scholarly journals Pharmacists' social authority to transform community pharmacy practice

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy McPherson ◽  
Patrick Fontane
Keyword(s):  
Community Pharmacy ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Community Pharmacists ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Professional Services ◽  
Direct Patient Care ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Medication Costs ◽  
Social Authority ◽  
Centered Care

Leaders in the profession of pharmacy have articulated a vision of pharmacists as providers of patient-centered care (PCC) services and the Doctor of Pharmacy was established as the required practice degree to achieve this vision. Pharmacist-provided PCC services have been shown to reduce medication costs and improve patient compliance with therapies. While community pharmacists are capable of, and are ideally placed for, providing PCC services, in fact they devote most of their time to prescription dispensing rather than direct patient care. As professionals, community pharmacists are charged with protecting society by providing expert services to help consumers manage risks associated with drug therapies. Historically pharmacists fulfilled this responsibility by accurately dispensing prescription medications, verifying doses, and allergy checking. This limited view of pharmacy practice is insufficient in light of the modern view of pharmacists as providers of PCC. The consumers' view of community pharmacy as a profession represents a barrier to transforming the basis of community pharmacy from product distribution to providing PCC services. Community pharmacists are conferred with social authority to dictate the manner in which their professional services are provided. Pharmacists can therefore facilitate the transition to PCC as the primary function of community pharmacy by exercising their social authority to engage consumers in their roles in the new patient-pharmacist relationship. Each pharmacist must decide to provide PCC services. Suggestions for initiating PCC services in community pharmacy are offered.   Type: Idea Paper

scholarly journals A GLOBAL PICTURE OF EXTENDED PHARMACY SERVICES, PERCEPTIONS, AND BARRIERS TOWARD ITS PERFORMANCE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazri Nordin ◽  
Mohamed Azmi Ahmad Hassali, ◽  
Azmi Sarriff
Keyword(s):  
Community Pharmacy ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Community Pharmacists ◽  
Database Searching ◽  
Medication Counseling ◽  
Community Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Negative Perceptions

  Objective: The aims of this review were to observe extended services performed in the community pharmacy settings, perceptions among community pharmacists (CPs), general practitioners (GPs), and customers of these extended services and barriers toward its performance.Methods: A literature search was conducted, using Google Scholar as database, searching for full access texts. The inclusive texts fulfilled the inclusion criteria.Results: A total of 22 texts had been systematically reviewed, noting a wide range of extended services performed in community pharmacy settings. Medication counseling or review and promoting health educations were noted as the most extended services performed. It is also noted that CPs indicated that these extended services could establish working relationship with other health-care professionals. However, it is noted that among the barriers toward extended services were lack of knowledge, skills, and time to perform.Conclusion: As a conclusion, the community pharmacy practice is evolving, transforming into more patient-oriented even though there are some negative perceptions among the customers and GPs toward these extended services. Barriers to the performance of these extended services should be intervened.  

scholarly journals Community pharmacy–based H. pylori screening for patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia

2020 ◽  
Vol 153 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Papastergiou ◽  
Michelle Donnelly ◽  
Terence Yuen ◽  
Wilson Li ◽  
Bart van den Bemt
Keyword(s):  
Community Pharmacy ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Community Pharmacists ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ulcer Disease ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Screening Technology

