scholarly journals Modern Medicine and the Twentieth Century Decline in Mortality: Evidence on the Impact of Sulfa Drugs

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seema Jayachandran ◽  
Adriana Lleras-Muney ◽  
Kimberly V Smith
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Scarlet Fever ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Medical Innovation ◽  
Sulfa Drugs ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Percent Decline

This paper studies the contribution of sulfa drugs, a groundbreaking medical innovation in the 1930s, to declines in US mortality. For several infectious diseases, sulfa drugs represented the first effective treatment. Using time-series and difference-in-differences methods, we find that sulfa drugs led to a 24 to 36 percent decline in maternal mortality, 17 to 32 percent decline in pneumonia mortality, and 52 to 65 percent decline in scarlet fever mortality between 1937 and 1943. Altogether, sulfa drugs reduced mortality by 2 to 3 percent and increased life expectancy by 0.4 to 0.7 years. We also find that sulfa drugs benefited whites more than blacks. (JEL I12, L65, N32, N72)

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccination Mandates and Vaccine Uptake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Karaivanov ◽  
Dongwoo Kim ◽  
Shih En Lu ◽  
Hitoshi Shigeoka
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Event Study ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Vaccine Mandates ◽  
Canadian Provinces ◽  
The Impact

We estimate the impact of government-mandated proof of vaccination requirements for access to public venues and non-essential businesses on COVID-19 vaccine uptake. We use event-study and difference-in-differences approaches exploiting the variation in the timing of these measures across Canadian provinces. We find that the announcement of a vaccination mandate is associated with large increase in new first-dose vaccinations in the first week (more than 50% on average) and the second week (more than 100%) immediately following the announcement. The estimated effect starts waning about six weeks past the announcement. Counterfactual simulations using our estimates suggest that these mandates have led to about 289,000 additional first-dose vaccinations in Canada as of September 30, 2021, which is 1 to 8 weeks after the policy announcements across the different provinces. Time-series analysis corroborates our results for Canada, and we further estimate that national vaccine mandates in three European countries also led to large gains in first-dose vaccinations (7+ mln in France, 4+ mln in Italy and 1+ mln in Germany, 7 to 12 weeks after the policy announcements). NOTE: The reported numbers may change with more data. Please see updated version when available.

“Eyes on the Street”: The Impact of Tennessee's Emergency Cellular Telephone Program on Alcohol-Related Fatal Crashes

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart J. D'Alessio ◽  
Lisa Stolzenberg ◽  
W. Clinton Terry
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Reporting System ◽  
Highway Safety ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Multiple Time Series ◽  
Cellular Telephone ◽  
Fatal Crash ◽  
Fatal Crashes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Percent Decline

Using longitudinal data drawn from Tennessee's Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and a multiple time-series research design, the authors assessed whether an emergency cellular telephone program, established on April 1, 1995, reduced alcohol-related fatal crashes. Maximum-likelihood results revealed a 2.5 percent decline in the alcohol-related fatal crash rate on roads serviced by the program. No significant change in the monthly percentage of fatal crashes attributed to drunk drivers was observed on roads where the program was not implemented. Emergency cellular telephone programs show promise as an effective and relatively inexpensive means for improving highway safety.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccination Mandates and Vaccine Uptake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Karaivanov ◽  
Dongwoo Kim ◽  
Shih En Lu ◽  
Hitoshi Shigeoka
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Canadian Provinces ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Approach Time

