scholarly journals Evaluation Data of Dried Vegetables and Fruits

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (sp) ◽  
pp. 2649-2658
Author(s):  
Necla Çağlarırmak ◽  
Ahmet Zeki Hepçimen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Red Pepper ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Sun Drying ◽  
Food Engineering ◽  
Bell Peppers ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits

Drying is the process of removing of the water that has destroying effect in food products by evaporation and. Research project on the basis of direct sun drying and solar greenhouse. Basic operations research in food engineering, food chemistry, food quality control and toxicology has been established over such a broad spectrum. Subjects of investigation were in accordance with all of the values of dry matter basis. The study of dry matter and water activity values of each product (aw), direct sun drying, drying in the greenhouse. It was determined comparing nutrients of samples those were applied directly to the greenhouse and drying in the sun. Sampling patterns of research were explained as follow; tomatoes drying in the sun (external environment), and greenhouse, bell peppers in the greenhouse and drying in the sun, soaked raisins (sultanas) and not-soaked (raisin), sun-dried, sun-dried fig products directly. Nutrients of the samples such as; lycopene, thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), retinol (A), Pyridoxine (B6), ascorbic acid (C), folic acid, magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) were quantitatively determined. The red pepper products, dried figs and dried grapes mycotoxin amounts were in safe levels, which had not created any hazard and risk for health. Red pepper and dried figs, total aflatoxins, (B1, B2, G1, G2), ochratoxin A (OTA) levels in raisin in the European Union is set well below the limits in terms of human health hazard and the risk factor has been identified.

scholarly journals High-throughput transcriptomic analysis of human primary hepatocyte spheroids exposed to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a platform for relative potency characterization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Rowan-Carroll ◽  
A Reardon ◽  
K Leingartner ◽  
R Gagné ◽  
A Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cholesterol Biosynthesis ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
Similar Gene Expression Profile ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Hepatocyte Spheroids ◽  
Similar Gene ◽  
Identify Gene Expression

Abstract Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely found in the environment because of their extensive use and persistence. Although several PFAS are well studied, most lack toxicity data to inform human health hazard and risk assessment. This study focussed on four model PFAS: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; 8 carbon), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS; 4 carbon), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS; 8 carbon), and perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS; 10 carbon). Human primary liver cell spheroids (pooled from 10 donors) were exposed to 10 concentrations of each PFAS and analyzed at four time-points. The approach aimed to: (1) identify gene expression changes mediated by the PFAS; (2) identify similarities in biological responses; (3) compare PFAS potency through benchmark concentration analysis; and (4) derive bioactivity exposure ratios (ratio of the concentration at which biological responses occur, relative to daily human exposure). All PFAS induced transcriptional changes in cholesterol biosynthesis and lipid metabolism pathways, and predicted PPARα activation. PFOS exhibited the most transcriptional activity and had a highly similar gene expression profile to PFDS. PFBS induced the least transcriptional changes and the highest benchmark concentration (i.e., was the least potent). The data indicate that these PFAS may have common molecular targets and toxicities, but that PFOS and PFDS are the most similar. The transcriptomic bioactivity exposure ratios derived here for PFOA and PFOS were comparable to those derived using rodent apical endpoints in risk assessments. These data provide a baseline level of toxicity for comparison with other known PFAS using this testing strategy.

STUDY ON BISPHENOL F, A BISPHENOL A ANALOGUE, AT A DAIRY COMPANY: HEALTH HAZARD AND RISK ASSESSMENT

2021 ◽  
pp. 112334
Author(s):  
Serena Santonicola ◽  
Stefania Albrizio ◽  
Maria Carmela Ferrante ◽  
Mercogliano Raffaelina
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Bisphenol F ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Hazard And Risk Assessment

scholarly journals Effects of Blanching and Natural Convection Solar Drying on Quality Characteristics of Red Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Owusu-Kwarteng ◽  
Francis K. K. Kori ◽  
Fortune Akabanda
Keyword(s):  
Natural Convection ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Red Pepper ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Solar Drying ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Sun Drying ◽  
Overall Acceptability ◽  
Solar Dryer

