scholarly journals Human Trafficking: Canadian Government Policy and Practice

Refuge ◽  
2001 ◽  
pp. 14-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Oxman-Martinez ◽  
Andrea Martinez ◽  
Jill Hanley
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
State Agency ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Border Control ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
New Form ◽  
International Conventions

A recent study undertaken by the authors (Oxman-Martinez and Martinez 2000) examined the Canadian government’s response to the traffic of human beings. Information from twenty-one government and ngo informants and a thorough review of state agency policies and international conventions revealed that trafficking and refugee movements have many links. The question raised by the Metropolis Project—Is clandestine entry to Canada a crime or a new form of migration?—is important, given that trafficking may be the only option available to legitimate refugees waiting to escape dangerous or oppressive situations. Rather than seeking to ease the migration of refugees or addressing the structural causes of trafficking or its social implications, however, Canada’s response is focused on the prevention of “irregular movements” (through immigration and border control) and prosecution of the few traffickers successfully apprehended. Preliminary evidence suggests that border control will fail to adequately address the exploitation of women, children, and men—often refugees— within our frontiers. The temporarily defunct Bill c- 31 (with its measures to control the borders and restrict immigration) threatens the rights of refugees while doing little to prevent human trafficking, protect its victims, or prosecute those who profit from trafficking.

Odpowiedzialność karna za zawieranie fałszywych małżeństw w kontekście handlu ludźmi (wniosek ECPRD nr 4693)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (70) ◽  
pp. 246-250
Author(s):  
Angelina Tazuszel
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
National Legislation ◽  
Trafficking In Human Beings ◽  
International Conventions

The author presents national legislation concerning criminal responsibility for fake marriages within the framework of human trafficking, including selected provisions on marriages that are in force in Poland and legislation on human trafficking (including international conventions on counteracting human trafficking to which Poland is a party). As the Author emphasizes, perpetrators of trafficking in human beings are punished in Poland on the basis of the Criminal Code.

Multiplicity of stigma: cultural barriers in anti-trafficking response

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-142
Author(s):  
Annie Isabel Fukushima ◽  
Kwynn Gonzalez-Pons ◽  
Lindsay Gezinski ◽  
Lauren Clark
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Singular Form ◽  
The Social

Purpose The purpose of this study is to contribute to the social understanding of stigma as a societal and cultural barrier in the life of a survivor of human trafficking. The findings illustrate several ways where stigma is internal, interpersonal and societal and impacts survivors’ lives, including the care they receive. Design/methodology/approach This study used qualitative methods. Data collection occurred during 2018 with efforts such as an online survey (n = 45), focus groups (two focus groups of seven participants each) and phone interviews (n = 6). This study used thematic analysis of qualitative data. Findings The research team found that a multiplicity of stigma occurred for the survivors of human trafficking, where stigma occurred across three levels from micro to meso to macro contexts. Using interpretive analysis, the researchers conceptualized how stigma is not singular; rather, it comprises the following: bias in access to care; barriers of shaming, shunning and othering; misidentification and mislabeling; multiple levels of furthering how survivors are deeply misunderstood and a culture of mistrust. Research limitations/implications While this study was conducted in a single US city, it provides an opportunity to create dialogue and appeal for more research that will contend with a lens of seeing a multiplicity of stigma regardless of the political climate of the context. It was a challenge to recruit survivors to participate in the study. However, survivor voices are present in this study and the impetus of the study’s focus was informed by survivors themselves. Finally, this study is informed by the perspectives of researchers who are not survivors; moreover, collaborating with survivor researchers at the local level was impossible because there were no known survivor researchers available to the team. Practical implications There are clinical responses to the narratives of stigma that impact survivors’ lives, but anti-trafficking response must move beyond individualized expectations to include macro responses that diminish multiple stigmas. The multiplicity in stigmas has meant that, in practice, survivors are invisible at all levels of response from micro, meso to macro contexts. Therefore, this study offers recommendations for how anti-trafficking responders may move beyond a culture of stigma towards a response that addresses how stigma occurs in micro, meso and macro contexts. Social implications The social implications of examining stigma as a multiplicity is central to addressing how stigma continues to be an unresolved issue in anti-trafficking response. Advancing the dynamic needs of survivors both in policy and practice necessitates responding to the multiple and overlapping forms of stigma they face in enduring and exiting exploitative conditions, accessing services and integrating back into the community. Originality/value This study offers original analysis of how stigma manifested for the survivors of human trafficking. Building on this dynamic genealogy of scholarship on stigma, this study offers a theory to conceptualize how survivors of human trafficking experience stigma: a multiplicity of stigma. A multiplicity of stigma extends existing research on stigma and human trafficking as occurring across three levels from micro, meso to macro contexts and creating a system of oppression. Stigma cannot be reduced to a singular form; therefore, this study argues that survivors cannot be understood as experiencing a singular form of stigma.

