scholarly journals A Comparative Study between Conventional Pap Smear and Liquid-Based Cytology: A Clinco-Cytological Study of Iraqi Women with Some Health Problems of Cervix

2019 ◽  
pp. 2362-2370
Author(s):  
Huda Hameed K. Alabbody ◽  
Zahraa Adnan G. Al-Ghuraibawi
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Uterine Cervix ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Iraqi Women ◽  
Liquid Based Cytology

A cervical screening by Pap test is necessary in recognizing precancerous and cancerous cases to reduce mortality due to cervical cancer among women. Regular screening and follow up can make it easier to early diagnose and eventually, to treat and control cervical cancer.     This study aimed to detect atypical pathological changes of the vagina and uterine cervix of a sample of Iraqi women by macro- and micro-examination, and to determine the link with the demographic features. Also the study aimed to evaluate the two Pap smear techniques; the conventional and the base liquid methods.      The study included 50 women with genital health problems (18-50 years old) who were referred to the National Cancer Research Center (NCRC), the University of Baghdad, during the period from 1st April to 30st of September 2018. Both visual inspection of the uterine cervix and Papanicolaou smear were performed for all of the participants.      The results showed that most patient women (96%) were married and sexually active, with 51% being married under 20 years of age .Visual inspection of the cervix showed that 30% of the women had translucent, opaque or erosion lesions. Upon cytology examination, 92% of the women showed nonspecific inflammation, 70% revealed reactive squamous metaplasia, 10% had Koilocytotic atypia, and 8% suffered from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN1) or low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LGSIL). Contraception was used by 82% of the patients, while 36% used pills. The causes of the referral to the centre were abnormal vaginal discharge (44%) and post-coital bleeding "and\or" dyspareunia (20% each). Lastly, 74% of the participants did not make this test previously. Liquid-based cytology technique outperformed conventional pap smears because of improved fixation, decreased impurities factors, and standardization of cell transfer.     We conclude that routine screening and Pap smear testing for uterine cervix and vagina might be useful to prevent the occurrence of precancerous lesions in the genital system of sexually active women. We recommend to apply this test before and after treatment and to activate the cellular examination in the basal fluid method

scholarly journals A CASE OF CERVICAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA - MANAGEMENT THROUGH AYURVEDA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 3143-3150
Author(s):  
Deepthi. G. B ◽  
Gayathri Bhat. N.V
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Disease Manifestation ◽  
Mild Dysplasia

Introduction – Cervical cancer is the 2nd most leading prevalent cancer in India. There are an estimated 123,000 new cases of cervical cancer in India every year with 67,000 deaths in women alone. Cervical cancer in Recent studies shows that screening of cervical cancer reduces the disease incidence and disease mortality by 50%. Low- grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) is a common abnormal result on a Pap smear cervical test. It’s also known as mild dysplasia. Methodology – Here is a case report of a patient aged 26yrs with complaints of white discharge per vagina with severe itching, on routine cervical screening investigations found to have Low grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasms. She was treated with Ayurvedic sthanika chikitsa (Local therapies) such as Yoni prakshalana (Vaginal douching), and Yoni pichu (Vaginal tamponing) for 7 days along with shaman chikitsa. Later PAP smear was repeated after 1 month of follow up and found to have negative for intraepithelial neoplasia. And there was relief in the symptoms following treatment. Results- In this case, there was a relief of symptoms and on follow up when Pap smear was repeated, there was negative for intraepithelial neoplasia. Ayurvedic treatment modalities such as Sthanika chikitsa which includes yoni prakshalana and Yoni Pichu are the line of treatment for various gynecological problems and help in reducing mortality and morbidity caused due to cervical cancer in India. Discussion- Here Low-grade squamous Intraepithelial neoplasia can be considered as the Sanchaya avastha and hence diagnosing the disease in its Sanchaya avastha i.e mild dysplasia, is important. During Sanchaya avastha there is localized neoplastic changes of cervical cells and there is Manifestation of Low-grade Intraepithelial Neo- plasia. In the later stages of Kriyakala (Stages of disease manifestation) the neoplasia turns into metastasis and further differentiation occurs which Manifests all the symptoms of Cervical Cancer. Hence treatment modalities such as Yoni prakshalana and yoni pichu helps in preventing later conditions such as cervical cancer. Keywords: Cervical Cancer, LSIL, Ayurveda, Sanchaya

scholarly journals Cervical screening in Western Kazakhstan: Liquid-based cytology ‘Cell Scan’ versus azur-eosin staining