Background: Helicobacter pylori is identified by the World Health Organization as a major risk factor of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric carcinomas. As point-of-care screening technology becomes more widely available, pharmacists are ideally suited to use this tool to screen patients with H. pylori infection. Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of implementing point-of-care screening technology for H. pylori into community pharmacy practice and to assess the number of patients who are positively identified as a result of testing. Methods: Three pharmacies in Toronto, Ontario, offered H. pylori screening as part of their clinical programs. Pharmacists enrolled patients with symptoms of dyspepsia and/or receiving acid suppressant therapy for >6 weeks. Decision to screen was based on the Canadian Helicobacter Study Group Consensus (CHSG). Patients were screened using the Rapid Response H. pylori test. Results: Seventy-one patients were recruited, with a mean age of 46.3 years. Patients were ethnically diverse, with a significant proportion (59.2%) identified as being born outside of North America, including Asia (26.8%), Africa (9.9%), the Middle East (7%), Europe (9.9%) and South and Central America (5.6%). Overall, the detection rate of H. pylori infection was 21%. North Americans had the lowest incidence of an undiagnosed H. pylori infection (6.9%). Europeans (28.6%), Middle Easterners (20%) and Asians (21.1%) had a moderate incidence, followed by the highest prevalence in those of African descent (71.4%). Conclusion: These results highlight the readiness of community pharmacists to adopt H. pylori screening into practice and to leverage this novel technology to positively identify and treat undiagnosed H. pylori infection. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2020;153:xx-xx.

Community Pharmacy Practice and an Aging Population

1992 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-124
Author(s):  
Edward D. Sumner ◽  
Ronald P. Durand ◽  
Carol J. Lancaster ◽  
George E. Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Community Pharmacy ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Community Pharmacists ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Community Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Pharmacy Curriculum ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
The Impact

Objective: To determine pharmacists' perceptions of the influence of older patients on community pharmacy practice. Data Sources: A mailing list obtained from the South Carolina Board of Pharmacy provided names of community pharmacists by practice setting and gender. Design: A questionnaire was mailed in July 1990 to a random sample of community pharmacists in South Carolina. The questionnaire contained 41 Likert-type opinion statements. Demographic questions relating to practice type and location, pharmacists' educational experiences, and position were included. Data Synthesis: The opinion statements were examined by grouping respondents on the basis of demographic information. Analysis of variance or Student's t-test was used to look for differences among survey responses among various groups of pharmacists. Scheffe's test was used to compare means when the groups were significantly different. The a priori level of significance was 0.05. Critical values were adjusted by the number of statements considered to preserve the error rate at five percent (Bonferroni procedure). Conclusions: The strongest indicator of the impact of the elderly population on community pharmacy is pharmacists' perceived need for more continuing education in geriatrics and gerontology. Economic problems, physician overprescribing, and patient compliance were ranked as the three most difficult aspects of geriatric pharmacy. This study reinforces the need to incorporate geriatric/gerontology education into every pharmacy curriculum.

scholarly journals Empowering Public Health Pharmacy Practice—Moving from Collaborative Practice Agreements to Provider Status in the U.S.

Pharmacy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Alina Cernasev ◽  
Meghana Aruru ◽  
Suzanne Clark ◽  
Komal Patel ◽  
Natalie DiPietro Mager ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Public Health Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Collaborative Practice ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Centered Care ◽  
Interdisciplinary Healthcare

This article describes the history and evolution of pharmacist-physician collaborative practice agreements (CPAs) in the United States with future directions to support pharmacists’ provider status as the profession continues to evolve from product-oriented to patient-centered care and population health. The pharmacy profession has a long history of dispensing and compounding, with the addition of clinical roles in the late 20th century. These clinical roles have continued to expand into diverse arenas such as communicable and non-communicable diseases, antimicrobial stewardship, emergency preparedness and response, public health education and health promotion, and critical and emergency care. Pharmacists continue to serve as integral members of interprofessional and interdisciplinary healthcare teams. In this context, CPAs allow pharmacists to expand their roles in patient care and may be considered as a step towards securing provider status. Moving beyond CPAs to a provider status would enable pharmacists to be reimbursed for cognitive services and promote integrated public health delivery models.

scholarly journals Tech-Check-Tech in Community Pharmacy Practice Settings

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy P. Frost ◽  
Alex J. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Community Pharmacy ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Direct Patient Care ◽  
Community Settings ◽  
Practice Model ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
Community Pharmacy Practice

