scholarly journals Surveillance, Authoritarianism and ‘Imperial Effects’ in Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 506-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahvish Ahmad ◽  
Rabia Mehmood
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
National Security ◽  
The Political ◽  
National Security Agency ◽  
Surveillance Studies ◽  
Military Aid ◽  
Us Military ◽  
The World ◽  
Point Of Departure

To speak of ‘Surveillance and the Global Turn to Authoritarianism’ presupposes a moment with little connection to that which has gone before, or places outside of North America and Europe. While Trump and Brexit inaugurate a consequential shift, even rupture, in the political terrain, we must not lose sight of places and peoples where American Wars – with European support – were overtly and covertly waged in the decades preceding this ‘global turn’, nor the fate of these places today. We argue that the sustained transfer of sophisticated surveillance technologies, as part and parcel of both direct military assault and more expansive support for security states, has had lasting imperial effects outside imperial centres that reverberate today. We take our point of departure in Pakistan – the site of hundreds of drone bombardments under Obama, one of the top recipients of US military aid, and the largest known recipient of funding from the National Security Agency (NSA) – to argue that ’global turns’ must not forget the rest of the world, and Surveillance Studies may have far to go before it fully addresses its Eurocentrism.

Vaccine production, national security anxieties and the unstable state in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Mexico

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana María Carrillo
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Security ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
The Political ◽  
Unstable State ◽  
Vaccine Production ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Economic

This chapter deals with the development and production of vaccines in Mexico from the last third of the nineteenth century to 1989, when the erosion of this sector began. Along with discussing Mexican’s physicians’ reception of discoveries in microbiology and immunology, it points out the existence of a network of relationships between Mexican institutions and others around the world. The chapter shows that vaccine development and production did not follow a constant ascendant path, but that it also suffered declines and regressions. It describes the field’s achievements and limitations, and reveals its relationships with the political, economic, and social conditions of the country in different historical moments. Finally, it evaluates the importance of attaining national self-sufficiency in vaccine development and production for the building of the state in pre- and post-revolutionary Mexico, and seeks to provide some answers to the questions of how and why the erosion of this strategic field occurred.

The Political Costs of Abusing Human Rights: International Cooperation in Extraordinary Rendition

2020 ◽  
pp. 002200272096743
Author(s):  
Rebecca Cordell
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
National Security ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
The Political ◽  
Theoretical Argument ◽  
Matched Sample ◽  
Political Costs ◽  
The World ◽  
Electoral Defeat

From 2001 to 2005, over a quarter of all countries in the world cooperated in a secret rendition network that enabled the transfer of CIA terrorist suspects to secret detention sites. While governments in some states have not been punished for participating, others have incurred political costs, including electoral defeats. What explains variation in the political costs of participation in the post-9/11 extraordinary rendition program? I argue that left of center governments, particularly those in democracies, suffered greater political costs from being caught because of the perception that they are better at protecting civil liberties in the name of national security. I test the effect of party orientation on electoral defeat at the election following the revelation of participation in extraordinary rendition using a matched sample where the party in office at the time of participation remained the same. The analysis provides empirical support for my theoretical argument.

The Suez Canal and the Outlook for Egypt

1944 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halford L. Hoskins
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Suez Canal ◽  
The Political ◽  
Nile River ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Balanced Budget

The Suez Canal has been regarded at times and uncritically as one of Egypt's great assets. It is so considered by many of the political leaders of Egypt, as their attitude on Canal issues bears witness. In the sense that the Suez waterway, both as a project and as an achievement, has brought the land of Egypt prominently into the world scene during the past century, it has been a factor in the trend of development of that country second in importance only to the Nile River itself. This is no indication, however, that the Canal has had a beneficent influence on Egyptian life. Actually, a careful estimate of the changes it has wrought, both economic and political, leads inescapably to the conclusion that, with respect to tangible effects, the waterway thus far has worked to the distinct disadvantage of Egypt. It is impossible to bring the intangible balance sheet to totals, but it is safe to say that an Egyptian patriot more concerned with his country's national security and a balanced budget than with its prominence in world affairs might well deplore the fact that the Canal ever progressed beyond the stage of discussion.

