Legislative Initiatives Regarding the Tightening of the Responsibility for Non-Fulfillment of the Obligation to Undergo Treatment for Drug Addiction: Problems and Future Visions

Various psychoactive substances that are in illegal circulation cause significant damage to the health of the population. Discussions among scientists about measures to reduce the level of drug use have not been stopped for many decades. The main goal of all researches is to search for effective anti-narcotic drugs and the implementation into practice of new technologies to counter drug crime. Following the scientists, a legislator tries to choose the most optimal designs that allow an objective and comprehensive assessment of the actions of violators, taking into account the need to save repressive measures. In the first edition, the current Criminal Code of the Russian Federation allowed the use of compulsory medical measures to persons with an established diagnosis of "drug addiction". Later, the measures of compulsory treatment were recognized as inhumane and abolished. They were replaced by the institution of imposing by the court on a drug addict the obligation to undergo treatment for drug addiction, medical and (or) social rehabilitation. As an interim measure, a legislator in 2013 put into effect Article 6.9.1 of the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation, which provides liability for evading a drug addict from the duty imposed by the court. Currently, a legislator offers to tighten the responsibility of a drug addict for evading treatment and rehabilitation by introducing an administrative prejudice. The conducted research has shown that it is possible to achieve the desired result by other means.

Adaptation Strategies: Aesthetics of the Linguistic Codes Used by Drug Addicts in Portugal

Daily continuous drug use becomes a chronic disease, and this causes the person to lose control over his actions and over his own life. The most used nomenclatures/terminologies when referring to drug users is “addict”. The desire to use drugs overrides all the activities and responsibilities that the drug addict must carry out in his daily life. The physical and psychosocial destruction of the drug user is quick and visible to all those around him and who lives with him daily. In Portugal, drug addicts, despite knowing that they are not criminalized for drug use, know and feel that this is not a socially accepted practice. In this sense, one of the ways that these people defend themselves from social criticism or judgment is through the elaboration of the perceptible linguistic signs and codes, which is understandable only by the drug addicts. In this research, the analysis dimension consisted of understanding and decoding these linguistic codes and to perceive the main reasons that are inherent to their use by drug addicts. According to the reports of drug addicts, it was possible to decode these linguistic codes of drug addicts and translate them into a language that can be accessible to the Portuguese society in general, and for all those who develop their professional practices with drug addicts. To carry out this research, the qualitative methodology was used, which is centered on a case study. Semi-structured interviews were used as a data collection technique. For data analysis, the content analysis was utilized.

Can Local Comparative Judgements Justify Moderate Perfectionism?

A common objection to political liberalism is that since reasonable citizens agree that some ways of life are worse than others – for instance that the life of a drug addict is less worthwhile than the life of a person who spends her time with family and philosophy – political liberals must concede that the state can sometimes permissibly use perfectionist reasons. I argue in this paper that this challenge is mistaken, because the comparison only tells us something about relative, not absolute, value. And because the real question concerns what the right justificatory constituency looks like, not what counts as reasonable in some other sense, the implication is that perfectionists and political liberals could construct equally plausible idealised constituencies. This stalemate gives us reason to develop arguments in favour of our preferred justificatory constituency. We cannot view local comparative judgements in isolation.

An Implementation of First and Second Order Neural Network Classification on Potential Drug Addict Repetition

Back propagation (BP) neural network is known for its popularity and its capability in prediction and classification. BP used gradient descent (GD) method as one of the most widely used error minimization methods used to train back propagation (BP) networks. Besides its popularity BP still faces some limitation such as very slow in learning as well as easily get stuck at local minima. Many techniques have been introduced to improve BP performance. This research implements second order method together with gradient descent in order to improve its performance. The efficiency of both methods are verified and compared by means of simulations on classifying drug addict repetition. The results show that the second order methods are more reliable and significantly improves the learning performance of BP.

