scholarly journals Body, Nature, and Society: neonatal resuscitation [En]

1969 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Czuppon
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Medical Technology ◽  
Critical Reflection ◽  
Neonatal Resuscitation ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
De Se ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Nature And Society ◽  
Sensitive Issues

Modern medicine questions the link between nature, society, and body through the development of the medical technology and the increase of life expectancy. Based on anthropological and sociological resources, this paper will try to unpack the Western vision of an ill body and the treatments that are established in response. This critical reflection on neonatal resuscitation will lead me to propose the need to re-evaluate such system. I will use a transcultural approach when analyzing the care that is given to newborns presenting a critical vital prognostic, while drawing specifically on French-based research. In its attempt to postpone death, biomedicine has allowed for humans to challenge nature and its inexorable processes, and defy the physiological laws. However, what is the price for this progress? In order to tackle these sensitive issues, it is important to leave our judgements behind and to study our therapeutic practices with a new perspective. La médecine moderne redéfini le lien entre nature, société, et corps au travers de l’essor des diverses technologies et par le prolongement de la vie. S’appuyant sur des références anthropologiques, sociologiques mais également éthiques, cet article tentera de déconstruire la vision occidentale d’un corps diminué et l’ampleur des traitements mis en place. Cette réflexion critique de la réanimation néonatale me permettra de proposer une réévaluation du système biomédical. J’utiliserai une approche transculturelle des soins adressés aux nourrissons présentant un pronostic vital critique, me concentrant sur la situation française. En s’efforçant d’éloigner la mort, la biomédecine a réussi à autonomiser le corps face à la nature, repoussant les lois physiologiques. Cependant, à quel prix s’effectue ce progrès? Pour appréhender ces questions sensibles, il importe de se départir de tout jugement et d’étudier d’un œil nouveau nos pratiques thérapeutiques.

scholarly journals Water Quality and Life Expectancy: Parallel Courses in Time

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 752
Author(s):  
Andreas N. Angelakis ◽  
Heikki S. Vuorinen ◽  
Christos Nikolaidis ◽  
Petri S. Juuti ◽  
Tapio S. Katko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Concomitant Factors

Since ancient times, the need for healthy water has resulted in the development of various kinds of water supply systems. From early history, civilizations have developed water purification devices and treatment methods. The necessity for fresh water has influenced individual lives as well as communities and societies. During the last two hundred years, intensive and effective efforts have been made internationally for sufficient water quantity and quality. At the same time, human life expectancy has increased all over the globe at unprecedented rates. The present work represents an effort to sketch out how water purity and life expectancy have entangled, thus influencing one another. Water properties and characteristics have directly affected life quality and longevity. The dramatic increase in life expectancy has been, indisputably, affected by the improvement in water quality, but also in other concomitant factors, varying temporally and spatially in different parts of the world throughout the centuries. Water technologies and engineering have an unequivocal role on life expectancy. In some cases, they appear to have taken place earlier than the progress of modern medicine. Among these, improved sanitation, personal hygiene, progress in medicine, and better standards of economic living have played the greatest roles.

scholarly journals The entero-insular axis: a journey in the physiopathology of diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Malaguarnera ◽  
Alessandra Scamporrino ◽  
Agnese Filippello ◽  
Stefania Di Mauro ◽  
Alessandro Minardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Blood Lipid ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
General View ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Therapeutic Algorithms ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Islet Hormone ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Complex Scenario

Glycemic homeostasis is an essential mechanism for the proper working of an organism. However, balance in blood lipid and protein levels also plays an important role. The discovery of the hormone insulin and the description of its function for glycemic control made fundamental scientific progress in this field. However, since then our view of the problem has been deeply influenced only in terms of glucose and insulin (in an insulin-centric and glucose-centric way). Based on recent scientific discoveries, a fine and sophisticated network of hormonal and metabolic interactions, involving almost every apparatus and tissue of the human body, has been theorized. Efficient metabolic homeostasis is founded on these intricate interactions. Although it is still not fully defined, this complex network can undergo alterations that lead to metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus (DM). The endocrine pancreas plays a crucial role in the metabolic balance of an organism, but insulin is just one of the elements involved and each single pancreatic islet hormone is worthy of our concern. Moreover, pancreatic hormones need to be considered in a general view, concerning both their systemic function as direct mediators and as hormones, which, in turn, are regulated by other hormones or other substances. This more complex scenario should be taken into account for a better understanding of the pathophysiology and the therapeutic algorithms of DM. As a consequence, improvements in modern medicine could help to contemplate this new perspective. This review is focused on some aspects of gut-pancreas interaction, aiming to integrate this synergy into a wider context involving other organs and tissues.