scholarly journals Metadata Laws, Journalism and Resistance in Australia

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedetta Brevini
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
The United States ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Communication Studies ◽  
National Security Agency ◽  
Surveillance Studies ◽  
Bulk Data ◽  
Data Collections ◽  
Telecommunications Companies

The intelligence leaks from Edward Snowden in 2013 unveiled the sophistication and extent of data collection by the United States’ National Security Agency and major global digital firms prompting domestic and international debates about the balance between security and privacy, openness and enclosure, accountability and secrecy. It is difficult not to see a clear connection with the Snowden leaks in the sharp acceleration of new national security legislations in Australia, a long term member of the Five Eyes Alliance. In October 2015, the Australian federal government passed controversial laws that require telecommunications companies to retain the metadata of their customers for a period of two years. The new acts pose serious threats for the profession of journalism as they enable government agencies to easily identify and pursue journalists’ sources. Bulk data collections of this type of information deter future whistleblowers from approaching journalists, making the performance of the latter’s democratic role a challenge. After situating this debate within the scholarly literature at the intersection between surveillance studies and communication studies, this article discusses the political context in which journalists are operating and working in Australia; assesses how metadata laws have affected journalism practices and addresses the possibility for resistance.

scholarly journals PERSPECTIVES OF MODERNIZATION OF THE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY OF THE VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE FOR 2017-2021 YEARS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Mostipan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Job Responsibilities ◽  
Crisis Communications ◽  
Timely Response ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern Tool

The article examines the issue of improving the Communication Strategy of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for 2017-2021 to increase the level of trust in Parliament, raise the political and legal culture of citizens, counteract information wars and operations against the Parliament, as well as the development of e-democracy. It is noted that the low level of public trust in Parliament causes the necessity of modernizing the parliamentary system of communications in the vector of approximation to EU standards and raising the political and legal culture of citizens. The thesis is grounded on the necessity of developing a communication system of protection against information wars and operations against the Parliament of Ukraine, forming its positive image and counteracting manipulative media. The main criterion for the effectiveness of the Strategy is proposed to be the increase of the level of trust in the Parliament and parliamentarians. It is suggested to pay more attention to the formation of the institutional basis for the implementation of the Communication Strategy: responsible entities, their job responsibilities and necessary resources. The implementation of joint projects of the Parliament of Ukraine with universities and research institutions, the establishment of a school of communications, conducting seminars, trainings and forums in cooperation with civil society will have a positive impact on the implementation of the Communication Strategy. This will develop the tradition of communication and understanding of the parliamentarian as a professional communicator. The implementation of the Communication Strategy envisages increasing the efficiency of the information space monitoring system, timely response to negative reports about the Parliament and prevention of their occurrence, which is the basis of anti-crisis communications. The tools that ensure the openness of the Parliament not only contribute to the realization of the idea of representation, but also immanently pose threats to democracy through manipulative media, trolling, cyberbullying. Digital communications are important, but by themselves will not completely solve the problem of low confidence in Parliament, and are seen as a modern tool that can be updated at any time. The implementation of the Communication Strategy of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for 2017-2021 should be considered in the context of ensuring the national security of the state, branding of Ukraine in the world and responding to opportunities-threats from globalization.

scholarly journals National Security Strategy Geopolitical Threats and Risks "Libya as an example"

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Ehab NAAS
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
National Security ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Security Strategy ◽  
The Core ◽  
National Security Strategy ◽  
Foreign Intervention ◽  
The World ◽  
National Reality