The objective of this work was to determine the effects of blanching and two drying methods, open-sun drying and natural convection solar drying, on the quality characteristics of red pepper. A 2 × 3 factorial design with experimental factors as 2 drying methods (open-sun drying and use of solar dryer) and 3 levels of pepper blanching (unblanched, blanched in plain water, and blanched in 2% NaCl) was conducted. Dried pepper samples were analysed for chemical composition, microbial load, and consumer sensory acceptability. Blanching of pepper in 2% NaCl solution followed by drying in a natural convection solar dryer reduced drying time by 15 hours. Similarly, a combination of blanching and drying in the solar dryer improved microbial quality of dried pepper. However, blanching and drying processes resulted in reduction in nutrients such as vitamin C and minerals content of pepper. Blanching followed by drying in natural convection solar dryer had the highest consumer acceptability scores for colour and overall acceptability, while texture and aroma were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by the different treatments. Therefore, natural convection solar dryer can be used to dry pepper with acceptable microbial and sensory qualities, as an alternative to open-sun drying.

Diplomatic Protection in EU Law: What’s New under the Sun?

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Forni
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Law ◽  
European Commission ◽  
European Community ◽  
The Sun ◽  
International Agreement ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Diplomatic Protection ◽  
Effective Role

Summary This article aims to assess which subjects could offer diplomatic protection in third countries to European citizens and/or European Union legal persons on the basis of eu law. The absence of a common standard of assistance and the lack of specific agreements with third states has de facto excluded the diplomatic protection ex Article 23 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (tfeu, formerly the tec or Treaty establishing the European Community). Yet the practice shows cases in which the European Commission claimed the infringement of the rights of eu citizens and eu corporations in cases of violation of an international agreement concluded by the Union, or in cases of a breach of general international law in a matter of eu exclusive competence. These evidences indicate that the eu could play an effective role in ensuring the protection of European citizens in third countries in situations in which the eu member states have transferred their competences to the European Union. However, these actions remain discretional, since the ‘duty to protect’ is far from achieved both in eu and in international law.

Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-55
Author(s):  
В.Я. Кофман
Keyword(s):  
Rna Virus ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
The United States ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Low Prevalence

Пандемия СOVID-19, объявленная ВОЗ чрезвычайной ситуацией в области здравоохранения, вызвана новым коронавирусом SARS-CoV-2. По сообщениям из Евросоюза, США и Австралии, потенциальная выживаемость коронавируса SARS-CoV-2 в фекалиях и сточных водах в течение достаточно длительного времени создает реальную возможность его поступления с канализационными стоками на очистные сооружения или непосредственно в поверхностные воды при сбросе неочищенных стоков. Это свидетельствует о существовании потенциальной возможности передачи SARS-CoV-2 через воду. В этой связи особую актуальность приобретает разработка эффективных способов удаления и инактивации вирусов на очистных сооружениях. Наличие коронавирусной инфекции в сточных водах может представлять серьезную опасность для здоровья контактирующих с ними людей. К ним относится персонал очистных сооружений, а также население в целом, которое может подвергаться непосредственному воздействию необработанных или недостаточно обработанных сточных вод через неисправные водопроводные или канализационные коммуникации. Во многих странах для получения своевременной достоверной информации о распространении коронавирусной инфекции используют методы эпидемиологии сточных вод. Возможность выявления РНК вируса в сточных водах даже при низкой распространенности СOVID-19 и корреляция между концентрацией РНК SARS-CoV-2 в сточных водах и официальной информацией указывают на то, что наблюдение за сточными водами может стать чувствительным инструментом мониторинга циркуляции вируса в популяции. The COVID-19 pandemic, declared by WHO as a health emergency, is caused by a novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. According to reports from the European Union, the United States and Australia, the potential survival of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in feces and wastewater for a sufficiently long time creates a real threat of its entry with wastewater into treatment facilities or directly into surface water while raw wastewater is discharged. This indicates the potential for the transfer of SARS-CoV-2 by water. In this regard, the development of effective methods for the removal and inactivation of viruses at the treatment facilities is of special actuality. The presence of coronavirus infection in wastewater can pose a serious health hazard to people in contact with it. These include the personnel at the wastewater treatment facilities, as well as the general population, who may be directly exposed to raw or inadequately treated wastewater through defective water or sewer systems. In many countries wastewater epidemiology methods are used to obtain timely reliable information on the spread of coronavirus infection. Possible detection of RNA virus in wastewater even with a low prevalence rate of COVID-19 and the correlation between the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater and official information indicate that monitoring wastewater can become a sensitive tool for monitoring the circulation of the virus in the population.

