scholarly journals COVID-19 and the Heart

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaitanya Rojulpote ◽  
Karthik Gonuguntla ◽  
Shivaraj Patil ◽  
Abhijit Bhattaru ◽  
Paco Bravo
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The World ◽  
Significant Burden ◽  
Coronary Syndromes ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in a global health crisis. Prior to the arrival of this viral pandemic, the world was already plagued with a significant burden of cardiovascular disease. With the introduction of the novel virus, the world now faces a double jeapordy. Early reports have suggested an increased risk of death in individuals with underlying cardio-metabolic disorders. The exact effects of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system are not well determined, however lessons from prior viral epidemics suggest that such infections can trigger acute coronary syndromes, arrhythmias and heart failure via direct and indirect mechanisms. In this article, we aimed to discuss the effects and potential underlying mechanisms of COVID -19 as well as potential implications of treatments targeted against this virus on the cardiovascular system.

scholarly journals Age, Comorbidities, and Mortality Correlation in COVID-19 Patients: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidyulata Salunkhe ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Grand Total ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Underlying Diseases

Background: The risk of death due to COVID-19 among hospitalized patients is known to be higher in older adults and those with underlying health conditions. Understanding the percentage of patients who are at increased risk of death due COVID-19 and how this varies between age groups will inform the healthcare community how to evaluate the risk of COVID-19, and better design healthcare and economic policies. Methods: We conducted a literature search for studies published between December 2019 until May 16, 2020 in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane (CENTRAL). Descriptive statistics were performed. Results: We reviewed 14 studies of which 13 were retrospective and one was prospective. Eleven studies were conducted in Wuhan, China. A grand total of 11,938 COVID-19 confirmed patients were reviewed. Among these patients, 7637 (64%) were males. Our review reported hypertension (41%), diabetes (21%), cardiac diseases (14%), COPD (8%), chronic kidney disease (4%) and cerebrovascular disease (10%) as the most common underlying diseases among patients who died during hospitalization due to COVID-19. The total number of patients died in the hospital was 1744 (15%). Among patients who died in the hospital, 1% patients were 30-39 years, 16% patients were 40-59 years and 83% patients were more than 60 years of age. Conclusions: Older patients with underlying diseases appear to be at higher risk of mortality from COVID-19. Comorbidities are significant predictors of mortality in COVID-19 patients. There is an urgent need to know the epidemiology of the novel virus and characterize its potential impact.

scholarly journals Lessons earned and lessons learned: What should be done next to counter the COVID-19 infodemic?

European View ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-163
Author(s):  
Nad’a Kovalčíková ◽  
Ariane Tabatabai
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Health Crisis ◽  
Societal Challenges ◽  
The World ◽  
Information Manipulation ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

As governments and citizens around the world have struggled with the novel coronavirus, the information space has turned into a battleground. Authoritarian countries, including Russia, China and Iran, have spread disinformation on the causes of and responses to the pandemic. The over-abundance of information, also referred to as an ‘infodemic’, including manipulated information, has been both a cause and a result of the exacerbation of the public health crisis. It is further undermining trust in democratic institutions, the independent press, and facts and data, and exacerbating the rising tensions driven by economic, political and societal challenges. This article discusses the challenges democracies have faced and the measures they have adopted to counter information manipulation that impedes public health efforts. It draws seven lessons learned from the information war and offers a set of recommendations on tackling future infodemics related to public health.

scholarly journals COVID-19: a novel zoonotic disease caused by a coronavirus from China: what we know and what we don't

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S Mackenzie ◽  
David W Smith
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
Director General ◽  
The Novel ◽  
New Disease ◽  
Unknown Aetiology ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Health Organization

At the end of December, 2019, a new disease of unknown aetiology appeared in Wuhan, China. It was quickly identified as a novel betacoronavirus, and related to SARS-CoV and a number of other bat-borne SARS-like coronaviruses. The virus rapidly spread to all provinces in China, as well as a number of countries overseas, and was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the Director-General of the World Health Organization on 30 January 2020. This paper describes the evolution of the outbreak, and the known properties of the novel virus, SARS-CoV-2 and the clinical disease it causes, COVID-19, and comments on some of the important gaps in our knowledge of the virus and the disease it causes. The virus is the third zoonotic coronavirus, after SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, but appears to be the only one with pandemic potential.

Predictors of Supratentorial Deep Intracerebral Hemorrhage Volume and Their Effect on Short-Term Mortality in Asians