Problems of Metaphilosophy – a View from Aside

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-133
Author(s):  
Alexander L. Nikiforov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophical Investigation ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Philosophical Literature ◽  
Religious Worldview ◽  
Ontological Question ◽  
The World ◽  
Subjective Opinion ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Nature And Society ◽  
Basic Beliefs

The paper discusses several problems of metaphilosophy that were explored in the philosophical literature in Russia. Metaphilosophy tries to understand what is philosophy, what problems philosophers are dealing with, which methods they employ in their investigations, the nature of philosophical statements and so on. Philosophers in Russia tended to think of philosophy as a special type of worldview that exists together with the ordinary worldview and religious worldview. The author defines worldview as a collection of basic beliefs about the surrounding world, society, human being, the relations existing between individuals and society, about values and ideals. It is underscored that a worldview is always somebody’s worldview (it belongs either to an individual or a social group). The worldview problems explored by philosophers remain the same throughout thousands of years; what changes is how they are stated in different times. Every human being faces these problems if she has realized herself as an autonomous being and the reality splits for her into the I and the non-I. All philosophical problems revolve around three basic questions: what is the non-I (i.e. nature and society)? - this is the ontological question; what is I? (the anthropological question); what relations exist between the I and the non-I (the epistemological, axiological, ethical and other questions). The author also explores several stages of a philosophical investigation: an internal dissatisfaction with existing solutions, a search for a new perspective (meaning, idea, interpretation), development of the found solution. The author points at a number of characteristics that make philosophy different from science: philosophical statements and conceptions cannot be verified or refuted by experience, they are not universal. It is argued that the notion of truth in its classical interpretation cannot be applied to philosophical statements because the latter cannot be true or false. The author concludes that philosophical statements or conceptions express the subjective opinion of a given philosopher about the world and the human being. An obvious evidence for this is the existing pluralism of philosophical systems, schools, and trends.

scholarly journals Modern Medicine and the Twentieth Century Decline in Mortality: Evidence on the Impact of Sulfa Drugs

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seema Jayachandran ◽  
Adriana Lleras-Muney ◽  
Kimberly V Smith
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Scarlet Fever ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Medical Innovation ◽  
Sulfa Drugs ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Percent Decline

This paper studies the contribution of sulfa drugs, a groundbreaking medical innovation in the 1930s, to declines in US mortality. For several infectious diseases, sulfa drugs represented the first effective treatment. Using time-series and difference-in-differences methods, we find that sulfa drugs led to a 24 to 36 percent decline in maternal mortality, 17 to 32 percent decline in pneumonia mortality, and 52 to 65 percent decline in scarlet fever mortality between 1937 and 1943. Altogether, sulfa drugs reduced mortality by 2 to 3 percent and increased life expectancy by 0.4 to 0.7 years. We also find that sulfa drugs benefited whites more than blacks. (JEL I12, L65, N32, N72)

scholarly journals 361 The Automation of Doctors and Machines: A Classification for AI in Medicine (ADAM framework)

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_6) ◽  
Author(s):  
F Kazzazi
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Medical Technology ◽  
Core Competencies ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Current Medical ◽  
Levels Of Care ◽  
The Core ◽  
Normative Framework ◽  
Minimum Requirements

