part of construction, in the regulations on surveys, design and construction of roads and man-made structures quite limited regulation of the content of work on the transfer of projects to the field, division work, executive surveys, geodetic quality control, accuracy requirements, etc. Given the current state of regulatory and legal support for geodetic support of road construction sites, it is advisable to develop a national standard for the implementation of geodetic surveying and geodetic control in the construction of road construction sites. This standard will supplement the main provisions of regulations on the construction of roads and transport facilities. With the growing volume of design, construction and overhaul of roads, it is necessary to standardize all stages of design and construction work, including those related to geodetic production. The development of technologies and methods of geodetic works related to the computerization of geodesy requires the introduction into production of both traditional methods of geodetic measurements and new technologies and methods of geodetic works. Based on the analysis and generalization of regulatory support for geodetic support of design and construction of roads and artificial structures, the need to develop a national standard for geodetic surveying and geodetic control in the construction of road construction as a supplement to the basic provisions of regulations on road construction and transport facilities.

The Use of 3D Numerical Modeling in Conceptual Design: A Case Study

This article describes the construction of a building with four aboveground floors and one underground floor as part of the ongoing development of Warsaw’s city center. A 3D numerical model was developed to reflect the spatial and structural solutions of the new building based on the design documentation with regard to the outcomes of geotechnical tests, the actual phases of work completed, the results of the geodetic measurements carried out in individual phases of the building implementation, and the characteristics of the existing adjacent buildings. The 3D numerical model was calibrated taking into account the results of the geodetic measurements of the benchmarks stabilized on the adjacent buildings. The numerical models of the building were used to analyze a number of multiple-step variants, taking into account the increase in the number of aboveground floors (from 1 to 4) and underground floors (by 1), as well as the increase in the projected area of the underground part compared to the area of the site designated for development. The paper presents the conclusions of our analyses, which may be helpful to others designing buildings in intensively urbanized areas and guide them in selecting the best solution.

GEODESIC SUPPORT OF CONSTRUCTION OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS USING GPS

The article states that the further development of geodesy as a science and construction in general requires the use of modern technologies and equipment, in particular the use of GPS receivers that save resources and increase efficiency. Modern satellite technologies in combination with computerization have become a real alternative to traditional types of geodetic measurements.