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saule Balmagambetova ◽  
Giovanni Gabutti ◽  
Arip Koyshybaev ◽  
Cecilia Acuti Martellucci ◽  
Olzhas Urazayev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Screening Programme ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
Western Kazakhstan ◽  
Liquid Based Cytology

Objective To assess the effectiveness of the current cervical cancer screening tools in Western Kazakhstan. Methods Smears taken through (i) conventional cytology using azur-eosin staining and (ii) liquid-based cytology (LBC) ‘Cell Scan’ in the general female population and in women first diagnosed with cervical cancer were collected throughout the region. ROC-analysis with curve construction and weighted Cohen's κ calculation were applied. A total of 494 cytological pairs were collected, including 94 sets with histology findings. Results The conventional (azur-eosin staining) technique contained 0.2% non-informative material and LBC ‘Cell Scan’ had 5.9%. Area under the curve was 0.95 for the conventional technique and 0.92 for ‘Cell Scan’ ( p > 0.05). The conventional smears showed κ 0.62, sensitivity 90.4% at specificity 90.0% for CIN2+, while LBC ‘Cell Scan’ smears showed κ 0.47, sensitivity 83.3% at specificity 92.5%. Conclusions In this analysis it was not possible to prove that the LBC ‘Cell Scan’ technique was superior to its predecessor, azur-eosin staining. These findings highlight the need to modify the current screening programme according to updated international scientific evidence on effective screening design, such as the use of HPV DNA testing with Pap smear triage in women aged 30 or older. Further research, and a Health Technology Assessment, are necessary if we wish to establish a national standardized screening programme using the available technology appropriately.

scholarly journals Enhanced Detection of Cervical Cancer and Precancer Through Use of Imaged Liquid-Based Cytology in Routine Cytology and HPV Cotesting

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 (5) ◽  
pp. 385-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Marshall Austin ◽  
Agnieszka Onisko ◽  
Chengquan Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Adenocarcinoma In Situ ◽  
Hpv Testing ◽  
Liquid Based Cytology ◽  
Positive Results

AbstractObjectivesCervical screening strives to prevent cervical cancer (CxCa), minimizing morbidity and mortality. Most large US reports on cytology and human papillomavirus (HPV) cotesting of women aged 30 years and older are from one laboratory, which used conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) smears from 2003 to 2009.MethodsWe quantified detection of CxCa and precancer (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3/adenocarcinoma in situ [CIN3/AIS]) in 300,800 cotests at Magee Womens Hospital since 2005. Screening histories preceding CxCa and CIN3/AIS diagnoses were examined to assess the contribution of cytology and HPV testing. Cotesting utilized Food and Drug Administration-approved imaged liquid-based cytology (LBC) and from-the-vial HPV tests.ResultsLBC identified more women subsequently diagnosed with CxCa and CIN3/AIS than HPV testing. HPV-negative/cytology-positive results preceded 13.1% of CxCa and 7.2% of CIN3/AIS diagnoses.ConclusionsLBC enhanced cotesting detection of CxCa and CIN3/AIS to a greater extent than previously reported with conventional Pap smear and HPV cotesting.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF LIQUID-BASED CYTOLOGY AND CONVENTIONAL CYTOLOGY FOR EVALUATION OF CERVICAL PAP SMEARS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Bipin Gandhi
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion ◽  
Conventional Cytology ◽  
Resource Setting ◽  
Intraepithelial Lesion ◽  
Liquid Based Cytology