Abstract Aim The advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) provide an opportunity to expand the frontier of medicine to improve diagnosis, efficiency, and management. By extension of being able to perform any task that a human could, a machine that meets the requirements of General AI (AGI) possesses the basic necessities to perform as, or at least qualify to become, a doctor. In this emerging field, this article explores the distinctions between doctors and AGI, and the prerequisites for AGI performing as clinicians. With its imminent arrival, it is beneficial to create a framework from which leading institutions can define specific criteria for AGI. Method A normative framework was derived from medical ethical literature and current medical technology. Comparisons were made between current capabilities and the traits of doctors ('doctorhood'). A framework was created that could fulfil current patient and doctor considerations for the use of AI in medicine. Results This Automation of Doctors and Machines (ADAM) framework is set out across 5 levels. As the level progresses, so do the minimum requirements in the core competencies of knowledge, safety, emotion, and independence. Conclusions The development of AI brings with it an exciting era of modern medicine. In order to fully enhance, expand, and regulate this field, the ADAM framework provides a tool to classify its use in medicine. In being able to categorize forms of medical AI, this allows clinicians, patients, and regulators to delineate different forms of AI, and a foundation is created from which governing bodies can set and standardise levels of care.

scholarly journals Fra køn til diversitet – intersektionalitet i en dansk/nordisk kontekst

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Dorte Christensen ◽  
Birte Siim
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Critical Reflection ◽  
Black Feminism ◽  
Dynamic Interaction ◽  
Gender Research ◽  
The Us ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
New Perspective

Intersectionality is a travelling concept rooted in Black Feminism that has recently been adopted by Nordic gender research. The concept has been transformed on its way from the US to the Danish/Nordic context. The purpose with this article is to contribute to a critical reflection of the concept and discuss its potentials from a Danish/Nordic context. Adopting a social science optic we first discuss some tensions between the original American understanding of the concept and the special – predominantly poststructural and postcolonial  conceptualisation given in the Danish/ Nordic context. Secondly we present two analytical frames able to analyse the dynamic interaction between different forms of power and between structures, institutions and identities. We argue that  intersectionality is not a coherent theory but a new perspective able to contain different and competing theoretical and methodological approaches.

scholarly journals Not all females outlive all males: A new perspective on lifespan inequalities between sexes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Pier Bergeron-Boucher ◽  
Jesús-Adrian Alvarez ◽  
Ilya Kashnitsky ◽  
Virginia Zarulli ◽  
James W Vaupel
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Summary Statistics ◽  
Suggested Approach ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Mean And Variance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
New Perspective

Differences in lifespan between populations, e.g. between females and males, are often measured by differences in summary statistics, such as life expectancy, which generally show an advantage of females over males across the whole age span. However, such statistics ignore the fact that two lifespan distributions are generally not mutually exclusive and that not all females outlive all males. Here we use a novel measure of inequality in lifespans: the outsurvival probability, which is interpreted as the probability of males to outlive females. The measure accounts for the similarities in lifespan between populations. It also considers the interaction between the mean and variance of two lifespan distributions and their combined effect on between-populations inequalities. Our results show that the probability of males outliving females varied between 25% and 50%, across 44 countries and regions since the middle of the 18th century. Thus, despite the usually male lower life expectancy and higher death rates at all ages, males have a substantial chance of outliving females. Our suggested approach is generalizable to any pair of populations.

scholarly journals The tranformative perspective in critical reflection and dialogue among former drug addict in petaling jaya, Selangor, Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.9) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Normala Abu Hassan ◽  
Mohd Azhar Abd Hamid ◽  
Zainudin Hassan ◽  
Kassim Tukiman ◽  
Mohd Koharudin
Keyword(s):  
Transformative Learning ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Critical Reflection ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Drug Addict ◽  
Transformative Learning Theory ◽  
Drug Addicts ◽  
Effective Learning ◽  
New Perspective

The purpose of this study is to discuss the function of critical reflection and dialogue through perspective transformation process among 15 former drug addict. This paper will discusses the learning process of the former drug addicts return to normal life. One of the learning elements that applies in the adult cognitive system (in this context is the former addict drug) is a critical reflection. Critical reflection is an important element in transformative learning which former drug addict trying to find a solution to drug addiction by doing critical reflection to their past experience. They will reflect, think again, check and examine the experience as a drug addict. In addition, the dialog element is important in critical reflection which can respond to experience of former drug addicts. Dialogue is a process by which the former drug addict dialogue with other individuals to build a new perspective and is a process is important element in transformative learning. Critical reflection and dialogue an effective learning process for adults. The main theory of this study is transformative learning theory by Mezirow. Qualitative methods was chosen in this study by using the phenomenological and case study method in which to understand the phenomenon comprehensively. Finally, this article will conclude the critical reflection and dialogue function to help former drug addicts.  

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