Abstract We evaluate the impact of government mandated proof of vaccination requirements for access to public venues and non-essential businesses on COVID-19 vaccine uptake. We find that the announcement of a mandate is associated with a rapid and significant surge in new vaccinations (more than 60% increase in weekly first doses) using the variation in the timing of these measures across Canadian provinces in a difference-in-differences approach. Time-series analysis for each province and for France, Italy and Germany corroborates this finding, and we estimate cumulative gains of up to 5 percentage points in provincial vaccination rates and 790,000 or more first doses for Canada as a whole as of October 31, 2021 (5 to 13 weeks after the provincial mandate announcements). We also find large vaccination gains in France (3 to 5 mln first doses), Italy (around 6 mln) and Germany (around 3.5 mln) 11 to 16 weeks after the proof of vaccination mandate announcements.JEL codes: I18, I12, C23

scholarly journals The Effect of NFL and NCAA Football Games on the Spread of COVID-19 in the United States: An Empirical Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmae Toumi ◽  
Haoruo Zhao ◽  
Jagpreet Chhatwal ◽  
Benjamin P. Linas ◽  
Turgay Ayer
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
National Football League ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
County Level ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTImportanceIn 2020 and early 2021, the National Football League (NFL) and National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) had opted to host games in stadiums across the country. The in-person attendance of games has varied with time and from county to county. There is currently no evidence on whether limited in-person attendance of games has caused a substantial increase in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases.ObjectiveTo assess whether NFL and NCAA football games with limited in-person attendance have contributed to a substantial increase in COVID-19 cases in the counties they were held.DesignIn this time-series cross-sectional study, we matched every county hosting game(s) with in-person attendance (treated) in 2020 and 2021 with a county that has an identical game history for up to 14 days (control). We employed a standard matching method to further refine this matched set so that the treated and matched control counties have similar population size, non-pharmaceutical intervention(s) in place, and COVID-19 trends. We assessed the effect of hosting games with in-person attendance using a difference-in-difference estimator.SettingU.S. counties.ParticipantsU.S. counties hosting NFL and/or NCAA games.ExposureHosting NFL and/or NCAA games.Main outcomes and measuresEstimating the impact of NFL and NCAA games with in-person attendance on new, reported COVID-19 cases per 100,000 residents at the county-level up to 14 days post-game.ResultsThe matching algorithm returned 361 matching sets of counties. The effect of in-person attendance at NFL and NCAA games on community COVID-19 spread is not significant as it did not surpass 5 new daily cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 residents on average.Conclusions and relevanceThis time-series, cross-sectional matching study with a difference-in-differences design did not find an increase in COVID-19 cases per 100,000 residents in the counties where NFL and NCAA games were held with in-person attendance. Our study suggests that NFL and NCAA football games hosted with limited in-person attendance do not cause a significant increase in local COVID-19 cases.Key pointsQuestionDid NFL and NCAA football games with limited in-person attendance cause a substantia increase in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in the U.S. counties where the games were held?FindingsThis time-series, cross-sectional study of U.S. counties with NFL and NCAA football games used matching and difference-in-differences design to estimate the effect of games with limited in-person attendance on county-level COVID-19 spread. Our study does not find an increase in county-level COVID-19 cases per 100,000 residents due to NFL and NCAA football games held with limited in-person attendance.MeaningThis study suggests that NFL and NCAA games held with limited in-person attendance do not cause an increase in COVID-19 cases in the counties they are held.

The Colony of Medicine

2021 ◽  
pp. 245-258
Author(s):  
John Parker
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Individual Life ◽  
Attitudes Towards Death ◽  
Denial Of Death ◽  
Infants And Young Children

This chapter looks into Ghana's significant change which affected the whole of Africa: the continent's population had begun to increase dramatically by the middle of the twentieth century. The chapter shows the demographic historians' arguments over the reason for this, some pointing to rising birth rates and others to falling death rates. While available evidence suggests that in most regions women's fertility levels remained broadly the same over the first half of the century, there are indications of an accelerating decline in mortality rates, particularly among infants and young children. Yet the overall impact is clear: Africans were, on average, living longer and dying older. The chapter turns to discuss a crucial factor in the increasing denial of death: modern medicine. As individual life expectancy and the overall population in the Gold Coast begun to increase dramatically, the chapter examines how these changes impacted upon attitudes towards death and upon the experience of dying.

scholarly journals EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF DISEASE BURDEN AND WEALTH CREATION IN NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
Festusdading
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Impact