INTRODUCTION: This high mortality rate from cervical cancer globally can be reduced by an approach that includes prevention, early diagnosis, effective screening and treatment programmes. There are currently vaccines that protect against common cancer-causing types of human papilloma virus and can significantly reduce the risk of cervical cancer. in low socioeconomic or developing countries where screening programmes are not available, diagnosing cervical cancer at an early stage and providing access to effective treatment can significantly improve the likelihood of survival. Liquid-based cytology (LBC) was introduced at around mid-1990s as an alternative technique to process the cervical samples. After that most of the developed countries has switched from conventional Pap smear to LBC. LBC has been proposed to be beneficial than Pap smear because of less number of unsatisfactory smears MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study comprises of 287 cervical samples from women visiting the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology over a period of 1 year.  Samples were taken and divided into two parts by split-sample technique.  Material was taken from the fornix, portio, and endocervix from all women. Slides for conventional cytology and LBC were stained according to the Pap method. LBC was considered representative if the slide contained >5000 epithelial cells. Endocervical cells were considered present if the slide contained ≥2 groups of glandular/metaplastic cells with ≥5 cells each or if the slide contained ≥10 dissociated glandular/metaplastic cells RESULTS: 287 patients were included in the study. Epithelial cell abnormality was observed in 10 cases in conventional smear while in LBC it was 11. In conventional smear pap report of Unsatisfactory, normal, atrophic, altered flora and candida was in 21,193, 21, 46 and 10 cases respectively. In LBC pap report Unsatisfactory, normal, atrophic, altered flora and candida was in 15,214, 22, 44 and 13 cases respectively. Epithelial cell abnormality was seen in 10 (3.5%) cases by both the methods. Of these 10 cases low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion was observed in 2 cases, High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion in one case, Squamous cell carcinoma in one case and atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance in 6 cases. CONCLUSION: There was a similar detection rate of epithelial abnormalities and infections in both the methods. US rate of CPS was 7.3% and 5.2% for LBC. Thus LBC can be a superior test as compared to conventional pap smear but has to reconsidered in the low-resource setting.

scholarly journals A comparison of cervical cancer screening methods: pap smear, liquid based cytology and VIA VILI

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 1738
Author(s):  
Abinaya Maathuri Jeyakumar ◽  
Swarnalatha Mohanapu
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Liquid Based Cytology ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Background: There are multiple screening methods available for screening cervical cancer with their advantages and disadvantages, researches that compare the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of these tests in a low-cost setting specific to a geographical area is lacking and has to be enhanced. The objective of this study was to determine and compare the agreement, sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of conventional Pap smear cytology, liquid-based cytology and VIA/VILI with cervix biopsy.Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on women of >35 years of age. Pap smear specimen was collected followed by Liquid Base Cytology (LBC) using cytobrush specimen after which visual inspection with 5% acetic acid (VIA) and visual inspection with Lugol’s Iodine (VILI) procedure was carried out and followed by cervix biopsy. All methods were analyzed for accuracy.Results: Sensitivity was lowest for PAP smear (39.1%, 95% CI 19.18% to 59.1%), followed by VIA VILI (95.7%, 95% CI 87.32% to 100%), and highest for LBC (100.0%). The negative predictive value was lowest for PAP smear (87.4%, 95% CI 81.21% to 93.6%), followed by VIA VILI (99.0%, 95% CI 96.99% to 100.0%) and highest for LBC (100%). The overall diagnostic accuracy was lowest for PAP smear (88.3%) followed by VIA/VILLI (99.2%) and highest for LBC (100%).Conclusions: Treatment decisions based on findings of the PAP smear have to be taken with caution, considering the lower sensitivity. Wherever resources are available more accurate screening methods like liquid-based cytology must be used.

The Knowledge and Attitudes of University Students concerning HPV Vaccine and Cervical Screening

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. CMRH.S2973
Author(s):  
L Elit ◽  
K Trim ◽  
R Mohan ◽  
S Nastos ◽  
D Harnish
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Sexual Health ◽  
University Students ◽  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Family Doctor ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Survey Tool