HARGA DIRI MANTAN PECANDU NARKOBA YANG BEKERJA DI PUSAT REHABILITASI “X” JAMBI

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Ex-drug addicts might potentially experience a relapse. Previous research hadfound that one of the factors that could affect ex-drug addicts to survive from a relapse was selfesteem.Self-esteem is essential for every human being, especially for the ones who are in theirrecovery, such as addiction recovery. This research aimed to describe the self-esteem of ex-drugaddicts working at a rehabilitation center.Method: The participants of this research were three men working at a rehabilitation center andhad stopped using drugs minimum in a year. This research was conducted in Jambi in 2018, useda qualitative research method with a phenomenology approach. The data collection techniqueused an in-depth interview.Result: All of the participants still disregarded some values yet had some appropriateexperiences in other aspects of self-esteem. The main factors that significantly contributed totheir self-esteem were relatively different. Conclusions and recommendation: It appears that the self-esteem of all the participants tendsto lead to the mediumcategory Keywords: addiction recovery, ex-drug addict, rehabilitation, self-esteem ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Mantan pecandu narkoba yang berhasil lepas dari ketergantungan narkobaberpotensi untuk mengalami kekambuhan. Penelitian sebelumnya menemukan salah satu faktoryang dapat mempengaruhi mantan pecandu narkoba mampu bertahan untuk tidak kembalimenggunakan narkoba adalah harga diri. Harga diri penting dalam kehidupan seseorang, terutamabagi seseorang yang sedang dalam masa pemulihan, seperti pemulihan adiksi. Penelitian inimendeskripsikan mengenai harga diri pada mantan pecandu narkoba yang bekerja di pusatrehabilitasi “X” Jambi.Metode: Partisipan penelitian ialah tiga orang laki-laki dewasa yang berusia antara 25-45 tahun,sedang bekerja sebagai staf di pusat rehabilitasi “X” Jambi, dan telah berhenti menggunakannarkoba minimal satu tahun. Penelitian dilakukan di Kota Jambi pada tahun 2018, menggunakanmetode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi, serta metode pengumpulan datamelalui teknik wawancara mendalam.Hasil: Ketiga partisipan masih belum memenuhi beberapa nilai-nilai kebajikan, namun partisipantelah berhasil memenuhi sebagian besar nilai yang terkandung dalam aspek harga diri. Faktoryang paling berperan dalam pembentukan harga diri masing-masing partisipan secara khususmemiliki perbedaan yang mendasar. Kesimpulan dan Saran: Harga diri ketiga partisipan cenderung mengarah ke dalamkategori harga dirisedang berdasarkan keseluruhan aspek yang hampir terpenuhi dan beberapayang tidak terpenuhi.Kata kunci: harga diri, mantan pecandu narkoba, pemulihan adiksi, rehabilitasi

Peran Syeikh dalam Pembentukan Karakter Generasi Ranah Minangkabau Sumatera Barat di Lembaga Pendidikan Surau

A good nation is a nation that has a character that is manifested in thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behaviors, and configurations that are based on religious, legal, customary, religious, and cultural values. Not a drug addict, which will damage the morals of religion and culture. To realize a generation of character, the role of the Syeikh is needed in the formation of the character of the generation of the Minangkabau realm of West Sumatra in the Surau educational institution. The purpose of the study is to study the character shape of students, the role of the Syeikh in character formation. As a result of research, research is conducted by collecting data through interviews, observation, documentation. While the forms of character instilled religious values, discipline, honesty, independence is hard work full of creativity, curiosity with the full sense of responsibility. Sheikh managed to become a good character, instilling good and responsible habits, encouraging and innovating.

Peran Syeikh dalam Pembentukan Karakter Generasi Ranah Minangkabau Sumatera Barat di Lembaga Pendidikan Surau

A good nation is a nation that has a character that is manifested in thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behaviors, and configurations that are based on religious, legal, customary, religious, and cultural values. Not a drug addict, which will damage the morals of religion and culture. To realize a generation of character, the role of the Syeikh is needed in the formation of the character of the generation of the Minangkabau realm of West Sumatra in the Surau educational institution. The purpose of the study is to study the character shape of students, the role of the Syeikh in character formation. As a result of research, research is conducted by collecting data through interviews, observation, documentation. While the forms of character instilled religious values, discipline, honesty, independence is hard work full of creativity, curiosity with the full sense of responsibility. Sheikh managed to become a good character, instilling good and responsible habits, encouraging and innovating.

From Leaving Home to Losing Identity: A Qualitative Study on Rough Sleeping in Drug Addicts in Iran

Objectives: The phenomenon of rough sleeping in big cities of Iran, particularly in Tehran is a serious social problem. The term rough sleeping is mostly used for those who sleep on the public spaces including pavements, parks or under bridges. It is assumed that rough sleeping and drug addiction are linked to each other. This study aims to evaluate the process of rough sleeping based on the experiences of homeless drug addicted in Iran. Methods: This is a qualitative research. Participants were 20 homeless addicts (9 males and 11 females, mean age= 36.2 years) in Tehran city who were recruited using a purposive sampling method, and sampling continued until data saturation. The data were collected through a semi-structured in-depth interview and observations. Data analysis was performed based on the grounded theory recommended by Strauss and Corbin (1998). Results: The rough sleeping process had two steps: (a) Leaving home voluntarily (to protect family or escape from family problems) or involuntarily (Due to being expelled from home and losing the roof over the head), and (b) Being homelessness which had four main categories: Elusive life, informal and contravened subsistence, involving in exploitative relationships, and loss of individual/social identity. Conclusion: When leaving home and becoming rough sleeper, the individual becomes elusive, delinquent, damaged and socially rejected homeless, in addition to the risk of becoming a drug addict. Therefore, this group can be considered as a severely injured group involved in various social, legal and psychological issues. Given the complexity of the homelessness aspects in drug addicts, there is a need for coordinated interventions between individuals, families and the support systems at all levels.