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Curriculum Studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Schubert ◽  
Ming Fang He
Keyword(s):  
Critical Race Theory ◽  
Language Arts ◽  
Community Organizing ◽  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Ways Of Knowing ◽  
Curriculum Theory ◽  
Curriculum Studies ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
The Public

115 entries The Oxford Encyclopedia of Curriculum Studies (OECS) addresses the central question of Curriculum Studies as: What is worthwhile? The articles show how the public, personal and educational concerns about composing lives are the essence of curriculum. Writ large, Curriculum Studies pertains to what human beings should know, need, experience, do, be, become, overcome, contribute, share, wonder, imagine, invent, and improve. While the OECS treats curriculum as definitely central to schooling, it also shows how curriculum scholars also work on myriad other institutionalized and non-institutionalized dimensions of life that shape the ways humans learn to perceive, conceptualize, and act in the world. Thus, while OECS treats perennial curriculum categories (e.g., curriculum theory, history, purposes, development, design, enactment, evaluation), it does so through a critical eye that provides counter-narratives to neoliberal, colonial, and imperial forces that have too often dominated curriculum thought, policy, and practice. Thus, OECS presents contemporary perspectives on prevailing topics such as science, mathematics, social studies, literacy/reading/literature/language arts, music, art, physical education, testing, special education, liberal arts, many OECS articles also show how curriculum is embedded in ideology, human rights, mythology, museums, media, literature/film, geographical spaces, community organizing, social movements, cultures, race relations, gender, social class, immigration, activist work, popular pedagogy, revolution, diasporic events, and much more. To provide such perspectives, articles draw upon diverse scholarly traditions in addition to (though including) established qualitative and quantitative approaches (e.g., feminist, womanist, oral, critical theory, critical race theory, critical dis/ability studies, Indigenous ways of knowing, documentary, dialogue, postmodern, cooperative, posthuman, and diverse modes of expression). Moreover, such orientations (often drawn from neglected work Asia, the Global South, Aboriginal regions, and other often excluded realms) reveal positions that counter official or dominant neo-liberal impositions by emphasizing hidden, null, outside, material, embodied, lived, and transgressive curricula that foster emancipatory, ecologically interdependent, and continuously growing constructs.

scholarly journals Routes of human trafficking in Europe and the position of Serbia on them

Temida ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanja Copic
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Illegal Migration ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
And Migration

Human trafficking as a form of organized crime is showing its increase today, changing at the same time its structure and characteristics. Some factors that contribute to such a situation are global trends that result in huge social and economic inequalities in the world, but also turbulences and problems that are affecting certain regions (wars, political instability, ethnic conflicts, militarization etc.). Human trafficking, as a complex social phenomenon that encompasses different forms of acting, subjects and aims, can be analyzed within different concepts. One of them refers to the issue of broader migration flows and migration control policy. Namely, from the global perspective, trafficking in human beings can be mostly considered as a form of 'organized illegal migration'. Due to that, it seems important to consider the issue of routes through which this form of migration is realized today. Discovering human trafficking routes, as well as other forms of illegal movement of people and illegal forms of trade are very important from the point of view of implementing adequate measures and relocation of resources in order to suppress these forms of socially unacceptable phenomena. Creating adequate anti-trafficking activities is important on national, regional and international levels. Keeping that in mind, the aim of this paper is to look into the contemporary routes of human trafficking within Europe and find out what is the position of Serbia on these routes, as well to examine possible changes that happened in this field during past several years. This will be done on the basis of the analysis of relevant literature, as well as on some preliminary findings of the survey on male victims of human trafficking in Serbia, which is currently conducted by the Victimology Society of Serbia.

scholarly journals 'Boat People' and Discursive Bordering: Australian Parliamentary Discourses on Asylum Seekers, 1977-2013

Refuge ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
John Van Kooy ◽  
Liam Magee ◽  
Shanthi Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Political Language ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Boat People ◽  
Sovereign Territory ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Historical Periods

This article draws upon content analysis of Australian parliamentary transcripts to examine debates about asylum seekers who arrived by boat in three historical periods: 1977–1979, 1999–2001, and 2011–2013. We analyze term frequency and co-occurrence to identify patterns in specific usage of the phrase “boat people.” We then identify how the term is variously deployed in Parliament and discuss the relationship between these uses and government policy and practice. We conclude that forms of “discursive bordering” have amplified representations of asylum seekers as security threats to be controlled within and outside Australia’s sovereign territory. The scope of policy or legislative responses to boat arrivals is limited by a poverty of political language, thus corroborating recent conceptual arguments about the securitization and extra-territorialization of the contemporary border.

scholarly journals Trafficking and Syrian Refugee Smuggling: Evidence from the Balkan Route

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Mandic
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Human Smuggling ◽  
Syrian Refugee ◽  
Depth Interviews