National security is one of the most important components of the state’s entity to preserve its role and position and ensure its progress. Therefore, it is noted that most countries of the world give priority to issues related to national security. On the other hand, it can be said that Libyan national security has not received sufficient attention at the practical and academic levels, and this may be due to more than reason; The political data were not aware of the importance of the matter intentionally or unintentionally, and with the succession of events and developments in Libya in recent years, the issue began to take serious dimensions affecting the Libyan national security in its broad sense at the core, which requires concerted official, informal and academic efforts to address and address this. Topic. Libya is going through conditions and events that are not appropriate for stability and national security cohesion. Indeed, Libya is now living in a vacuum and a national reality characterized by many indicators of disintegration, conflict and violence. This is evident in the criticism of citizens, but in phenomena and events that negatively affect the coherence of national security, and this situation will inevitably lead to Citizens' lack of confidence in their state, but rather to the dissolution and disintegration of the structure of society, and the transformation of this building into groups, tribes, or regions in conflict and even warring with weapons, and this conflict will increase the disintegration of national cohesion and create a national political vacuum that helps foreign intervention in the Libyan affairs under the pretext of helping to maintain security and stability. This intervention may conceal foreign interests and agendas, and lead the country to the unknown and all the possibilities and political and security scenes whose far-reaching goals Libyans are ignorant of. Therefore, everyone in Libya is walking on a road that they do not know its end, and this requires thinking, planning and action to preserve national security and increase the degree of cohesion of all its components, whether Be it tribes, groups, or political and ideological centers, all Libyans are in one boat sailing towards the shore of safety, and it may sink in a sea that does not know the end of its end, and in view of these considerations, we saw the need to address the problems and repel the greedy in the wealth of Libya, to preserve the Libyan national security and make recommendations to strengthen it And maintain it. With our knowledge of the broadening aspects of national security in its broadest sense, we can begin to root this issue by examining its foundations and the current challenges it faces. Keywords: National Security, Geopolitics, Strategy, Foreign Policy, Threats and Risks.

scholarly journals Examining conspiracy beliefs and COVID-19 in four countries: The role of disgust towards the political system and implications for prosocial behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 183449092110568
Author(s):  
Chanki Moon ◽  
Giovanni A. Travaglino
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Political System ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Political ◽  
The World ◽  
Conspiracy Beliefs ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

Since late 2019, the coronavirus SARS-COV-2 responsible for the COVID-19 disease has continued to spread across different regions of the world. As a result, governments have been implementing measures for controlling the disease which rely on people's cooperation. In this research, we considered predictors and implications of people's beliefs that they “haven’t been told the ‘whole story’ about COVID-19.” Specifically, we examined the role of disgust towards the political system in predicting conspiratorial tendencies across four countries, in Europe (Italy and the UK), North America (the USA), and Asia (South Korea). In addition, we investigated the implications of conspiratorial beliefs for individuals’ intentions to engage in prosocial cooperative behavior. In line with the idea that feelings of disgust towards the political system may indicate that people perceive the system as violating core norms, results showed that disgust was associated with stronger conspiratorial tendencies. Individuals’ conspiratorial tendencies were in turn associated with lower intentions to help others during the pandemic. Results were broadly consistent across the countries tested. Directions for future research are discussed.

Politics and Interstate Relations in the World of Early GreekPoleis: Homer and Beyond

Antichthon ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt A. Raaflaub
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
The Political ◽  
Specific Time ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
Greek Society ◽  
The World ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
Do So

This essay is part of a larger project concerned with determining how historians today can use the evidence of the Homeric epics in order to gain a better understanding of the evolution of early Greek society—but do so responsibly, that is, in ways that are adequate to the epics' nature as poetic and cultural documents surviving from a specific time and social context. Elsewhere I have discussed Homer and history, the role of thepolis, warfare and military organisation, and political thought in Homer, as well as ‘Homeric society’ in general and the problem of its historicity. Here I want to take a close look at interstate relations (sections I and III) and the political sphere (section II). I choose as my point of departure some of the views which M.I. Finley expressed inThe World of Odysseus—a book that is now more than forty years old, still illuminating and indispensable but partly outdated.

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