The Information Content of Publicly Accessible Federal Court Documents

Prior literature documents a negative stock price reaction to initial securities lawsuit filings, on average. Securities litigation produces a host of publicly accessible court documents, however, and prior research provides no evidence regarding whether or how the market prices information generated by the litigation process. We shed light on the information content of federal court filings by examining the market response to a large sample of initial plaintiff complaints and subsequent docket events. We find the market response to the initial lawsuit filing varies significantly with information about governance and control problems signaled by details of the plaintiff’s complaint. We also find a significant market response to subsequent court filings that increases with measures of litigation severity and decreases as the litigation progresses over time. Overall, our results highlight the role of federally accessible court filings in facilitating the market’s pricing of defendant firms.

Internet court on solving online consumer contract disputes: Case of China

The COVID-19 pandemic has deeply influenced people’s way of life. The need to comply with various social restrictions has posed new and previously unknown challenges to humanity. Internet here plays a significant role in helping to maintain people’s life as usual. As online behavior increases, many disputes arise therefrom grow simultaneously. It is proposed that international online disputes would be solved effectively if Internet technologies were referred to and adopted. Therefore, online litigation, a judicial method specially established to solve online disputes, provides an ideal alternative to the traditional litigation process in this regard. Such litigation can be operated through Internet courts (or cyber courts). Today the palm in their establishment belongs to China that has successfully introduce the world’s first three, and only, Internet courts. Thus, the Chinese experience has been chosen as the primary empirical support of the study on Internet courts. In this essay, a detailed review of the online litigation process will be analyzed using the example of the adopted rules and regulations for resolving disputes, as well as the judgements handed down by the Hangzhou Internet Court, the world’s first cyber court successfully resolving multiple online disputes over four years. The essay firstly reviews the current rules and procedures of Hangzhou Internet court; this would serve for a better understanding of how the world’s first Internet court is operated. After that, the essay discusses in what circumstances foreign courts can recognize and enforce Internet courts’ judgments. The essay ends up with giving personal recommendations on the future development of Internet courts to solve online consumer contract disputes.

Konsistensi Putusan Hakim Terhadap Perkara Kerugian Lingkungan Hidup di Indonesia

To ensure environmental sustainability, environmental management must be supported by the enforcement of environmental law through litigation process, whether on criminal, civil, or administrative aspects. (In Indonesia, there are numerous cases of environmental losses, as well as examples of environmental damage that have been attempted on the court of mandalawangi, natural kallista and sungailiat cases.) The purpose of this research is to find out the extent of court decisions’s consistencies on environmental cases Using normative legal research method, this research examined three court decisions form two different types of court, which are criminal court (Sungai Liat case) and civil court (Mandalawangi case and Kalistas case). It was found that these judicial decisions show inconsistencies. This condition may weaken the enforcement of environmental law in Indonesia. On the other hand, this difference in judgments may be apprehended as a new standpoint of environmental law in Indonesia. Keberlangsungan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup harus ditunjang dengan penegakan hukum lingkungan, baik melalui jalur peradilan maupun luar peradilan, baik yang bersifat perdata, pidana, maupun administrasi. Penelitian ini mengkaji tiga kasus lingkungan hidup yang diselesaikan melalui peradilan pidana dan perdata, yaitu Kasus Mandalawangi, Kasus Kallista Alam dan Kasus Sungailiat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui problematika penegakan hukum lingkungan hidup di Indonesia, dan untuk mengetahui dampak dari konsistensi putusan hakim dalam perkara lingkungan di Indonesia yang berbeda-beda. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, ketiga putusan hakim tersebut di atas dikaji dengan menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif. Hasil penelitin menunjukkan bahwa ketiga kasus tersebut diputuskan secara berbeda. Inkonsistensi tersebut dapat menjadi faktor pelemahan penegakan hukum lingkungan di Indonesia. Namun di samping itu dapat dimaknai sebagai suatu pandangan baru terhadap ketentuan lingkungan hidup di Indonesia.

Issues of implementation of equality of arms principle in case of declaring the applied law unconstitutional

The Article considers the issue of ensuring the constitutional principle of equality of litigants before the law and the court during review of the judgement in view of the exceptional circumstances after consideration of the case by the Constitutional Court. Based on the study of legal nature of such consequences of nullity of the law as pro futuro, ex nunc, ex tunc, the risks of violation of the constitutional right of a person to judicial protection shall be established. The aim of the Article is to detect the objective demonstration of the constitutional principle of equality of litigants before the law and the court. The methods of the study: system, dialectical, integrative, interdisciplinary and scientific methods applied to detect the interrelation between the constitutional principle of equality of arms and its practical demonstration in litigation process. The main results of the study. Two components affecting the efficiency of protection of such right have been established: future effect of the judgement of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine and impossibility to consider the application in view of exceptional circumstances if before appeal to the Constitutional Court of Ukraine a person’s claim was dismissed in full under the applicable laws and was further declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court. The erroneous legal position of the supreme court in the system of the judiciary of Ukraine was proved in terms of the impossibility of initiating proceeding in exceptional circumstances after delivery of the judgement of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine due to the fact that the person’s claim had previously been dismissed and such a judgement does not provide for its enforcement. This conclusion deprives a person of the right to a final trial at the national level in accordance with the procedure of applying to the court (Articles 8, 24, 55, paragraph 1 Part 2 of Article 129 of the Constitution of Ukraine). It is proposed to develop a special law establishing the grounds and procedure for compensation by the state of moral and financial damages caused by the law recognized as the unconstitutional one.

