Eleven Year Evaluation of American (Geneva®) and Polish Rootstocks with ‘Golden Delicious Reinders’ Apple in Poland

Abstract A field study of dwarf apple rootstock performance using ‘Golden Delicious Reinders’ as scion cultivar was conducted during the year 2001-2011. The study included 6 rootstocks from Cornell Geneva rootstock breeding program (G.11, G.16, G.41, G.202, CG.3007 and CG.4013) 4 rootstocks from the Polish rootstock breeding program (P 14, P 16, P 59 and P 60) and 3 Malling rootstocks as control (M.9 T337, M.9 Pajam 2 and M.26). During the eleven years of growth (2001-2011), there was no tree loss due to root system or cultivar damage caused by frost or diseases including fire blight (Ervinia amylovora Burr. Winsl.) infestation on the rootstock. Trees growing on P 59 and P 16 had the weakest growth while the strongest growing trees were on P 14, M.26, P 60, G.202 and CG.4013. The size of the trees on M.9 Pajam 2, G.16, G.41, CG3007 and CG.4013 were similar to that of the trees growing on the standard rootstock M.9 T337, while the trees on P 59, P 16 and G.11 were significantly smaller from standard trees on M.9 T337. After eleven years of the growth, the cumulative yield varied from 56.7 kg (on P 59) to 237.8 kg (on CG.4013). High yields were also obtained from vigorously growing trees on: G.202, P 14, G.41 and M.26. The cumulative yield expressed as yield per cm2 of trunk cross-sectional area was highest for trees on G.11, P 16, M.9 Pajam 2 and G.41 and lowest for vigorously growing trees on P 60, P 14 and M.26. In 2009, a year of good cropping, the mean mass of fruits varied from 140 g on G.16 to 213 g on P 60. The fruit size from trees on P 14, M.26 and P 16 was statistically similar to fruits from trees on M.9 T337. The results of the eleven-year study lead to the conclusion that the rootstocks G.11 and G.41, which are highly resistant to fire blight, can be recommended for growing ‘Golden Delicious Reinders’ apple in the Polish climate, similarly to trees on M.9 T337, P 16 and M.9 Pajam 2. For orchards located on light soils the following rootstocks are also promising: G.202, CG.3007, CG.4013 and P 14 and P 60 rootstocks of polish selection.

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Influence of Root Pruning and Rootstock on Growth and Performance of `Golden Delicious' Apple

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.32.4.645 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 645-648 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

D.C. Ferree ◽

M. Knee

Keyword(s):

Cell Division ◽

Size Effect ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Root Pruning ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cumulative Yield ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Golden Delicious ◽

And Performance

`Smoothee Golden Delicious' apple trees on nine rootstocks or interstems were mechanically root pruned annually for 9 years beginning the year after planting. Root pruning reduced trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) by 14% over the first 5 years and 22% in the last 4 years of the trial. Yield and fruit size were reduced by root pruning in most years with the fruit size effect obvious in June at the end of cell division. Interstem trees of MAC.9/MM.106 were larger than trees on M.9 and the following interstems: M.9/MM.106, M.9/MM.111, M.27/MM.111. Trees on seedling (SDL) rootstock were the largest and had the lowest yield per unit TCA and lower cumulative yield/tree than trees on M.7, MM.106, and MM.1ll. There was no interaction for any measure of growth or yield between root pruning and rootstock or interstem.

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Effect of Four Training Systems on Growth and Productivity of `Cortland'/M.9 EMLA Apple Trees

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.451e ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 451e-451

Author(s):

J.R. Schupp ◽

S.I. Koller

Keyword(s):

Fruit Size ◽

Vertical Axis ◽

Significant Loss ◽

Training Methods ◽

Cumulative Yield ◽

Or Efficiency ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Tree Survival ◽

Canopy Volume ◽

Planting Distance

`Cortland'/M.9 EMLA trees were planted in 1991 at 1.8 ×4.2-m spacing. The trees were trained to one of four systems: 1) Vertical Axis; 2) Y trellis; 3) Solen; or 4) Palmette trellis. Tree survival was 86% for Palmette trees and approached 100% for the other three systems. Annual yield and cumulative yield per tree of Vertical Axis and Y trellis was twice that of Solen or Palmette. Tree vigor was sub-optimal relative to planting distance in this study. Trunk cross-sectional area of Vertical Axis trees was larger than that of trees trained to Solen or Palmette, while trees trained to Y trellis were intermediate in trunk growth. Canopy volumes of Vertical Axis and Y trellis trees were similar, and greater than that of Solen or Palmette trees. Fruit size on Solen and Palmette trees was larger than that of Y trellis trees in 1995 and 1996, while fruit size on Vertical Axis trees was intermediate. Cumulative yield per cubic meter of canopy volume was the same for all four systems, suggesting that differences in productivity among systems were attributable to the effects of tree training practices on tree size, not to differences among systems in precocity or efficiency. The low heading cut needed to establish the lowest tier of branches on the Palmette system reduced tree vigor and in some cases, resulted in mortality. The horizontal training of the primary branches of the Solen severely reduced tree vigor. In this study, where tree vigor was sub-optimal due to rootstock selection, the additional restrictions in tree growth resulting from restrictive training methods resulted in a significant loss in productivity.

