scholarly journals Visualizations for an Explainable Planning Agent

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tathagata Chakraborti ◽  
Kshitij P. Fadnis ◽  
Kartik Talamadupula ◽  
Mishal Dholakia ◽  
Biplav Srivastava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Ai Planning ◽  
Crucial Step ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Human In The Loop ◽  
Watson Research ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Brain

In this demonstration, we report on the visualization capabilities of an Explainable AI Planning (XAIP) agent that can support human-in-the-loop decision-making. Imposing transparency and explainability requirements on such agents is crucial for establishing human trust and common ground with an end-to-end automated planning system. Visualizing the agent's internal decision making processes is a crucial step towards achieving this. This may include externalizing the "brain" of the agent: starting from its sensory inputs, to progressively higher order decisions made by it in order to drive its planning components. We demonstrate these functionalities in the context of a smart assistant in the Cognitive Environments Laboratory at IBM's T.J. Watson Research Center.

Modeling Human-in-the-Loop Security Analysis and Decision-Making Processes

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Schumann ◽  
Doron Drusinsky ◽  
James B. Michael ◽  
Duminda Wijesekera
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Security Analysis ◽  
Human In The Loop ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Loop Security

A Hierarchy of Decision-Making

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-75
Author(s):  
Thomas Boraud
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Personal History ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
History Of ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Motor Loop ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Anatomical Evidence

This chapter explores the flexibility of the neural network described in the previous chapters. It also shows that the anterior part of the brain can be subdivided into five functional loops that underlie different executive functions. These five major loops are the motor loop, the oculomotor loop, the prefrontal loop, the orbitofrontal loop, and the cingular loop. The first two circuits deal with the learning and decision-making processes of the motor domain. The prefrontal and frontal circuits are involved in cognitive processes. Finally, the cingular circuit is involved in episodic memory, regulation of emotions, and modulation of mood. Therefore, one can already see a certain hierarchical order, underpinned by anatomical realities: the mood, emotions, and personal history of the subject (the memory) will condition the cognitive functions that will influence motor behaviours. This hierarchy can be concretized by direct interactions between the different loops, of which anatomical evidence has been demonstrated several times.

scholarly journals The role of the brain in financial decisions: A viewpoint on neuroeconomics

2018 ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Guillermo Mateu ◽  
Lucas Monzani ◽  
Roger Muñoz Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Financial Decision ◽  
The Brain

In this article, we explain the important role neuroscience plays in economic and financial environments. Hence, we present neuroeconomics as a way to describe how decision-making processes affect brain activity, focusing especially on the importance of economic and financial decisions. We answer some questions regarding the role of emotions in finance, the psychological factors present in financial markets, and how neuropsychological stimuli affect our economic decisions. We conclude by citing the main research in the area of neuroscience in financial decision-making processes, and highlight further research projects in these areas.

scholarly journals The Emerging Landscape of Explainable Automated Planning & Decision Making

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tathagata Chakraborti ◽  
Sarath Sreedharan ◽  
Subbarao Kambhampati
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Automated Planning ◽  
Ai Planning ◽  
Human In The Loop ◽  
Explainable Ai ◽  
Planning Decision ◽  
Effective Design

In this paper, we provide a comprehensive outline of the different threads of work in Explainable AI Planning (XAIP) that has emerged as a focus area in the last couple of years and contrast that with earlier efforts in the field in terms of techniques, target users, and delivery mechanisms. We hope that the survey will provide guidance to new researchers in automated planning towards the role of explanations in the effective design of human-in-the-loop systems, as well as provide the established researcher with some perspective on the evolution of the exciting world of explainable planning.

scholarly journals Associative Learning and Motivation Differentially Requires Neuroligin-1 at Excitatory Synapses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaqi Luo ◽  
Jessica M Tan ◽  
Jess Nithianantharajah
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Excitatory Synapses ◽  
Response Effort ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Signaling Complex ◽  
Neural Computations ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTIn a changing environment, a challenge for the brain is to flexibly guide adaptive behavior towards survival. Understanding how these decision-making processes and underlying neural computations are orchestrated by the structural components of the brain, from circuits to cells, and ultimately the signaling complex of proteins at synapses, is central to elucidating the mechanisms that shape normal and abnormal brain connectivity, plasticity and behavior. At excitatory synapses, neuroligin-1 (Nlgn1) a postsynaptic cell-adhesion molecule required for the formation of trans-synaptic complexes with presynaptic partners is critical for regulating synapse specification, function and plasticity. Extensive evidence shows Nlgn1 is essential for synaptic transmission and long-term plasticity, but how these signaling processes ultimately regulate components of cognitive behavior is much less understood. Here, employing a comprehensive battery of touchscreen-based cognitive assays, we measured two key decision problems: i) the ability to learn and exploit the associative structure of the environment and ii) the trade-off between potential rewards and costs, or positive and negative utilities associated with available actions. We found that mice lacking Nlgn1 have an intact capacity to acquire complex associative structures and adjust learned associations. However, loss of Nlgn1 alters motivation leading to a reduced willingness to overcome response effort for reward and an increased willingness to exert effort to escape an aversive situation. We suggest Nlgn1 may be important for balancing the weighting on positive and negative utilities in reward-cost trade-off. Our findings identify Nlgn1 is essential for regulating distinct cognitive processes underlying decision-making, providing evidence of a new model for dissociating the computations underlying learning and motivational processing.

scholarly journals Preference Elicitation and Explanation in Iterative Planning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Sanneman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Iterative Process ◽  
Preference Elicitation ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Planning Problem ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Distributed Information ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Mixed Initiative ◽  
The Ideal

