scholarly journals The Role of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Combatting Wildlife Trafficking

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadja Lazar
Keyword(s):  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Wildlife Trafficking

scholarly journals Challenging the State: Devolutionary Tenure Transitions for Saving and Expanding Forests

Human Ecology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liz Alden Wily
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Property Relations ◽  
The Will ◽  
Customary Land

AbstractI address a contentious element in forest property relations to illustrate the role of ownership in protecting and expanding of forest cover by examining the extent to which rural communities may legally own forests. The premise is that whilst state-owned protected areas have contributed enormously to forest survival, this has been insufficiently successful to justify the mass dispossession of customary land-owning communities this has entailed. Further, I argue that state co-option of community lands is unwarranted. Rural communities on all continents ably demonstrate the will and capacity to conserve forests – provided their customary ownership is legally recognized. I explore the property rights reforms now enabling this. The replication potential of community protected forestlands is great enough to deserve flagship status in global commitments to expand forest including in the upcoming new Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

scholarly journals Konflikte um das "grüne Gold der Gene"

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (129) ◽  
pp. 631-652
Author(s):  
Christoph Görg ◽  
Ulrich Brand
Keyword(s):  
Critical State ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
State Theory ◽  
Benefit Sharing ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Political Processes

In the last years an international legal framework evolved m the field of biodiversity, its protection and use. Accesses to genetic resources and mtellectual property nghts for developed commodities are fundamental for dominant actors and therefore these two aspects are central in political processes. Other aspects as nghts of mdlgenous peoples or benefit sharing have much less importance. Central institutions to regulate the highly contested issues are the Convention on Biological Diversity, the TRIPS agreement m the wro as well as the FAO which are not at all coherent in their policies. Agamst the background of regulation and critical state theory the article examines the contradictory role of the nation-state and international institutions in international biodiversity politics and examines central conflicts lines. Weaker actors try to politicise the struggle under the concept of "biopiracy" accusing dominant actors of an illegitimate appropriation of biodiversity. Fmally, some preconditions of "democratic biodiversity politics" are outlined.

The role of science in MPA establishment in California: a personal perspective

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAY HILBORN
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Adaptive Management ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Personal Perspective ◽  
Alternative Designs

SummaryCalifornia has now largely completed a process for establishing marine protected areas (MPAs) that may be considered a model for other jurisdictions seeking to meet obligations under the Convention on Biological Diversity. In the Californian process, a team of scientists established guidelines on the size and spacing of MPAs, as well as requirements for habitat representation and replication. The final outcomes, in terms of proportion of the coast encompassed by MPAs and the distribution and sizes of MPAs, were largely a result of decisions taken by the advisory scientists, rather than by the designated decision makers. Future legislation must recognize the uncertainties associated with benefits of MPAs and specifically allow for adaptive management including explicit experimental tests of uncertainties. The science team should define at the outset the major uncertainties about impacts, and deliberate experimentation and adaptive management should be essential parts of each design. Future legislation should be much more specific about the objectives of the MPAs and specify the percentage of the area that should be set aside as MPAs. Finally, quantitative models rather than guidelines should be used to evaluate the consequences of alternative designs.

scholarly journals Aichi Target 18 beyond 2020: mainstreaming Traditional Biodiversity Knowledge in the conservation and sustainable use of marine and coastal ecosystems

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e9616
Author(s):  
Paola Fajardo ◽  
David Beauchesne ◽  
Alberto Carbajal-López ◽  
Rémi M. Daigle ◽  
L. Denisse Fierro-Arcos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Coastal Ecosystems ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Biodiversity Knowledge ◽  
Global Biodiversity

Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs) have inhabited coastal areas, the seas, and remote islands for millennia, and developed place-based traditional ancestral knowledge and diversified livelihoods associated with the biocultural use of marine and coastal ecosystems. Through their cultural traditions, customary wise practices, and holistic approaches to observe, monitor, understand, and appreciate the Natural World, IPLCs have been preserving, managing, and sustainably using seascapes and coastal landscapes, which has been essential for biodiversity conservation. The international community has more than ever recognized the central role of IPLCs in the conservation of biodiversity-rich ecosystems, in particular, for the achievement of the Global Biodiversity Targets determined by the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity to tackle biodiversity loss. However, much remains to be done to fully recognize and protect at national levels IPLCs’ Traditional Biodiversity Knowledge (TBK), ways of life, and their internationally recognized rights to inhabit, own, manage and govern traditional lands, territories, and waters, which are increasingly threatened. At the 2018 4th World Conference on Marine Biodiversity held in Montréal, Canada, eight themed working groups critically discussed progress to date and barriers that have prevented the achievement of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets agreed for the period 2011–2020, and priority actions for the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. Discussions in the “Application of Biodiversity Knowledge” working group focused on Targets 11 and 18 and the equal valuation of diverse Biodiversity Knowledge Systems (BKS). This Perspective Paper summarizes the 10 Priority Actions identified for a holistic biodiversity conservation, gender equality and human rights-based approach that strengthens the role of IPLCs as biodiversity conservation decision-makers and managers at national and international levels. Furthermore, the Perspective proposes a measurable Target 18 post-2020 and discusses actions to advance the recognition of community-based alternative conservation schemes and TBK to ensure the long-lasting conservation, customary biocultural use, and sustainable multi-functional management of nature around the globe.