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GROWTH AND FRUIT PRODUCTION OF YOUNG MICROPROPAGATED APPLE (MALUS DOMESTICA BORKH.) TREES

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.27.6.637f ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 637f-637

Author(s):

Fenton E. Larsen ◽

Stewart S. Higgins

Keyword(s):

Malus Domestica ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Tree Size ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cumulative Yield ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Malus Domestica Borkh ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Westerly Winds ◽

Golden Delicious

Tree size, cumulative yield, yield efficiency and anchorage of 6 micropropagated (MP) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars were determined in 1991 after 5 years of production, as compared with trees on seedling (sdlg) or M 7a roots. Trees were planted in 1984, with crops harvested from 1987 through 1991. Trees were generally smallest (trunk cross-sectional area) on M 7a and were largest with 4 cultivars (`Delicious', `Jonathan', `Rome', `Spartan') when micropropagated. `Golden Delicious' (GD) was largest on sdlg. Cumulative yield was affected by a scion × rootstock interaction, with few trends in scion or rootstock effects. Mean cumulative yield was 84 kg tree-1, 71 and 58 for M 7a, MP and sdlg, respectively. Yield efficiency was also affected by a scion × rootstock interaction. In 1991, mean yield efficiency was 0.5 kg cm-2 for sdlg and MP trees, but was 1.05 for M 7a. Efficiency on M 7a was superior to other rootstocks with all scions except `GD', while sdlg and MP trees were statistically similar with all scions. All trees leaned in response to prevailing westerly winds, with trees on sdlg tending to be more upright than MP or M 7a trees.

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Early Performance of Two Apple Cultivars in Three Training Systems

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.9.1004 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (9) ◽

pp. 1004-1007 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David C. Ferree

Keyword(s):

Training System ◽

Cumulative Yield ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Training Systems ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Golden Delicious ◽

Slender Spindle ◽

Flower Density ◽

Apple Cultivars ◽

Early Performance

In 1987, `Smoothee Golden Delicious' (`Smoothee') and `Lawspur Rome Beauty' (`Lawspur') apple (Malus domestica Borkh,) trees were planted and trained as central leaders or palmette leaders on M.7 and Mark rootstocks or were planted as slender spindles on Mark rootstocks. `Smoothee' trees were larger and had consistently greater yields and production per unit trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) than `Lawspur' trees. Slender spindle trees had lower early yields per tree and TCA but had greater cumulative yields per hectare than trees in the other training systems. In the fifth and sixth growing seasons, `Smoothee' trained as palmette leaders tended to have higher yields per hectare then central leader trees. Training system had little influence on `Lawspur' tree yields. Limb bending in 1989 increased flower density in 1989 and 1990. Cumulative yield per hectare increased 11% as a result of limb bending of trees on Mark rootstock, but bending had no influence on trees on M.7 rootstock. `Smoothee' on Mark had higher cumulative yields per hectare with the palmette leader and central leader than either `Smoothee' on M.7 in either training system or any combination with `Lawspur'.

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Yield Components among Sour Cherry Seedlings

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.117.3.380 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 117 (3) ◽

pp. 380-383 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Amy F. Iezzoni ◽

Colleen A. Mulinix

Keyword(s):

Yield Components ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Sour Cherry ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Breeding Program ◽

Prunus Cerasus ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sib Families

Yield components were measured from 115 sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) hybrid seedlings from 13 full-sib families to investigate the potential of breeding for increased yield. Those families with the highest number of fruit and reproductive buds had the highest yields. In general, increased fruit size was not able to compensate for low fruit count. Fruit set and flower count per bud were inversely related, suggesting compensation between these two components. Yield components from six selections chosen for differing fruiting habits were measured for an additional 2 years. In year 1, those selections with a majority of their fruit on l-year-old wood had higher yield efficiencies (yield per branch cross-sectional area) than those with fruit on spurs; however, but year 3, the higher-yielding selections were those that fruited primarily on spurs. The data are discussed relative to selecting for yield in a sour cherry breeding program.