Planning for complex scenarios, particularly in which large teams of humans with distributed expertise and varying preferences share a set of resources, poses a number of challenges including integrating distributed information and accounting for context-dependent preferences and constraints. We see three key pieces to solving the problem of introducing autonomous assistance through a mixed-initiative planning system in these scenarios: preference elicitation, integrating preferences into planning, and providing tailored explanations back to the humans in the loop. The process of preference elicitation, planning, and explanation can be integrated as an iterative process by which teams can efficiently converge on the ideal schedule. Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) is a common language, readily understandable by both planners and humans, that provides a natural link between the three components of the iterative planning problem, facilitating both elicitation of expressive preferences and intelligible explanations of the system's decision-making processes. Outputs of each of the preference elicitation, planning, and explanation pieces can be expressed as LTL specifications and used as inputs to each next step in the process. We propose to explore preference elicitation, planning, and explanation using LTL specifications and the integration of these pieces into an iterative process.

scholarly journals The Role and Priming Effect of Pre-Acquired Memories in Abstract Decision-Making

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Dhawan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
The Real ◽  
Survey Form ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Specific Priming ◽  
The Brain

From a neuropsychological perspective, the brain is confronted daily by decision-making processes. Decision-making is influenced by many factors, from biological stimuli to reward assessments. In abstract decision-making, where no logical decision is forthcoming, choices still need to be made. Many priming factors can be involved in these decision-making situations. There is a need to understand what role pre-acquired memories (verbal, aesthetic, color, phonetic, emotional, etc.) play in abstract decision-making. Therefore, we conducted a survey of 40 people, including 14 (35%) men and 26 (65%) women aged 20 years (deviation = ±1.5), with medical backgrounds. All the questions in the survey form were abstract, non-binary, result-oriented, and had no specific logical answers. There was no specific priming information or reference clue that could direct participants towards a specific answer. This approach was taken so as to discover the real primer that the brain relies on when confronting abstract decision-making situations. From our analysis we found that previously acquired memories can influence persons’ choices in abstract decision-making situations. Furthermore, we concluded that these memories have unconscious, subtle, and long-term priming effects.

scholarly journals Assessment process in the delimitation of historic urban landscape of Algiers by AHP

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-126
Author(s):  
Boukratem Oumelkheir ◽  
Djelal Nadia
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Landscape Assessment ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Heritage Planning ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Historic Area

Abstract This research paper covers the way in which landscape delimitation is carried out in a historic urban area context. Landscape delimitation, in this case, explores the relationship between landscape considerations in the urban and heritage planning system in Algeria. The characterisation of the historic urban landscape is challenged by various types of values. The landscape assessment of the central urban historic area of Algiers was focused on its beauty configuration using the AHP multi-criteria method, supported by values obtained through GIS. Various delimitation alternatives of the historical urban landscape are assessed. Distinctive landscapes emerge, moving away from the original historic urban landscape, which is strictly related to the context of the casbah. Spatial landscape delimitation is the means by which the connecting values of the landscape and their interconnections are managed by monitoring problems of fragmentation and ensuring their interaction at the different boundaries. Urban planning must necessarily incorporate landscapes boundaries into the decision-making processes for the conservation of value connections and managing its beauty configuration.

Business Ethics and the Brain: Rommel Salvador and Robert G. Folger

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rommel Salvador ◽  
Robert G. Folger
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Business Ethics ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Ethics Training ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT:Neuroethics, the study of the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying ethical decision-making, is a growing field of study. In this review, we identify and discuss four themes emerging from neuroethics research. First, ethical decision-making appears to be distinct from other types of decision-making processes. Second, ethical decision-making entails more than just conscious reasoning. Third, emotion plays a critical role in ethical decision-making, at least under certain circumstances. Lastly, normative approaches to morality have distinct, underlying neural mechanisms. On the basis of these themes, we draw implications for research in business ethics and the practice of ethics training.

scholarly journals Conflict before the courtroom: challenging cognitive biases in critical decision-making

2020 ◽  
pp. medethics-2020-106177
Author(s):  
Harleen Kaur Johal ◽  
Christopher Danbury
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Clinical Team ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Litigation Process ◽  
Decision Making Processes

Conflict is an important consideration in the intensive care unit (ICU). In this setting, conflict most commonly occurs over the ‘best interests’ of the incapacitated adult patient; for instance, when families seek aggressive life-sustaining treatments, which are thought by the medical team to be potentially inappropriate. Indeed, indecision on futility of treatment and the initiation of end-of-life discussions are recognised to be among the greatest challenges of working in the ICU, leading to emotional and psychological ‘burnout’ in ICU teams. When these disagreements occur, they may be within the clinical team or among those close to the patient, or between the clinical team and those close to the patient. It is, therefore, crucial to have a theoretical understanding of decision-making itself, as unpicking misalignments in the family’s and clinical team’s decision-making processes may offer strategies to resolve conflict. Here, we relate Kahneman and Tversky’s work on cognitive biases and behavioural economics to the ICU environment, arguing that these biases could partly explain disparities in the decision-making processes for the two conflicting parties. We suggest that through the establishment of common ground, challenging of cognitive biases and formulation of mutually agreeable solutions, mediation may offer a pragmatic and cost-effective solution to conflict resolution. The litigation process is intrinsically adversarial and strains the doctor–patient–relative relationship. Thus an alternative external party should be considered, however mediation is not frequently used and more research is needed into its effectiveness in resolving conflicts in the ICU.

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