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 319-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myung Hoon Han ◽  
Jae Min Kim ◽  
Hyeong-Joong Yi ◽  
Jin Hwan Cheong ◽  
Yong Ko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Short Term Mortality ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Background: The volume of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) measured at hospital admission is the strongest predictor of clinical outcomes in patients with ICH. Despite the high incidence rate of ICH in Asians, there is lack of data regarding predictors of ICH volume in this ethnic group. The purpose of this study was to determine predictors of deep ICH volume and examine their effect on short-term mortality in Asians. Methods: Hematoma volume was measured using the ABC/2 method. ICH volume was transformed to the natural log scale to normalize distributions for all analyses. We estimated the coefficients of ICH volume based on relevant predictors using multivariable linear regression. We also determined the association between body mass index (BMI) and ICH volume using a regression line and a line determined by a locally weighted scatter plot smoothing. Results: A total of 1,039 patients from 2 twin hospitals in Korea who were admitted with primary spontaneous supratentorial deep ICH over a 12-year period were enrolled in this study. The median ICH volume was 19.7 ml. The average patient age was 59.2, and 62.4% of patients were men. The mean ICH volume showed a gradual, approximately 2% decrease per 1 BMI increase in the current study, after adjusting for all relevant variables (β = -0.024; SE 0.004; p < 0.001). In addition, patients with frequent alcohol consumption showed a 10% increase in mean ICH volume (β = 0.098; SE 0.041; p = 0.016), and patients undergoing warfarin treatment showed a 30% increase in mean ICH volume after full adjustment of all relevant variables (β = 0.296; SE 0.050; p < 0.001). Relative to overweight patients, there was a 47, 11, and 18% increase in admission mean ICH volume in underweight, normal weight and obese patients, respectively. Patients in the first quartile and underweight BMI groups had 1.45-fold (hazard ratio (HR) 1.45; 95% CI 1.03-2.03; p = 0.035) and 1.77-fold (HR 1.77; 95% CI 1.10-2.84; p = 0.019) higher increased risk of death during the first 3 months after ICH, retrospectively. In addition, patients in groups with frequent alcohol consumption and warfarin use both showed a significant association with mortality 90 days after ICH. Conclusions: We demonstrated the association between various predictors and admission ICH volume with short-term mortality in Asians. Further studies are needed to account for these observations and determine their underlying mechanisms.

scholarly journals Coronavirus Pandemic: a major public health crisis for the developed and developing world

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 366-369
Author(s):  
Rooh Ullah ◽  
Muhammad Suleman Rana ◽  
Mehmood Qadir ◽  
Muhammad Usman ◽  
Niaz Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Public Health Crisis ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Day By Day

Pandemic of novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in China is now become global public health crisis. At present 87.64% of the world is infected by this deadly illness. The risk from this epidemic depends on the nature of the virus, including how well it transmits from person to person, and the complications resulting from this current illness. The novel coronavirus has killed thousands of people in China and other countries as well; its rate of mortality is increasing day by day. There is an urgent need to control the virus by developing vaccine or any other antiviral drugs to save the world from this deadly viral infection.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular risk associated with allopurinol vs. benzbromarone in patients with gout

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Ha Kang ◽  
Eun Hye Park ◽  
Anna Shin ◽  
Jung Soo Song ◽  
Seoyoung C Kim
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Revascularization ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Uricosuric Agents ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Insurance Claims Data ◽  
Health Insurance Claims Data ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Aims  With the high prevalence of gout and associated cardiovascular (CV) diseases, information on the comparative CV safety of individual urate-lowering drugs becomes increasingly important. However, few studies examined the CV risk of uricosuric agents. We compared CV risk among patients with gout who initiated allopurinol vs. benzbromarone. Methods and results  Using the Korean National Health Insurance claims data (2002–17), we conducted a cohort study of 124 434 gout patients who initiated either allopurinol (n = 103 695) or benzbromarone (n = 20 739), matched on propensity score at a 5:1 ratio. The primary outcome was a composite CV endpoint of myocardial infarction, stroke/transient ischaemic attack, or coronary revascularization. To account for competing risk of death, we used cause-specific hazard models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the outcomes comparing allopurinol initiators with benzbromarone. Over a mean follow-up of 1.16 years, 2258 patients developed a composite CV event. The incidence rate of the composite CV event was higher in allopurinol initiators (1.81 per 100 person-years) than benzbromarone (1.61 per 100 person-years) with a HR of 1.22 (95% CI 1.05–1.41). The HR for all-cause mortality was 1.66 (95% CI 1.43–1.93) among allopurinol initiators compared with benzbromarone. Conclusion  In this large population-based cohort of gout patients, allopurinol was associated with an increased risk of composite CV events and all-cause mortality compared to benzbromarone. Benzbromarone may reduce CV risk and mortality in patients with gout, although more studies are necessary to confirm our findings and to advance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms.

scholarly journals HIV and Patient Monitoring in Malawi

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Williams
Keyword(s):  
Patient Monitoring ◽  
Current System ◽  
Best Interest ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Cd4 Cell Count ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Current State ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The World ◽  
World Ranking

