scholarly journals J.R.R. TOLKIEN’S CONSTRUCTION OF MULTIPLE MASCULINITIES IN THE LORD OF THE RINGS

Author(s):  
Beatriz Domínguez Ruiz

Abstract: The Lord of the Rings is one of the most widely acclaimed fantasy novels in history and since it was first published in the fifties, the analysis of the work from the perspective of gender has mainly focused on its female characters. In this article, written on the 60th anniversary of the first publication of the third and last volume, The Return of the King, my aim is to focus rather on the most relevant male characters and what types of masculinities they perform, offering thus a new re-reading of the text from the point of view of masculinities. Title in Spanish: “La construcción de masculinidades múltiples en El Señor de los Anillos, de J.R.R. Tolkien”Resumen: El Señor de los Anillos es una de las novelas de fantasía más aclamadas de la historia. Desde que fue publicada en los cincuenta, el análisis de esta obra desde el punto de vista del género se ha centrado fundamentalmente en las mujeres. En este artículo, escrito en el sexagésimo aniversario de la primera publicación del tercer y último volumen de la obra, El Retorno del Rey, mi intención es centrarme sin embargo en los tipos de masculinidades representados por algunos de los personajes más relevantes, ofreciendo una nueva relectura del texto desde el punto de vista de las masculinidades.

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-63
Author(s):  
Indira Acharya Mishra

The article aims to examine the images of ethnic women in Upendra Subba's Lāto Pahāda [Dumb Hill], a collection of short stories. The focus of the article is to analyze the portrayal of female characters in the selected five stories from the collection and to explain how they subvert the image of the ideal woman promoted by mainstream Nepali literature. These stories deal with the issues of Limbu people, an ethnic community residing in the eastern hilly region of Nepal. Through them, Subba raises the issues of ethnicity and representation of marginalized people. He explores the pain, suffering and hardship of these people who have been at the margin of the society. The stories, mostly, focus on men who play the primary roles in them; nonetheless, female characters play an important role to make sense of the lifestyle of the Limbu people. Portrayed in the secondary roles as wife, daughter, and mother to the male characters, they maintain equal relation with their male counterparts. They work with self-determination and do not experience male domination in thei lives. To analyze the issues stated above, this paper draws theoretical ideas from third wave feminism which rejects the universalist claim that all women share a set of common experiences. The third wave feminists deny the concept of universal femininity; they clarify that the forms of oppression can be as varied just as resistance to them can have specific local color. The finding of the article suggests that Subba's female characters are depicted in the ethnic background which is nonhierarchical and believes in gender equality. Their portrayal subverts the image of ideal womanhood created and circulated by mainstream Nepali literature.


2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1225-1228
Author(s):  
Dr. Foroogh Kazemi ◽  
Shohreh Dalaee

In this article, two novels by Zoya Pirzad has been investigated considering Fairclough Critical Discourse Analysis. This article is trying to show how ideology and power of male-characters have influenced on female-characters in these novels. This paper shows that males patriarchal dialogues that are influenced by society, law and ideology put female characters in challenge and pushes aside their dialogues. This paper has investigated the influence of tradition, culture, and ideology on family life and particularly on peoples linguistic interactions from gender point of view. It has been found that the dominant discourse is patriarchal and most of novel females are passive. The research method in this article is analytical and analysis unit is sentences and dialogues of Zoya Pirzads  two novels.


2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 2191-2196
Author(s):  
Cristian Constantin Budacu ◽  
Nicoleta Ioanid ◽  
Cristian Romanec ◽  
Mihail Balan ◽  
Liliana Lacramioara Pavel ◽  
...  