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Long-term Performance of ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees Grafted on Geneva® Rootstocks and Trained to Four High-density Systems under New York State Climatic Conditions

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci14904-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (10) ◽

pp. 1538-1550

Author(s):

Gemma Reig ◽

Jaume Lordan ◽

Stephen Hoying ◽

Michael Fargione ◽

Daniel J. Donahue ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fruit Quality ◽

New York State ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Training System ◽

High Density ◽

Cumulative Yield ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Training Systems ◽

G 11

We conducted a large (0.8 ha) field experiment of system × rootstock, using Super Chief Delicious apple as cultivar at Yonder farm in Hudson, NY, between 2007 and 2017. In this study, we compared six Geneva® rootstocks (‘G.11’, ‘G.16’, ‘G.210’, ‘G.30’, ‘G.41’, and ‘G.935’) with one Budagovsky (‘B.118’) and three Malling rootstocks (‘M.7EMLA’, ‘M.9T337’ and ‘M.26EMLA’). Trees on each rootstock were trained to four high-density systems: Super Spindle (SS) (5382 apple trees/ha), Tall Spindle (TS) (3262 apple trees/ha), Triple Axis Spindle (TAS) (2243 apple trees/ha), and Vertical Axis (VA) (1656 apple trees/ha). Rootstock and training system interacted to influence growth, production, and fruit quality. When comparing systems, SS trees were the least vigorous but much more productive on a per hectare basis. Among the rootstocks we evaluated, ‘B.118’ had the largest trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), followed by ‘G.30’ and ‘M.7EMLA’, which were similar in size but they did not differ statistically from ‘G.935’. ‘M.9T337’ was the smallest and was significantly smaller than most of the other rootstocks but it did not differ statistically from ‘G.11’, ‘G.16’, ‘G.210’, ‘G.41’, and ‘M.26EMLA’. Although ‘B.118’ trees were the largest, they had low productivity, whereas the second largest rootstock ‘G.30’ was the most productive on a per hectare basis. ‘M.9’ was the smallest rootstock and failed to adequately fill the space in all systems except the SS, and had low cumulative yield. The highest values for cumulative yield efficiency (CYE) were with ‘G.210’ for all training systems except for VA, where ‘M.9T337’ had the highest value. The lowest values were for all training systems with ‘B.118’ and ‘M.7EMLA’. Regardless of the training system, ‘M.7EMLA’ trees had the highest number of root suckers. Some fruit quality traits were affected by training system, rootstock or system × rootstock combination.

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Cumulative Yield, Tree Growth, and Yield Efficiency of 18 Asian Pear Cultivars

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.463f ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 463f-464

Author(s):

Fenton E Larsen ◽

Stewart S. Higgins

Keyword(s):

Research Unit ◽

Washington State ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cumulative Yield ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Asian Pear ◽

Large Trees ◽

High Yields

Eighteen Asian pear cultivars on Pyrus betulaefolia rootstocks were planted in 1990 at Washington State University's Royal Slope Research Unit in central Washington State. Annual trunk diameters have been measured since planting, and annual harvest records have been kept since 1995. The six cultivars with the largest trees, ranked in decreasing order of trunk cross-sectional area, were `Daisui Li' (144 cm2), `Ishiiwase', `Huhoot Li', `Shin Li', `Shinsui', and `Yoinashi' (123 cm2). The six cultivars with the smallest trees were `Twentieth Century' (91 cm2), `Chojuro', `Shinseiki', `Shinko', `Yakumo', and `Tarusa Crimson' (38 cm2). `Tarusa Crimson' was significantly smaller than all other cultivars. The six highest-yielding cultivars, ranked in decreasing order of cumulative yield, were `Daisui Li' (183 kg/tree), `Shinseiki', `Shin Li', `Shinko', `Chojuro,' and `Olympic' (107 kg/tree). `Daisui Li' had significantly higher cumulative yield than all other cultivars. The six lowest-yielding cultivars were `Yoinashi' (71 kg/tree), `Huhoot Li', `Tarusa Crimson', `Yakumo', `Shinsui', and `Nangon Li' (19 kg/tree). The six highest-ranking cultivars for cumulative yield efficiency were `Shinseiki' (1.6 kg·cm–2), `Shinko', `Chojuro', `Daisui Li', `Tarusa Crimson', and `Olympic' (1.2 kg·cm–2). The six least-efficient cultivars were `Ishiiwase' (0.7 kg·cm–2), `Yakumo', `Yoinashi', `Huhoot Li', `Shinsui', and `Nangon Li' (0.2 kg·cm–2). `Daisui Li' and `Tarusa Crimson' had similar, relatively high, cumulative yield efficiencies, but for different reasons. `Daisui Li' produced high yields on large trees while `Tarusa Crimson' produced low yields on small trees. In contrast, the relatively high efficiencies of `Shinseiki', `Shinko' and `Chojuro' resulted from high yields produced on small trees.