Malawi has developed an excellent, nation-wide system for monitoring people infected with HIV and keeping track of key epidemic markers. Their success lies in two things: the focus on simplicity and the use of data collection not only to track the epidemic and identify problems but also to give regular feedback and support to every clinic in the country. This achievement is the more remarkable given that Malawi is one of the poorest countries in the world, ranking 190 out of 194 countries by GDP, but has one of the most severe epidemics of HIV in the world, ranking 9th out of 168 countries by HIV prevalence. We first discuss the current state and likely future epidemic trends in Malawi: unless we know where we are and where we are going we cannot decide what to do or how to do it to in order to achieve a better outcome. We then discuss the history and development of Malawi&rsquo;s patient monitoring system, as reported in their Integrated HIV Program Reports,ix which have been published quarterly since the beginning of 2004. We consider the current state of patient monitoring and support as reflected in the most recent report for the third quarter (Q3) of 2016 and comment on some of the questions that this raises. Finally, we consider ways in which the current system could be improved by strengthening Malawi&rsquo;s analytical capacity and making better use of this unique data set. The focus here is on HIV in adultsv because if ART is initiated early in all adults living with HIV this should include testing all pregnant women for HIV and starting them on treatment immediately. However, PMTCT is especially important and care must be given to reducing MTCT and identifying the long-term child survivors of mother-to-child transmission and this demands a complementary assessment. There is an ongoing debate about the relative merits of treatment and prevention in reducing transmission and it should be made clear that the primary reason for starting people on treatment early is that it is in the best interest of the individual patient to start treatment as soon as possible after becoming infected. Allowing a person&rsquo;s immune system to deteriorate to any degree is not consistent with the clinician&rsquo;s commitment to &lsquo;first do no harm&rsquo; and even those with the highest CD4+ cell count are at a substantially increased risk of death. What matters, therefore, is to get as many people as possible onto ART, ensure that they remain virally suppressed, and consider prevention in this context.

scholarly journals Treatment of Patients in the Vulnerable Phase (at Discharge or Early after Discharge)

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri M. Lopatin ◽  
Giuseppe MC Rosano
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Post Discharge ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Discharge Outcomes ◽  
Socioeconomic Burden

The clinical course of heart failure includes a period in which the patient is at increased risk of death or rehospitalisation for HF. This period is termed the “vulnerable phase” and occurs during the peri-acute HF phase, due to microenvironmental changes in the cardiovascular system. Typically, the vulnerability phase starts from the onset of an acute HF event leading to admission, continues through a peri-discharge period and lasts up to 6 months after discharge.These poor post-discharge outcomes also represent a significant socioeconomic burden. This articles reviews treatments that are beneficial in this important phase.

scholarly journals COVID-19: The Pandemic Situation in the Context of India

2021 ◽  
pp. 456-463
Author(s):  
Daksh Hardaswani
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Animal Virus ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Hand Wash ◽  
The World ◽  
Financial Impacts

The novel corona virus disease (COVID-19) is a pandemic due to the global health crisis it has created in the world and greatest challenges that it has introduced in this 21ST century. COVID-19 is the the 5th pandemic which was first reported in Wuhan, China and gradually spread into the other parts of the world. This virus is a spillover of an animal virus and then also adapted the ability of transferring human to human. The virus is highly contagious due to rapid spread and constantly evolves in the human population.  COVID-19 pandemic is a lot more than just a health emergency, but it is also socio-economic because people are losing jobs and income. The COVID-19 disease affects physical and mental health due to isolation. Moreover, more and more countries are affecting the cases of COVID-19 which are rising very rapidly day by day. Therefore, every country needs to several actions which accelerates their safety health, balance between the protection of health, prevent economic and social disruption due to this pandemic. In the spirit of the solidarity, we all need to be contributing our self to protect this situation. However, every country is equally responsible for determining the measures to prevent or decrease the viral transmission. Government authorizes also trying to act for reduce disease’s trajectory and they focus on develop the vaccination and therapeutic drugs.  Aim: To find causes, symptoms, awareness, Prevention, and treatment of COVID-19. Conclusion: The world is going by the critical situation and that is COVID-19 pandemic which is originated due to corona virus. Shortness of breath, fever and dry cough are most common symptoms of the novel corona virus. COVID-19 is highly contagious, so we must keep safe distance from other people and wear a mast hand wash our hands frequently. As it were together can we overcome the interwoven wellbeing and social and financial impacts of the widespread and anticipate its acceleration into an extended compassionate and nourishment security catastrophe, with the potential misfortune of as of now accomplished advancement picks up. 

scholarly journals Epidemiology and Management of Peritonitis at a Rural Hospital in Zambia

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergiy Karachentsev
Keyword(s):  
Peptic Ulcer ◽  
Acute Appendicitis ◽  
Organ Failure ◽  
Perforated Peptic Ulcer ◽  
Rural Hospital ◽  
Level Of Care ◽  
Significant Morbidity ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The World

Background: Peritonitis is a common surgical emergency with varying etiologies encountered the world over. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality despite intensive research and advances in management. Methods: Records of 119 patients operated on for peritonitis at a rural surgical hospital in Zambia over a 10-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Common sources of peritonitis were perforated peptic ulcer, acute appendicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and perforated terminal ileum. Postoperative period became complicated in 42 patients (32.3%). Fourteen patients (11.8%) died postoperatively; the highest level of mortality was in patients with perforated peptic ulcer (26%). Organ failure was found in 29 patients (24.4%) and was associated with increased risk of death. Conclusions: Individual approach with identifying signs of organ failure is essential to determine the patient’s prognosis and decide on the level of care. Patients without organ dysfunction can be successfully managed in a rural surgical hospital. Keywords: Peritonitis, Epidemiology, Morbidity, Mortality, Rural hospital, Zambia

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