scholarly journals Introduction to the Special Issue: History of Education, International Relations and Transnational Perspectives: State of the Art

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano González-Delgado ◽  
Óscar J. Martín García
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
History Of Education ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Educational Models ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Cold War

The purpose of the article is to present those studies in the field of the History of Education that have emphasized international influences and educational modernization. To do this, the first part of this article addresses the origin of this type of research within the History of Education. We then focus on analyzing the subsequent evolution that occurred with the beginning of the transnational turn and its impact on educational-historical research. Through a bibliographic review, we attempt to highlight the importance of studying international organizations, public diplomacy, the Cold War and Modernization Theory in order to understand the transformations that took place in educational systems worldwide during the second half of the 20th century. All these elements reveal more clearly the factors that made countries with different political regimes, cultural traditions or educational models begin to develop similar educational policies. Finally, this article points out the value of new research to understand the origin and development of certain policies at the international level. 

Global Development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Lorenzini
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Berlin Wall ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cold War

In the Cold War, “development” was a catchphrase that came to signify progress, modernity, and economic growth. Development aid was closely aligned with the security concerns of the great powers, for whom infrastructure and development projects were ideological tools for conquering hearts and minds around the globe, from Europe and Africa to Asia and Latin America. This book provides a global history of development, drawing on a wealth of archival evidence to offer a panoramic and multifaceted portrait of a Cold War phenomenon that transformed the modern world. Taking readers from the aftermath of the Second World War to the tearing down of the Berlin Wall, the book shows how development projects altered local realities, transnational interactions, and even ideas about development itself. The book shines new light on the international organizations behind these projects—examining their strategies and priorities and assessing the actual results on the ground—and it also gives voice to the recipients of development aid. It shows how the Cold War shaped the global ambitions of development on both sides of the Iron Curtain, and how international organizations promoted an unrealistically harmonious vision of development that did not reflect local and international differences. The book presents a global perspective on Cold War development, demonstrating how its impacts are still being felt today.

National Internationalists: British and West German Protests against Nuclear Weapons, the Politics of Transnational Communications and the Social History of the Cold War, 1957–1964

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
HOLGER NEHRING
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Social History ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
Protest Movements ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Traditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cold War

This article examines the politics of communication between British and West German protesters against nuclear weapons in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The interpretation suggested here historicises the assumptions of ‘transnational history’ and shows the nationalist and internationalist dimensions of the protest movements' histories to be inextricably connected. Both movements related their own aims to global and international problems. Yet they continued to observe the world from their individual perspectives: national, regional and local forms thus remained important. By illuminating the interaction between political traditions, social developments and international relations in shaping important political movements within two European societies, this article can provide one element of a new connective social history of the cold war.

The Socialization of ICTs in Ethiopia

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iginio Gagliardone
Keyword(s):  
Technology Adoption ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
History Of Technology ◽  
National Project ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
History Of

This paper addresses how state actors in the developing world have influenced technology adoption and favoured the diffusion of certain uses of ICTs while discouraging others. Drawing upon extensive field research and looking at the evolution of ICTs in Ethiopia, it examines how a semi-authoritarian, yet developmentally oriented regime, has actively sought to mediate the – either real or imagined – destabilising aspects of ICTs while embracing them as a tool for nation-building. A constructivist framework as developed in international relations and history of technology is employed to understand how the introduction of the new ICT framework as promoted by international organizations has been mediated both by the results of the socialization of earlier technologies in Ethiopia and by the national project pursued by the local political elite.

Those Who Can't, Teach: The Disabling History of American Educators

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Rousmaniere
Keyword(s):  
Disability Studies ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
History Of Education ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Analytic Framework ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Cultural Concepts ◽  
Professional Norms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over Time

This essay is an exploratory history of American educators as viewed through the lens of disability studies. By this I mean that I am looking at the history of school teachers with disability as the primary marker of social relations, in much the same way that I and others have looked at the history of education through the primary lens of race, gender, ethnicity, age, religion, and sexuality. Looking at the history of teachers through the analytic framework of disability studies allows us to see first, how educational systems, practices, values, and professional norms have developed in a way that excludes people with disabilities from educational employment, or assigned them to parallel and marginalized institutions of special education and second, how notions of normality have defined the work and identity of all educators. It is this latter point that is my greatest interest here: how cultural concepts of ability and disability have shaped all educators' occupational identity and experience over time.

Toward a History of Education Markets in the United States

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-73
Author(s):  
Nancy Beadie
Keyword(s):  
History Of Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
New Work ◽  
Early National ◽  
History Of ◽  
Education Markets ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Structure Of Education

The recent shift away from the idea of centrally planned public systems and toward market-based models of schooling opens new territory for scholarship in the history of education. What is the history of education markets? How has the structure of education markets changed over time? This article addresses these questions by surveying existing literature, with an emphasis on the early national and antebellum periods. In the process it brings new perspectives to standard narratives of the history of education in the nineteenth century, particularly regarding the development of state-based educational systems. It then proposes areas for future research and concludes by introducing two examples of new work in this field.