Sensory Quality and Histamine Formation during Controlled Decomposition of Tuna (Thunnus thynnus)

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
EMILIO I. LÓPEZ-SABATER ◽  
JOSÉ J. RODRÍGUEZ-JEREZ ◽  
MANUELA HERNÁDEZ-HERRERO ◽  
ARTUR X. ROIG-SAGUÉS ◽  
MARIA T. MORA-VENTURA
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Sensory Quality ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Histamine Production ◽  
Histamine Formation ◽  
Hazard Levels ◽  
The U.S

Histamine production was studied during controlled tunafish decomposition at 0, 8, and 20°C. The influence of the location of the anatomic section on the amount of histamine formed and the incidence of histidine decarboxylating bacteria were also considered. By the time of sensory rejection, histamine levels in tunafish sections stored at 0 and 20°C were still below the hazard levels and the allowable levels established by both the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Union. Toxic amounts were only formed after the tunafish was considered organoleptically unsuitable for human consumption. However, at 8°C, levels of histamine between 100 and 200 mg/l00 g of fish were found before tuna reached the rejection point. Hence, physical appearance was not a good criterion for estimating the shelf life and especially the histamine-related health hazard when tuna was stored at 8°C, a common temperature in many home refrigerators.

scholarly journals Životna sredina - opasnosti i pravna zaštita / Human Environment ‒ Risks and Legal Protection

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Ilija Babić
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Ozone Layer ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Human Environment

The most relevant factors that affect climate are astronomic cycles ant their effects on planet Earth and Earth’s orbit around the Sun. They have impact on the occurrence of glacial and interglacial periods at generally 100.000-year frequencies, which were affected by orbital shape variations and effects of greenhouse gases.The youngest geological epoch of the geological history of Earth is Holocene (started with warming) that began approximately 11.000 years BP. In that epoch, the shape of Earth’s orbit around the Sun was nearly circular, close to a perfect circle, and the seasonal contrast was less severe, due to decreased tilt of Earth’s axis from the plane of its orbit around the Sun. However, most scientists are arguing that the causes of rapid climate change are rooted in human activity, and not in its internal orbital variations. The main causes of global warming are increased level of carbon dioxide, but also of methane and chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. These gases are responsible for the greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion in stratosphere and rapid global warming. In order to set up the legal framework of environmental protection, the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment has adopted Stockholm Declaration in June 16, 1972. About twenty industrial states have ratified in 1987 the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, which has undergone many revisions by London Convention (1990), Copenhagen Accord (1992), Vienna Convention (1995), Kyoto Protocol (1997) and the Paris Agreement ‒ an international universal agreement on climate adopted at the 2015 Paris Climate Conference (COP21). Environmental protection in the European Union is provided for by its primary and secondary law, and the most EU environmental regulations were implemented in the Serbian legislation.