As of March 2016, 4.8 million Syrian refugees were scattered in two dozen countries by the civil war. Refugee smuggling has been a major catalyst of human trafficking in the Middle East and Europe migrant crises. Data on the extent to which smuggling devolved into trafficking in this refugee wave is, however, scarce. This article investigates how Syrian refugees interact with smugglers, shedding light on how human smuggling and human trafficking interrelated on the Balkan Route. I rely on original evidence from in-depth interviews (n = 123) and surveys (n = 100) with Syrian refugees in Jordan, Turkey, Greece, Serbia, and Germany; as well as ethnographic observations in thirty-five refugee camps or other sites in these countries. I argue that most smugglers functioned as guides, informants, and allies in understudied ways—thus refugee perceptions diverge dramatically from government policy assumptions. I conclude with a recommendation for a targeted advice policy that would acknowledge the reality of migrant-smuggler relations, and more effectively curb trafficking instead of endangering refugees.

‘One Rwanda For All Rwandans’: (Un)covering the Twa in Post-Genocide Rwanda

2019 ◽  
pp. 125-144
Author(s):  
Meghan Laws ◽  
Richard Ntakirutimana ◽  
Bennett Collins
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
National Unity ◽  
National Pride ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Personal Testimony

The leading academic literature on Rwanda tends to focus on the Hutu-Tutsi dichotomy, either directly or indirectly, thus resigning the historical narratives of the Twa to a footnote, permanently buried in history. Based on interviews and focus groups, as well as personal testimony provided by three Twa civil society leaders, this chapter explores Twa perceptions and experiences of national unity and reconciliation during the post-genocide period. As a component of this, our chapter examines popular perceptions of the Historically Marginalized Peoples (HMP) label, a quasi-legal category generally associated with the Twa, within the broader framework of the government's unity-building and reconciliation campaign. This snapshot of Twa interactions with government policy and practice shows that Twa often feel excluded from efforts to foster national pride, unity and reconciliation. Equally, the majority of Twa object to the use of the HMP label, and many emphasize the continued relevance of Twa identity and culture at a community level.

Human Trafficking, Human Rights and Women, Peace and Security: The Sound of Silence

2020 ◽  
pp. 189-206
Author(s):  
Gema Fernández Rodríguez de Liévana ◽  
Christine Chinkin
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Human Rights Regime ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Human Rights Based Approach

The chapter discusses the tension that exists between three separate UN agendas, those relating to CEDAW and WPS; the fight against trafficking in human beings; and the Security Council’s broader agenda for the maintenance of international peace and security. It considers in particular how the securitisation of WPS and human trafficking by the Security Council has diluted and fragmented the discourse of women’s human rights. It argues that as a form of gender-based violence, human trafficking is subject to the human rights regime that has evolved to combat such violence and that human rights mechanisms should be engaged to hold States responsible for their failure to exercise due diligence to prevent, protect against and prosecute those responsible – in the widest sense – for human trafficking. The incidence of human trafficking (as a form of gender-based violence) in armed conflict means that it comes naturally under the auspices of the WPS agenda. The Security Council’s silence in this regard constitutes of itself a form of violence that weakens the potential of the WPS agenda to bring structural transformation in post-conflict contexts. In agreement with the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children and cognisant of some of the downsides, we argue that ‘in order to ensure more efficient anti-trafficking responses, a human rights-based approach … should be mainstreamed into all pillars of the women and peace and security agenda’. In turn this would provide a new direction for the WPS agenda.

scholarly journals The Application and Prospect of Mistika VR Video Stitching and Processing Software

2018 ◽  
Vol 227 ◽  
pp. 02016
Author(s):  
Cheng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Sensory Experience ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Virtual Reality Technology ◽  
Video Stitching ◽  
Processing Software ◽  
New Form ◽  
Opening Up

Virtual reality technology (VR) is widely used in various industries, opening up a new form of sensory experience for human beings. VR video stitching is a kind of “work hard” like Rotoscope. But if someone can make this thing easier, it will definitely be welcomed, so Mistika VR comes into being.

Standardising Defence Lines: William Perrin Norris, Eugenics and Australian Border Control

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 843-859
Author(s):  
Jennifer S Kain
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Medical Officer ◽  
Historical Understanding ◽  
Border Control ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
Legal Jurisdiction ◽  
Procedural Instructions

Abstract This article investigates the policy and practice of Australia's so-called ‘eugenic phase’ of border control embedded within the 1912 Immigration Act. It highlights the efforts of the first London-based Commonwealth Medical Officer - Dr William Perrin Norris - who designed a medical bureaucratic system intended to keep ‘defectives’ out of Australia. Norris' vision is revealed to be befitting of his character, experience, and a passion for uniformity which went beyond his legal jurisdiction. In examining the associated political debates, procedural instructions and the practicalities of the legislation, this article advances a more nuanced historical understanding of this period of Australian border control, and traces the evolution of the idiot and insane prohibited immigrant clause in the first quarter of the twentieth century.

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