Canine plays an important role in the dento-maxillary system. From a functional point of view, it provides the canine guidance, by positioning it in the frontal area, has a role in facial aesthetics. It plays an important prosthetic role by having the longest root and one of the longest arcade teeth. Three molars represent the last teeth that erupt in the arches both in the jaw and in the mandible, which is why they remain the most frequently included.Canine incidence is quite common following the wisdom tooth. It can be unilateral or bilateral and is more common in the upper jaw. The canine may remain included at the vestibular, palatal or between the two bones. A separate entity is the incision of the canine in the edentulous mandible or jaw. The study included 213 cases with dento-alveolar pathology, of which 128 patients were selected with dental inclusion. Our study reports that the first three molars are frequent, followed by the canine as opposed to other studies conducted by Guzduz K in 2011 and Fardi A of the same year bringing the canines first (Fardi, Guzduz). Some studies attribute the first place to the superior canine in terms of frequency, but they are abstracted from the molar three inclusion that they consider as most frequently (Compoy). The most common tooth in inclusion is the third molar (lower and upper) followed by the upper canine; the most commonly affected are women for both canine and molar.


Author(s):  
Anatoly S. Kuprin ◽  
Galina I. Danilina

The purpose of this study is the analysis of limit situation in the narrative of war. The material of the study is the novel of Daniil Granin “My Lieutenant” and related texts. In the first part of the paper, the authors explore existing approaches to the term “limit situation” and similar concepts into scientific and philosophical traditions; limits of its applicability in literary studies and its relation to the categories of “narrative instances” and “event”. Proposed a literary-theoretical definition of the limit situation, which can be used in the analysis of fiction texts. Existing approaches to the examination of the situation of war are analyzed: philosophical-existential, psychoanalytic, sociological, literary. In the second part of the paper, the authors propose their method for analyzing limit situations in texts about war, which basis on existing approaches and preserves the text-centric principle of studying the structure of the story. Two interrelated areas of research have been identified: the study of war as a continuous limit situation in the intertextual aspect (the discourse of war); the study of limit situations (death, suffering, guilt, accident) in the narrative of war as part of a specific text. In the third part of the scientific work,the analysis of war as a continuous limit situation results in the study of the concept of “limit” (border) in a fiction text. The role of “limit” (border) concept in the texts about the war is studied, the possible types of limits in the discourse of war are examined. Limit situations in the narrative of war are analyzed on the basis of the novel “My Lieutenant” by Daniil Granin. A review of journalistic and scientific works about the novel revealed both the continuity and the differences between the novel and the “lieutenant” prose of the 20th century. An analysis of the limit situations in the novel revealed their key position in the narrative. These situations are independent of the fiction time, of the fluctuation of the point of view’; the function of the abstract author is to build the narrative as a “directive” immersion of the hero and narrator in these situations.


2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Redacción CEIICH

<p class="p1">The third number of <span class="s1"><strong>INTER</strong></span><span class="s2"><strong>disciplina </strong></span>underscores this generic reference of <em>Bodies </em>as an approach to a key issue in the understanding of social reality from a humanistic perspective, and to understand, from the social point of view, the contributions of the research in philosophy of the body, cultural history of the anatomy, as well as the approximations queer, feminist theories and the psychoanalytical, and literary studies.</p>


Encyclopedia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 542-551
Author(s):  
Mirko Vagnoni
Keyword(s):  

William II of Hauteville King of Sicily (1171–1189). William II of Hauteville was the third king of the Norman dynasty on the throne of Sicily. He ruled independently from 1171 (from 1166 to 1171 he was under the regency of his mother) to 1189. From an iconographic point of view, he is particularly interesting because he was the first king of Sicily who made use of monumental images of himself. In particular, we have five official (namely, commissioned directly by him or his entourage) representations of him: the royal bull, the royal seal, and three images from the Cathedral of Monreale (near Palermo): two mosaic panels and one carved capital.