The Effect of Final Heating on the Concentration of Phthalic Acid Esters by Sous-Vide Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 955 ◽  
pp. 80-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Jandlová ◽  
Alžbeta Jarošová ◽  
Josef Kameník
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phthalate Esters ◽  
Meat Product ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Plastic Packaging ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Sous Vide ◽  
Ethylhexyl Phthalate

In our research the influence of thermal heating on the release of plasticizers from plastics into the meat product and water was researched. The two most widely used plasticizers, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), were detected. Both of the plasticizers have a negative effect on the health. And both are regulated by regulation of the European Union. In this study were researched phthalates in products prepared by sous-vide technology and it was studied effect of reheating on migration of phthalates. The average concentrations of both phthalate esters, DBP and DEHP, in heated water decreased. The average concentration of DBP in water before heating was detected 0.82 mg/100 ml and after heating 0.52 mg/100 ml, the average concentration of DEHP in water before heating was established 0.33 mg/100 ml and after heating 0.19 mg/100 ml. In plastic wraps, average DBP concentration with reheating increased and average DEHP concentration with reheating dropped. The average DBP concentration in plastic packaging, heating at 60 °C/12 h was determined of 9.87 mg/dm2 after reheating 60 °C/1 h was detected of 15.40 mg/dm2. The average concentration of DEHP in plastic packaging, heating at 60 °C/12 h was determined of 58.71 mg/dm2 and after reheating 60 °C/1 h was detected of 28.28 mg/dm2. The average DBP concentration in meat products due to reheating decreased, the average DEHP concentration in meat products increased. The average DBP concentration in meat products heating at 60 °C/12 h was detected of 8.39 mg/g dry matter and after reheating of 6.43 mg/g dry matter, the average DEHP concentration heating at 60 °C/12 h was determined of 25.37 mg/g dry matter and after reheating of 65.51 mg/g dry matter..

scholarly journals Influence of Surface Reflection (Albedo) in Simulating the Sun Drying of Paddy Rice

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 5092
Author(s):  
Ana Salvatierra-Rojas ◽  
Victor Torres-Toledo ◽  
Joachim Müller
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Paddy Rice ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Transient Model ◽  
Surface Reflection ◽  
Sun Drying ◽  
Drying Model

The sun drying of agricultural products is a complicated process involving heat transfer, mass transfer, and variable weather conditions. Surface reflection (albedo), a crop’s radiative property, plays an essential role in energy balance, and understanding its contribution can improve the thermal analysis. In this study, field experiments were conducted in the Philippines to explore the influence of surface albedo on the sun drying of paddy rice. First, we implemented energy and mass balance equations in a transient model with the surroundings using a graphical programming language in Matlab/Simulink®. Second, we identified the influence of albedo on the sun drying model by using a sensitivity analysis. Third, we investigated the relationship of paddy rice albedo and the solar zenith angle. Lastly, we integrated the albedo function into the sun drying model. The simulation outputs were validated with field experiments. A better estimation of the measured exit temperature and instantaneous mass were obtained when a variable albedo was applied. This study makes clear that introducing a variable albedo has a positive impact on model improvement. This information is important for application in solar drying technologies, so that the drying process can be better assessed.

scholarly journals Free and bound 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol in coffee surrogates and malts

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Divínová ◽  
M. Doležal ◽  
J. Velíšek
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Factors Influencing

The levels are reported of the free 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), its bound forms, the recognised precursors of 3-MCPD, and the factors influencing its formation in 5 selected coffee surrogates and 18 malts in the Czech Republic. The coffee surrogates had the free 3-MCPD level in the range of < 9.0 to 32 &micro;g/kg while the highest amount was found in roasted barley. In malts, the free 3-MCPD levels were similarly low (< 9.0 to 45 &micro;g/kg) being the highest in roasted malts (16-45 &micro;g/kg). Nevertheless, the values found in either surrogates or malts, calculated after normalisation to 40% dry matter content, did not exceed the European Union limit of 20 &micro;g/kg adopted for soy sauces and acid-HVP. The risk for consumers could arise from the bound 3-MCPD, its elevated levels having been found in both coffee surrogates and malts. In coffee surrogates, the bound 3-MCPD levels varied between 145&minus;1184 &micro;g/kg product; the highest level was found in roasted barley. The bound 3-MCPD levels exceeded the free 3-MCPD levels 32 to 81 times. In malts, the bound 3-MCPD levels ranged from 4.0&minus;650 &micro;g/kg, the highest amount having been found in roasted malts (463&minus;650 &micro;g/kg). The bound 3-MCPD levels exceeded the free 3-MCPD levels 0.4 to 36 times.

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