Background Cervical cancer is preventable with regular PAP tests and the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. Objective Identify factors influencing initiation into regular sexual health examinations within a group of undergraduate health science students who have high parental SES. Methods After reviewing the literature, a survey of knowledge, attitudes and behaviors about HPV exposure and cervical cancer prevention through vaccination and cervical cancer screening was developed. The survey was circulated using a web-based survey tool to undergraduate Faculty of Health Sciences student. Results Two hundred and three students at McMaster University completed the survey. The sample included 72% women and 28% men. The mean age was 19.4 years. This sample represents a population of young adults who the previous literature would suggest are most likely to have regular health care since they are affluent (FAS greater than 6.7 ∓ 1.4). This group is also motivated in health education as 83.3% knew about the HPV vaccine and 76.4% could define the purpose of a PAP smear. Both male and female students were more likely to consult their family doctor about sexual health than their family. More than half of sexually active females have a family doctor, 82.1% of which visit them regularly. Sexually active women visit more regularly than sexually inactive women (p ≤ 0.01). The majority (66%) are comfortable discussing sexual health with their family doctor, yet only 62.5% of women have had this discussion. 57% of sexually active women and less that 1% of non-sexually active women had had a PAP smear or a pelvic exam. Conclusion These affluent and well educated students do not appear to be able to apply their knowledge of HPV and PAP smears to their own sexual health. Thus they require access to tools that help motivate university students to personalize information and make important health decisions.

scholarly journals Smartphone-Enhanced Training, QA, Monitoring, and Evaluation of a Platform for Secondary Prevention of Cervical Cancer: Opportunities and Challenges to Implementation in Tanzania

2020 ◽  
pp. 1114-1123
Author(s):  
Karen Yeates ◽  
Erica Erwin ◽  
Zac Mtema ◽  
Frank Magoti ◽  
Simoni Nkumbugwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
Supportive Supervision ◽  
Health Providers

PURPOSE Until human papillomavirus (HPV)–based cervical screening is more affordable and widely available, visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) is recommended by the WHO for screening in lower-resource settings. Visual inspection will still be required to assess the cervix for women whose screening is positive for high-risk HPV. However, the quality of VIA can vary widely, and it is difficult to maintain a well-trained cadre of providers. We developed a smartphone-enhanced VIA platform (SEVIA) for real-time secure sharing of cervical images for remote supportive supervision, data monitoring, and evaluation. METHODS We assessed programmatic outcomes so that findings could be translated into routine care in the Tanzania National Cervical Cancer Prevention Program. We compared VIA positivity rates (for HIV-positive and HIV-negative women) before and after implementation. We collected demographic, diagnostic, treatment, and loss-to-follow-up data. RESULTS From July 2016 to June 2017, 10,545 women were screened using SEVIA at 24 health facilities across 5 regions of Tanzania. In the first 6 months of implementation, screening quality increased significantly from the baseline rate in the prior year, with a well-trained cadre of more than 50 health providers who “graduated” from the supportive-supervision training model. However, losses to follow-up for women referred for further evaluation or to a higher level of care were considerable. CONCLUSION The SEVIA platform is a feasible, quality improvement, mobile health intervention that can be integrated into a national cervical screening program. Our model demonstrates potential for scalability. As HPV screening becomes more affordable, the platform can be used for visual assessment of the cervix to determine amenability for same-day ablative therapy and/or as a secondary triage step, if needed.

Women’s health concern in Jordan: knowledge, practice and barriers toward cervical cancer screening

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roqia Saleem Maabreh ◽  
Raya Yousef Al-Husban ◽  
Hekmat Yousef Al-Akash ◽  
Noha Al-Shdayfat
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cancer Awareness ◽  
Early Screening ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Knowledge Barriers

Purpose Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most important health issues faced by women worldwide. The purpose of this study is to identify Jordanian women’s knowledge, barriers and measures pertaining to risk factors and screening choices of CC (Pap smear tests). Design/methodology/approach This study applied a cross sectional design by collecting data from a convenient sample of 200 women between 20 and 70 years of age in health and public centers in Jordan. Data was then analyzed using the descriptive statistical tools of SPSS, version 21. Findings The findings revealed that 55.5% of the participants had no information about the Pap smear, and 75% did not know the risk factors. Moreover, 50% of the sample did not know where to take the test, and 50% reported a lack of encouragement from the husband to undertake the test. More than half of the participants (56.5%) expressed fear that cervical screening would be a painful examination even though they reported not having any previous experience with the test. Originality/value Based on these findings, public education about CC screening is essential, including advertising and a campaign similar to the breast cancer awareness programs in Jordan, as a way of encouraging early screening to improve the health of women.

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