2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1501000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Zitzelsberger ◽  
Gerhard Buchbauer

This work is an update of a recently published review and is consistently referred to this article and recent findings about plants’ indirect defense are added on. Herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) and their effects on the third trophic level that involves predators and parasitoids are discussed. The fact that plants are not passive individuals is confirmed on the basis of several studies. Plants can perceive and respond to cues in their environments with plastic morphological, physiological and behavioral traits. Plasticity allows plants to tailor their defenses to their current and expected risks caused by herbivores. The “cry for help” of plants is also observed from the carnivores’ point of view. The volatile mixture contains crucial information for decisions of carnivorous insects. Furthermore, the most important methods to examine the behavioral response of carnivorous insects to HIPVs are presented not only in laboratory set ups but also in the field. Manipulations of plants by silencing genes or over-expressing genes can help to understand mechanisms of indirect defense. Various interesting examples of indirect defense reveal the possibility to use HIPVs in biological control. Therefore, the application of synthetic pesticides, that pollute the environment, may be reduced in the future.


1945 ◽  
Vol 35 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Scullard

In the settlement of Greece after the Third Macedonian War Roman policy was at times moderate, at times harsh. On occasion the difference might represent only an individual point of view: thus the terms imposed upon Macedonia might seem generous to a Roman who contemplated the grant of ‘freedom’ to the Macedonians, the reduction of taxation and the absence of territorial aggression on Rome's part, while they might equally seem harsh to a Macedonian who felt that his sense of nationhood had been violated by Rome's creation of the four independent Republics. But towards Epirus Roman policy seems to have been marked by two successive stages, the first moderate, the second brutal. It is the purpose of this note to attempt to consider the causes which determined this change and to examine what influence the Epirote Charops exercised upon the measures which turned his country into a playground for Roman brutality and ultimately into an abomination of desolation.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darian Jancowicz-Pitel

The presented paper aimed for exploring the translation process, a translator or interpreter needs equipment or tools so that the objectives of a translation can be achieved. If an interpreter needs a pencil, paper, headphones, and a mic, then an interpreter needs even more tools. The tools required include conventional and modern tools. Meanwhile, the approach needed in research on translation is qualitative and quantitative, depending on the research objectives. If you want to find a correlation between a translator's translation experience with the quality or type of translation errors, a quantitative method is needed. Also, this method is very appropriate to be used in research in the scope of teaching translation, for example from the student's point of view, their level of intelligence regarding the quality or translation errors. While the next method is used if the research contains translation errors, procedures, etc., it is more appropriate to use qualitative methods. Seeing this fact, these part-time translators can switch to the third type of translator, namely free translators. This is because there is an awareness that they can live by translation. These translators set up their translation efforts that involve multiple languages.


2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (107) ◽  
pp. 138-162
Author(s):  
Carsten Juhl

A Manifesto in Danish has to deal with the Mother tongue and attack the Fatherland: Some preliminary studies about art and language presented from the point of view of the history of literature:The study follows five lines of reasoning: The first deals with the impossibility of formulating a manifesto in general; the impossibility of advocating the use of violence and on the other hand the impossibility of using dialogue. So the system of prescriptions and promises normally used in a manifesto no longer have sense.The next line of reasoning concerns the impossibility of presenting fictional preoccupations in the mass media and explaining why literature in Danish has to deal with its contents and form outside the current commentary and celebration hosted by the mass media. In this second line the Vico legacy is introduced to explain a conflict in Danish literature concerning its lack of an epic centre of historical and aesthetical understanding. Benjamin’s defence of the epicity in the work of Brecht is similarly discussed in this second part of the study. The third line of reasoning is presenting some older investigations on Danish prose into this question of what an epic dimension in the residual Danish culture might have been about in the last century. But all the investigations presented failed to get to the point. The point of dissidence was too weak and the point of national-socialism too clever to be manifest: It could easily hide behind the general cover up of theological aesthetics dominating Lutheran Denmark.So the fourth line of reasoning deals with political theology as a sort of interiorised state of mind in Denmark.The fifth line of reasoning presents two examples of something radically different and rather excluded in the political culture of Denmark: The Danish Council of Freedom (Danmarks Frihedsråd) during WWII which failed when it came to attacking the collaboration between Danish democracy and the Third Reich; and the Danish School of Writing (Forfatterskolen) which has been attacked by the local establishment since it was born 25 years ago.


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