Part 1 The Cold War Era (1945–89), 16 The Yom Kippur War—1973

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dubuisson François ◽  
Koutroulis Vaios
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Yom Kippur War ◽  
Specific Incident ◽  
Arab States ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Military

This contribution discusses the hostilities that opposed Israel against Egypt, Syria and the armed forces of other Arab states, which took place in October 1973. After setting out the context of this confrontation, which is directly linked to the 1967 Six Days War, it presents the legal positions of the main protagonists (Israel, Egypt, Syria) as well as those of third states and international organizations. The third section examines the legality of this resort to force under jus ad bellum and concludes that the military operations on behalf of the Arab states can be justified as an exercise of the right to self-defence. Finally, the conclusions discuss the limited precedential value of this specific incident with respect to the interpretation of the prohibition to use force in international relations.

Keeping Your Enemies Close? The Variety of Social Movements’ Reactions to International Organizations’ Opening Up

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Anderl ◽  
Priska Daphi ◽  
Nicole Deitelhoff
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Global Justice ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Global Justice Movement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Opening Up

Abstract Starting in the 1990s, international organizations (IOs) have created various opportunities of access for civil society to voice criticism. While international relations (IR) scholarship has increasingly addressed the resulting interaction between IOs and civil society with a focus on NGOs, we know little about the particular reactions to IOs’ opening up by social movements. This paper analyzes reactions to opening up by a transnational social movement centrally addressing IOs: the Global Justice Movement (GJM). Examining reactions by different groups of the GJM in Europe and Southeast Asia to IOs’ opening up, we demonstrate that reactions differ considerably depending on activists’ assessments of the nature of opening up. In particular, we identify four pathways of reactions on a continuum from (1) strong cooperation with IOs as a reaction to opening up, (2) temporally limited cooperation with different IOs, (3) a hybrid reaction that combines cooperation with specific IOs with a strong opposition to other IOs in reaction to their opening up, to (4) a continuous rejection of all cooperation with IOs. We show how these different reactions are shaped by activists’ perceptions of the quality of the international opening up in conjunction with national and local context factors. Furthermore, our analysis demonstrates that such perceptions can significantly change over time depending on experiences of interactions. Reactions to opening up are therefore not predictable on the basis of a movement's shape and resources only, but rather depend on a variety of factors such as the movement's perception of the IO's sincerity in a strategic and consequential interaction, as well as the movement's ideological framework and its history of interaction with institutions at other levels, especially in the domestic realm.

Native Americans in Cold War Public Diplomacy: Indian Politics, American History, and the US Information Agency

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Andrew Denson
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Indian Politics ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cold War

This essay examines the depiction of Native Americans by the US Information Agency (USIA), the bureau charged with explaining American politics to the international public during the Cold War. In the 1950s and 1960s, the USIA broadcast the message that Americans had begun to acknowledge their nation's history of conquest and were working to redress old wrongs through an activist government. That message echoed the agency's depiction of the African American Civil Rights Movement and allowed the USIA to recognize Indian resistance to assimilation. It offered little room for tribal nationhood, however, during these early years of the modern American Indian political revival.

From subjects to objects: Knowledge in International Relations theory

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 841-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bentley B. Allan
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Value Added ◽  
International Relations Theory ◽  
History Of Knowledge ◽  
History Of

There has been a resurgence of interest in the role of scientific knowledge and expertise in International Relations, but it is not clear what the theoretical value-added of this work is. This article places recent work on scientific knowledge and expertise in a longer-term perspective. The history shows that knowledge has played an important role in International Relations theory since Carr and Morgenthau, but that thinking has been trapped within a simple conceptual framework centered on tracing how knowledge shapes the beliefs and interests of international subjects. This mode of theorizing first entered International Relations via Mannheim and has been further developed by Foucauldian and practice-based approaches since the 1990s. Outlining the history of knowledge from Carr through Haas to the present makes it possible to identify the distinctive contribution of recent work: whereas International Relations has focused on how knowledge shapes subjects such as states and international organizations, recent work by Corry, Sending, and others reorients International Relations to the constitution of governance objects. On the object-centered view, knowledge plays a key role in the construction of the hybrid entities like the economy and the climate that structure the landscape of international politics.

scholarly journals V. M. Zhirmunsky in Hungary, 1962: Towards the history of the scientific ties

2021 ◽  
pp. 452-476
Author(s):  
Mikhail V. Kovalev
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Literary Critic ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
Management Efficiency ◽  
Science Diplomacy ◽  
Science Management ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Report ◽  
The Cold War

The scientific report of an outstanding linguist and literary critic V. M. Zhirmunsky on his trip to Budapest in October 1962 to an International conference on comparative literature is published with comments and the introduction. This document is not only remarkable in the context of the history of Soviet-Hungarian scientific ties and intellectual exchanges between socialist countries, but also in the light of the history of literary criticism and Slavic studies. It’s interesting because the document reflects the views of the major scientist on the development of international scientific contacts, shows his criticism of the Soviet academic bureaucracy and cautious dissatisfaction with the existing system of science management. The report is also important in connection with the study of intellectual transfers in the Cold War era. The presented document reveals pain points in the history of Soviet science diplomacy. A detailed introduction shows the interaction of V. M. Zhirmunsky and his colleagues with Hungarian scientists, their joint research projects. A special place is given to the figure of Prof. István Sőtér, a prominent Hungarian literary critic and writer, who was the initiator of the 1962 conference. His relations with Soviet scientists, in particular, with Yu. G. Oksman, whom the Hungarian scientist tried in vain to invite to the aforementioned Budapest conference. At the same time, it is concluded that difficulties in the development of international relations of Soviet scientists, in addition to ideological reasons, were due to low management efficiency and bureaucratization.

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