The study investigates the impact of disease burden on wealth creation in Nigeria using annual time series data ranging from 2006-2018. A pre test was conducted to ascertain the stationarity of the data for it is a common knowledge that most time series data are not stationary. The case of this is not an exception to the assertion. Some of the variables were stationary at levels while others were stationary after first difference, that is I(0) and I(1) respectively. The different levels of integration of the data warrant the use of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model as a methodology for the analysis. The theoretical framework was based on the Disability Life Years (DALY) of Murray (1996) which says that the burden of disease is arrived at by the number of years a person loses as a result of dying early due to ailment and the number of years of life a person lives with disability caused by the disease. Diagnostic test was conducted using Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation Lagrange Multiplier Test to ascertain whether there is autocorrelation among the variables but the result shows that there is no trace of autocorrelation among variables. The long run empirical analysis revealed that wealth creation has impact on disease burden in Nigeria. This can conversely infer that as the source of livelihood increase, the disease burden on the population is reduced because people will have income to attract health consideration which invariably will reduce the chances of suffering from diseases. The life expectancy at birth has more and significant impact on disease burden than population and even wealth creation. It is therefore recommended among other recommendations that measures that will lead to wealth creation should be harnessed as this will greatly reduce the burden of diseases in Nigeria which will invariably increase life expectancy at birth.

Evaluation of the impact of public investment programs on social and economic performance of territories

2019 ◽  
pp. 109-123
Author(s):  
I. E. Limonov ◽  
M. V. Nesena
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Modeling ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
The Public ◽  
Export Activity ◽  
Regional Investment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Development Institution

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of public investment programs on the socio-economic development of territories. As a case, the federal target programs for the development of regions and investment programs of the financial development institution — Vnesheconombank, designed to solve the problems of regional development are considered. The impact of the public interventions were evaluated by the “difference in differences” method using Bayesian modeling. The results of the evaluation suggest the positive impact of federal target programs on the total factor productivity of regions and on innovation; and that regional investment programs of Vnesheconombank are improving the export activity. All of the investments considered are likely to have contributed to the reduction of unemployment, but their implementation has been accompanied by an increase in social inequality.

Modernism, Empiricism, and Rationalism

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Squires
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern Poetry ◽  
Philosophical Perspective ◽  
Irish Poetry ◽  
Dimensional Spectrum ◽  
Culture History ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rule Out

Modernism is usually defined historically as the composite movement at the beginning of the twentieth century which led to a radical break with what had gone before in literature and the other arts. Given the problems of the continuing use of the concept to cover subsequent writing, this essay proposes an alternative, philosophical perspective which explores the impact of rationalism (what we bring to the world) on the prevailing empiricism (what we take from the world) of modern poetry, which leads to a concern with consciousness rather than experience. This in turn involves a re-conceptualisation of the lyric or narrative I, of language itself as a phenomenon, and of other poetic themes such as nature, culture, history, and art. Against the background of the dominant empiricism of modern Irish poetry as presented in Crotty's anthology, the essay explores these ideas in terms of a small number of poets who may be considered modernist in various ways. This does not rule out modernist elements in some other poets and the initial distinction between a poetics of experience and one of consciousness is better seen as a multi-dimensional spectrum that requires further, more detailed analysis than is possible here.

The Doctor Faustus Dossier

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Daub
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Music And Literature ◽  
Twentieth Century Music ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Doctor Faustus ◽  
Public Lives ◽  
Nazi Era ◽  
The Impact

Arnold Schoenberg and Thomas Mann, two towering figures of twentieth-century music and literature, both found refuge in the German-exile community in Los Angeles during the Nazi era. This complete edition of their correspondence provides a glimpse inside their private and public lives and culminates in the famous dispute over Mann's novel Doctor Faustus. In the thick of the controversy was Theodor Adorno, then a budding philosopher, whose contribution to the Faustus affair would make him an enemy of both families. Gathered here for the first time in English, the letters are complemented by diary entries, related articles, and other primary source materials, as well as an introduction that contextualizes the impact that these two great artists had on twentieth-century thought and culture.

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