Sustainable Development, CBD, and IPR

2018 ◽  
pp. 29-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Kumar Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Nagoya Protocol ◽  
Earth Summit ◽  
The Social ◽  
Recent Position ◽  
Conservation Of Biodiversity

One of the landmark outcomes of Earth Summit was the ‘Convention on Biological Diversity’ which calls upon parties to conserve and sustainably use biological diversity while equitably sharing the benefits of the use of genetic resources. The chapter explores the role of IPR to achieve sustainability. This chapter further provides a study of the development of the concept of Sustainable Development as a tool to meet the social need and will analyse recent position—how can IPR be a handy tool to achieve the objective mentioned under CBD and Nagoya Protocol with the help of TRIPS Agreement. It primarily discusses interlinks and conflicts between the provisions of CBD and IPRs. The chapter argues that Indian policymakers have a crucial but tough role in ensuring that the IPR policies and practices and the need of conservation of biodiversity stands mutually supportive to each other.

scholarly journals Protection of Traditional Knowledge: The Work and the Role of International Organisations and Conferences

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Asiia Sharifullovna Gazizova
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Indigenous Knowledge ◽  
Traditional Knowledge ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
International Level ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Sustainable Improvement ◽  
Main Work

The concepts of traditional knowledge, indigenous people and indigenous knowledge have gained broad use in international discussions on sustainable improvement. Nevertheless, their use is usually subjected to confusion. There have been numerous attempts to clarify the notions of traditional knowledge, indigenous knowledge and people. Although there are no globally approved definitions, this paper is devoted to analysing the approaches of international organisations to the protection of traditional knowledge. The study discusses the work of the international organisations: WIPO, UNESCO, WHO, WTO and FAO, as well as international conferences: Conference of the Parties of Convention on Biological Diversity and UNCTAD. The examples of traditional knowledge illustrate the paper: use of turmeric for wound healing in India, use the Hoodia plant to suppress hunger during hunting in South Africa and others. It is noted that today, at the international level, there are no instruments that ensure comprehensive protection of traditional knowledge. The author concludes that WIPO and UNESCO currently carry out the main work aimed at providing the protection of traditional knowledge. However, other international organisations and conferences, such as WHO, WTO, FAO, UNCTAD and Conference of the Parties of CBD in their work are also addressed some aspects associated with the preservation of traditional knowledge.

scholarly journals The Patentability of Maori Traditional Medicine and the Morality Exclusion in the Patents Act 1953

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Young
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Traditional Knowledge ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
International Obligations

Many indigenous peoples, including Maori, are offended by third parties 'appropriating' their traditional knowledge by means of intellectual property rights, such as patents. The author first surveys international debate about indigenous intellectual property rights in connection with the patenting of traditional indigenous medicine. The author examines the role of morality in New Zealand patent law and how this fits in with New Zealand's international obligations under the World Trade Organisation's TRIPs agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity. The author examines whether the patenting of Maori traditional medicine can be prevented under the morality exclusion in the Patents Act 1953 and outlines five arguments which might be used to justify various levels of intervention in the patenting process in order to protect Maori control over their traditional knowledge.

scholarly journals Area-Based Conservation in the 21st Century

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean L. Maxwell ◽  
Victor Cazalis ◽  
Nigel Dudley ◽  
Michael Hoffmann ◽  
Ana S.L. Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Effective Area ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Management Effectiveness ◽  
New Era ◽  
Biodiversity Crisis ◽  
Area Expansion

Humanity will soon define a new era for nature – one that seeks to correct decades of underwhelming responses to the global biodiversity crisis. Area-based conservation efforts, which include both protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, are likely to extend and diversify. But persistent shortfalls in ecological representation, management effectiveness and measurable biodiversity outcomes diminish the potential role of area-based conservation in stemming biodiversity loss. Here we show how protected area expansion by governments since 2010 has had limited success in increasing biodiversity coverage, and identify four emergent issues that –if addressed – will enhance the performance of area-based conservation post-2020. We close with recommendations for a broad biodiversity agenda that maximises the potential of area-based conservation. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity must recognise that area-based conservation primarily focuses on local threats to species and ecosystems, and needs enhanced emphasis on biodiversity outcomes to better track and fund its contribution to global conservation efforts.

scholarly journals Global governance for the environment and the role of Multilateral Environmental Agreements in conservation

Oryx ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achim Steiner ◽  
Lee A. Kimball ◽  
John Scanlon
Keyword(s):  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Environmental Agreements ◽  
International Governance ◽  
Multilateral Environmental Agreements ◽  
Concrete Experience ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
Barcelona Convention

The role of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Ramsar Wetlands Convention, and the Barcelona Convention on the Mediterranean has grown increasingly important, in the context of conservation management, during the last decade as human impacts intensify and cross national boundaries more often. In resorting to MEAs it is important to maintain a clear focus on their opportunities and limitations. They are a means to resolve transboundary problems with neighbouring states and adopt harmonized approaches, they increasingly offer access to worldwide knowledge, tools and financial resources, and they can give conservation agencies a stronger mandate domestically. But they are specialized instruments focused on particular problems or sectors. The threats they address and the solutions they outline have to be evaluated in relation to overall environmental and socio-economic priorities. This entails linkages among different problems and sectors at various scales. Regional and ecosystem-level approaches are most appropriate for sorting out linkages and priorities. Extensive capacity building is needed at these levels to foster the requisite skills for integrated approaches. In addition, new mechanisms may be required at these levels to coordinate diverse specialized regimes. This does not require a monolithic, top-down approach but rather ongoing flexibility and responsiveness informed from the bottom up. We should take advantage of the new directions highlighted by the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, in 2002 and other recent international conferences to build these abilities into international governance. Conservation managers have an important role to play. By working nationally and internationally they can inform and influence the shift towards integrated and coordinated efforts, suggesting ways to accomplish this on a larger, international scale based on concrete experience in situ.

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