A SHORT DISCUSSION ON THE EFFECTS OF THE IN DUPLUM RULE UPON COMMENCEMENT OF LITIGATION AND AFTER JUDGMENT: A VIEW BOTH “INSIDE” AND “OUTSIDE” THE NATIONAL CREDIT ACT

It has repeatedly been confirmed by the courts that the in duplum rule forms part of South African law, and more recently section 103(5) of the National Credit Act 34 of 2005 (hereinafter “the Act”) has concretized the rule into statutory form. This note examines the effects of the in duplum rule once the litigation process has been initiated by the creditor and the implications of the rule after judgment is granted against the debtor. Preceding such discussion, however, one needs first to consider whether South Africa still has a common-law in duplum rule, or whether the statutory in duplum rule has ousted the “old” rule in toto (for ease of reference andpracticality the rule as developed by the courts shall be referred to as the “common law rule” and the rule as set out in s 103(5) of the Act shall be referred to as the “statutory rule”). It is submitted that while the statutory rule has superseded the common law rule in terms of all credit agreements that fall within the jurisdiction or ambit of the Act there are those credit agreements that are not regulated by the Act and it is those credit agreements where the (“old”) common-law rule shall apply and regulate the interest component collectable by the creditor vis-a-vis the debtor. Thus the two rules must now operate together; both rules applying to different sectors of society; at least society whilst it wears its consumer cap. The codified in duplum rule as will be seen below – affects only natural persons and the juristic entity, as defined by the Act, remains to be protected by the common-law rule. Furthermore, the common-law rule will be applicable to those credit agreements which fall outside the auspices of the Act.

Razlikovanje uslovnih od kumulativnih naknada advokata: uporedna studija procene rizika osiguravača u parnici u Velikoj Britaniji i SAD

The Conditional Fee Agreements in the UK and the Contingency Fee in the US for legal retainers can be distinguished by their risk lawyers take even if they both allow law firms to be stakeholders in the litigation process. The introduction of the conditional fee agreements (CFI) in England enabled a framework of civil litigation that could be relied upon where the cause of action could not be financed by the client. There was an element of risk involved which the insurance company had to calculate and the Jackson Reforms were responsible for effective management of litigation through the introduction of costs budgeting. While the after effects insurance was abolished the various forms of CFI could facilitate the insured litigant. This has been harmonised by a consumer based legal provision in the UK that is the priority of the Legal Services Act 2007. The comparison needs to drawn with the contingency fee agreement offered by US firms that have encouraged litigation and allow the losing party to forfeit costs when losing their case. The argument of this paper is to retain both these form of agreements in their respective jurisdictions but to retain the flexibility of allowing out of court settlements.

7. Renewal of Process

After proceedings commence by issuing a claim form or other originating process, they must be brought to the attention of the defendants or respondents by service. Generally, originating process remains valid for the purpose of service for a period of four months. Service of proceedings marks a watershed in the litigation process. It is at this point that the defendant is put on formal notice that legal proceedings have been brought, and the time limit on service of proceedings is one which is relaxed with extreme caution. This chapter discusses periods of validity; power to renew; claims in respect of cargo carried by sea; multiple defendants; effect of stay; procedure on seeking an extension; and challenging an order granting an extension.

9. Funding of Criminal Defence Services and First Appearance Process

This chapter considers the public funding of criminal proceedings and the early stages of the criminal litigation process. Topics discussed include legal aid as a human right; pre-charge advice and assistance; funded representation in court; representation orders; the interests of justice test; means testing and its application to cases tried in the magistrates’ court; the means test as applied to cases triable on indictment; work that can be done under a representation order; acquitted defendants and Defendants’ Costs Order; the future of public funding; and preparing for the first appearance before the magistrates’ court.

Mediation as an Alternative for Settlement of Medical Disputes Between Doctors and Patients in Therapeutic Agreements

The therapeutic transaction agreement is an agreement between a doctor and a patient which is a legal relationship. Therefore, it gives birth to rights and obligations between doctors and patients which have the potential to cause medical disputes between doctors and patients (malpractice). There are two ways to process medical dispute resolution, namely litigation (through court) and non-litigation (outside court). The litigation process is costly and time-consuming, and often results in one party being the winner and the other party being the loser. The protracted process in court causes a lot of sharp criticism of the judiciary when carrying out its functions, therefore it is necessary to improve the judicial system towards being effective and efficient, especially in medical disputes between doctors and patients. So the medical dispute mediation route between doctors and patients can be an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) that is more effective and efficient. The purpose of this study was to analyze the elements of a therapeutic agreement based on contract law in the Civil Code. And Analyzing mediation as an alternative to dispute resolution of therapeutic agreements for doctors and patients. To achieve this objective, research was conducted using normative juridical legal research methods. So this research approach uses the Statute Approach or research approach to legal products, by examining all laws and regulations related to what will be researched.