Objective: The benefit of a tech-check-tech (TCT) practice model in institutional settings has been well documented. To date, few studies have explored TCT beyond institutional settings. This article summarizes the existing evidence in community pharmacy–based TCT research with respect to dispensing accuracy and pharmacist time devoted to direct patient care. Data Sources: A literature review was conducted using MEDLINE (January 1990 to August 2016), Google Scholar (January 1990 to August 2016), and EMBASE (January 1990 to August 2016) using the terms “tech* and check,” “tech-check-tech,” “checking technician,” and “accuracy checking tech*”. Bibliographies were reviewed to identify additional relevant literature. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Studies were included if they analyzed TCT and were conducted in a community pharmacy practice site, inclusive of chain, independent, mass merchant, supermarket, and mail order pharmacies. Studies were excluded if the TCT practice model was conducted in an institutional or long-term care setting. Survey data on theoretical models of TCT in community pharmacy practice settings were also excluded. Data Synthesis: Over the past 14 years, 4 studies were identified indicating TCT has been performed safely and effectively in community settings. The studies demonstrate that trained community technicians perform as accurately as pharmacists and that TCT increased the amount of pharmacist time devoted to clinical activities. In the 2 studies that reported accuracy rates, pharmacy technicians performed at least as accurately as pharmacists (99.445 vs 99.73%, P = .484; 99.95 vs 99.74, P < .05). Furthermore, 3 of the studies reported gains in pharmacist time, with increases between 9.1% and 19.18% of pharmacist time for consultative services. Conclusions: The present studies demonstrate that TCT can be safe and effective in community pharmacy practice settings, with results similar to those found in institutional settings. It is anticipated more states will explore TCT in community settings in the years ahead as a strategy to improve patient care.

Point-of-Care Testing in Community Pharmacies: Keys to Success From Pennsylvania Pharmacists

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 629-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A. Steltenpohl ◽  
Brandon K. Barry ◽  
Kim C. Coley ◽  
Melissa S. McGivney ◽  
Julie L. Olenak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Pharmacy ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Community Pharmacists ◽  
Improve Patient Satisfaction ◽  
State Regulations ◽  
Community Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments ◽  
Improve Patient

Background Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-waived tests allow for quick, accurate, and noninvasive laboratory testing. Community pharmacists utilize CLIA-waived tests to provide clinical services such as point-of-care (POC) testing to help manage chronic disease and acute illness. Objective To identify key themes in the successful delivery of POC testing services by community pharmacists in Pennsylvania. Results An initial search identified 51 Pennsylvania pharmacies with a CLIA waiver. Of these, five independent pharmacies met inclusion criteria, three of which completed interviews. The remaining 38 chain pharmacies were represented by three interviews. In total, five key themes were identified as essential to POC testing services: (1) utilize state resources and professional connections to navigate federal and state regulations, (2) establish relationships with physician partners (3) offer tests that are meaningful to patients and their physicians, (4) evaluate financial impact, workflow adaptations, and marketing approaches when implementing POC testing services, and (5) focus on individualized attention and convenience of community pharmacy-based POC testing to improve patient satisfaction. Conclusion Successful POC testing services in community pharmacy practice rely on utilizing resources, partnering with known physicians, selecting meaningful tests for patients, and analyzing finances, workflow, and marketing to provide individualized attention and convenient care.

scholarly journals Assessment of Good Pharmacy Practice among Community Pharmacist and their Perceptions on Ethical Dilemmas

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-122
Author(s):  
T.T. Muhammed Anwar ◽  
G.R. Rajalakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Community Pharmacy ◽  
Community Pharmacist ◽  
Ethical Dilemma ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Community Pharmacists ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire

Drugs are the prime member of any disease prevention plans and ailment treatment programmes. Pharmacists are the health professionals appointed by relevant authorities for safe and efficacious use of drugs, since they are the specially upskilled and trained personnel for controlling, organizing and distribution of medicines. Medicine alone does not provide desired treatment output. In order to achieve the optimal treatment goals pharmacist must provide enhanced drug related needs and ensure the services are of proper quality. This study aims to assess the Good Pharmacy Practice among community pharmacist, determine the frequency of ethical dilemma at community pharmacy settings and to assess the reasons why community pharmacists may compromise ethical values.It was a descriptive cross - sectional study carried out in different community pharmacies in Kozhikode district of Kerala. The study was executed in 6 months time period. The sample size was 115 community pharmacists working in Kozhikode district. Total of 120 subjects were enrolled and data were collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire. The result shows that most of the pharmacists were providing quality services to the patients and they are facing various ethical dilemma situations in their day today life. They were facing ethical dilemma situation at least once in three months. Community pharmacists compromise on ethical values and ethical issues mainly for protecting their job. The physicians request and employer’s invasion into their activities has a great role in ethical dilemma situations and thus violating the rules. Keywords: GPP, community pharmacy, ethical dilemma, pharmacy services.

scholarly journals Heart Failure and Shared Decision-Making: Patients Open to Medication-Related Cost Discussions

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Birju R. Rao ◽  
Neal W. Dickert ◽  
Alanna A. Morris ◽  
Candace D. Speight ◽  
Graham H. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Medication Cost ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Reduced Ejection Fraction ◽  
Medication Costs ◽  
Related Cost ◽  
Patients With Heart Failure ◽  
Centered Care

Background: Discussions of medication costs between patients and clinicians are infrequent and often suboptimal. In the context of recently introduced drugs that are effective but expensive, patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction provide an ideal population to understand the perspectives of patients with chronic illness on medication cost and cost discussions. Methods: To explore patients’ perspectives on discussing out-of-pocket medication costs with clinicians, 49 adults, aged 44 to 70 years, with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction were recruited from outpatient heart failure clinics. Descriptive qualitative analysis was performed on open-ended text data. Results: Participants who had prior medication-related cost discussions described their experience as generally positive, but about half of the participants had never had a cost discussion with their clinician. Most participants were open to cost discussions with clinicians and preferred that the clinician initiate discussions regarding medication cost. Importantly, these preferences held constant across reported levels of financial burden. Conclusions: These data suggest a substantial willingness on the part of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction to incorporate cost discussions into their care and identify important aspects of these discussions for clinicians to consider when engaging in conversations where cost is relevant. Improving understanding about how to integrate patient preferences regarding cost discussions into clinical encounters is an important priority for advancing patient-centered care.

scholarly journals Alignment of Community Pharmacy Foundation Grant Funding and the Evolution of Pharmacy Practice in the United States of America

Pharmacy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany Hoffmann-Eubanks ◽  
Anne Marie Kondic ◽  
Brian J. Isetts
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Community Pharmacy ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grant Funding ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Community Pharmacy Practice

The Community Pharmacy Foundation is a non-profit organization dedicated to the advancement of community pharmacy practice and patient care delivery through grant funding and resource sharing. Since 2002, CPF has awarded 191 grants and over $9,200,000 (US dollars) in research and project grants. The purpose of this manuscript is to highlight the evolution of pharmacy practice and pharmacy education in the United States through the presentation of exemplary cases of Community Pharmacy Foundation funding that is aligned with new care delivery models and approaches to the advancement of patient-centered pharmacy care. Pharmacy began in colonial America as the United States of America was just beginning to form with apothecary shops and druggists. Over time, the pharmacy industry would be revolutionized as America became urbanized, and drug products became commercially produced. The role of the pharmacist and their education evolved as direct patient care became a clear expectation of the general public. By the 1990s, the pharmacy profession had carved out a new path that focused on pharmacist-led, patient-centered pharmaceutical care and medication therapy management services. The Community Pharmacy Foundation grant funding has aligned with this evolution since its founding in 2000, and multiple exemplary grants are presented as support. As the role of pharmacists again transitions from a fee-for-service model to a value-based model, the Community Pharmacy Foundation continues to provide grant funding for research and projects that support the advancement of community pharmacy practice, education, and expanded training of pharmacists.

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