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(315) Geneva® 935: A New Fire Blight Resistant, Semidwarfing Apple rootstock

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1027b ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 1027B-1027

Author(s):

Gennaro Fazio ◽

Herb S. Aldwinckle ◽

Terence L. Robinson ◽

James Cummins

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

New York ◽

Fire Blight ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

New York State ◽

Fruit Size ◽

The United States ◽

Breeding Program ◽

Apple Rootstock ◽

Individual Tree

The Geneva® Apple Rootstock Breeding program, which was initiated in 1968 by Dr. James Cummins and Dr. Herb Aldwinckle of Cornell University and which has been continued as a joint breeding program with the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) since 1998, has released a new semi-dwarfing apple rootstock which is named Geneva® 935 or G.935. G.935 (a progeny from a 1976 cross of `Ottawa 3' × `Robusta 5') is a selection that has been widely tested at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, N.Y., in commercial orchards in the United States and at research stations across the United States and Canada. G.935 is a semi-dwarfing rootstock that produces a tree slightly larger than M.26. G.935 is the most precocious and productive semi-dwarf rootstock we have released. It has had similar yield efficiency to M.9 along with excellent fruit size and wide crotch angles. It showed no symptoms of winter damage during the 1994 test winter in N.Y. G.935 is resistant to fire blight and Phytophthora; however. it is susceptible to infestations by woolly apple aphids. G.935 has shown tolerance to replant disease complex in several trials. It has good propagation characteristics in the stool bed and produces a large tree in the nursery. G.935 has better graft union strength than M.9, but will require a trellis or individual tree stake in the orchard to support the large crops when the tree is young. G.935 will be a possible replacement for M.26. Suggested orchards planting densities with this rootstock are 1,500-2,500 trees/ha. It has been released for propagation and sale by licensed nurseries. Liners will be available in the near future.

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THE INFLUENCE OF ROOTSTOCKS ON THE GROWTH, LONGEVITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF APPLES

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.6.623 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 623H-623

Author(s):

George M. Greene ◽

Alvan G. Gaus

Keyword(s):

Production Efficiency ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Tree Size ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Main Experiment ◽

Lower Efficiency ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Golden Delicious ◽

P 16

The influence of rootstocks on the growth and productivity of `Starkspur Supreme Pagnelli Delicious' was determined in an NC-140 experiment started in 1984. The planting was supplemental to the main experiment and it contained Ottawa (Ott) 3, M.20, and Arnold Lynd (AL) 800, but did not contain Budagovsky (Bud) 490, Bud 9, Antonovka 313, or C6. Trees that apparently would not stand were given support. Data on tree size and yield were collected every year. As expected, many characteristics were strongly influenced by rootstock. Yield efficiency calculated as the total fruit weight per square cm of trunk cross-sectional area was used as a measure of production efficiency. In 1989, efficient producers of fruit (all in decreasing order) were Poland (P) 2, EMLA.26, P 16, and Michigan Apple Clone (MAC) 39. Intermediate in productivity were M.20, Cornell-Geneva (CG) 10, Pl, and AL 800. A lower efficiency group of rootstocks were EMLA.7, Ott 3, MAC 1, Seedling, M.4, P 18, and CG 24. `Golden Delicious' and `McIntosh' on EMLA.26, used as pollinizers, were ranked second and third in yield efficiency.

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Influence of selected Polish and American rootstocks on the growth and yield of ‘Golden Delicious Reinders’ apple trees

Horticultural Science ◽

10.17221/23/2017-hortsci ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 45 (No. 1) ◽

pp. 18-21

Author(s):

Paweł Bielicki ◽

Marcin Pąśko

Keyword(s):

Fire Blight ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Productivity Index ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Golden Delicious ◽

P 16

This study was conducted in the period 2010–2015 to assess the influence of rootstocks on the growth and fruiting of apple trees of the ‘Golden Delicious Reinders’ cultivar. The experiment was conducted in an experimental orchard in Dąbrowice, Poland. The experimental material consisted of the Polish rootstocks P 66, P 67, P 68 and P 16, and the following American rootstocks of the Cornell Geneva series resistant to fire blight: CG.11, CG.41, CG.013 and CG.202. The rootstocks M.9T337, M.26, P 14 and P 60 were used as the control combination. The best-yielding trees were those from the CG.11 rootstock, while those from P 14 and P 67 were the lowest-yielding. Trees from the latter rootstocks grew most vigorously and had the lowest productivity index.

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