scholarly journals Artificial intelligence: legal and ethical aspects

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-71
Author(s):  
Al'bina Slavovna Lolaeva ◽  
Kristina Ushangievna Sakaeva
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Legal Decisions ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
Ethical Norms ◽  
Legal Difficulties ◽  
And Control

Ethical norms and the law are indispensably linked in the modern society. The adoption of major legal decisions is affected by various ethical rules. Artificial intelligence transforms the indicated problems into a new dimension. The systems that use artificial intelligence are becoming more autonomous by complexity of the tasks they accomplish, and their potential implications on the external environment. This diminishes the human ability to comprehend, predict, and control their activity. People usually underestimate the actual level of the autonomy of such systems. It is underlined that the machines based on artificial intelligence can learn from the own experience, and perform actions that are not meant by the developers. This leads to certain ethical and legal difficulties that are discussed in this article. In view of the specificity of artificial intelligence, the author makes suggestions on the direct responsibility of particular systems. Based on this logic, there are no fundamental reasons that prevent the autonomous should be held legally accountable for their actions. However, the question on the need or advisability to impose such type of responsibility (at the present stage specifically) remains open. This is partially due to the ethical issues listed above. It might be more effective to hold programmers or users of the autonomous systems accountable for the actions of these systems. However, it may decelerate innovations. This is namely why there is a need to find a perfect balance.

Legal Challenges of Automated and Autonomous Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-201
Author(s):  
Stefan A. Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
And Control

With an increasing influence of computers and software, automation is affecting many areas of daily life. Autonomous systems have become a central notion, but many systems have reached only a lower level of automation and not yet full autonomy. Information technology and software have a strong impact and their industries are introducing their own business cultures. Even though autonomy will enable systems to act independently from direct human input and control in complex scenarios, the factors of responsibility, control, and attribution are of crucial importance for a legal framework. Legal responsibility has to serve as a safeguard of fundamental rights. Responsibility can be attributed by a special legal regime, and mandatory human override and fallback modes can assure human intervention and control. It is proposed to establish a precautionary regulatory regime for automated and autonomous systems to include general principles on responsibility, transparency, training, human override and fallback modes, design parameters for algorithms and artificial intelligence, and cyber security. States need to take a positivist approach, maintain their regulatory prerogative, and, in support of their exercise of legislative and executive functions, establish an expertise independent of industry in automation, autonomy, algorithms, and artificial intelligence.

scholarly journals ETHICAL DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 214-218
Author(s):  
Aleksejs Zorins ◽  
Peteris Grabusts
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Source Code ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Ethical Dimension ◽  
Ethical Development ◽  
Ethical Aspects

The paper discovers an essence and importance of introduction of ethical dimension in all phases of artificial intelligence (AI): development of concept and source code, implementation in real-life applications and support and improvement of existing solutions. Modern society largely depends on cybertechnologies most of which are using elements of AI and ethical aspects of it is of paramount importance.

scholarly journals On the issue of ethical aspects of the artificial intelligence systems implementation in healthcare

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 356-368
Author(s):  
Daria E. Sharova ◽  
Viktoria V. Zinchenko ◽  
Ekaterina S. Akhmad ◽  
Olesia A. Mokienko ◽  
Anton V. Vladzymyrskyy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
National Development ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Systems Implementation ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Unique Experience ◽  
Certification Requirements ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Systems ◽  
National Experience

The article analyzes ethical issues inherent to different life-cycle stages of artificial intelligence systems and provides up-to-date information about global and domestic trends in this area. The international and national experience concerning ethical issues of artificial intelligence systems use in healthcare is described. In addition, the international and national strategies for the development of artificial intelligence in healthcare are analyzed focusing on the national development; and the main trends, similarities, and differences between strategies are identified. Furthermore, ethical components of the process of clinical trials to evaluate the safety and efficacy of artificial intelligence systems in Russia are described. Domestic state-of-the-art and globally unique experience in technical regulation of artificial intelligence systems are shown on unification papers and standardization of requirements for the development, testing, and operation of artificial intelligence systems in healthcare are presented, and unparalleled Russian experience in terms of certification requirements for artificial intelligence-based medical devices is demonstrated. The article also summarizes the main conclusions and emphasizes the importance of a strong successful healthcare system based on artificial intelligence technologies that build trust and compliance with ethical standards.

scholarly journals Criminal Policy for Crimes Committed Using Artificial Intelligence Technologies: State, Problems, Prospects

2020 ◽  
pp. 116-122
Author(s):  
Alexander P. Sukhodolov ◽  
Artur V. Bychkov, ◽  
Anna M. Bychkova
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Criminal Policy ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Scientific Discussion ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Control ◽  
Self Learning ◽  
Technological Platforms

The aim of the work is to study the criminal policy in relation to crimes committed using technologies based on artificial intelligence algorithms. The varieties of these crimes are described: phishing, the use of drones, the synthesis of fake information, attacks through automated autonomous systems and bots. Given the fact that artificial intelligence technologies are capable of self-learning and independent actions without direct human intervention and control, the key issue in the criminal policy regarding crimes committed using artificial intelligence algorithms is the question of the subject of criminal liability. The concepts existing in official documents and scientific literature are analyzed on this issue, in the development of scientific discussion, it is proposed to update the legal construction of “innocent harm”. The prospects of criminal policy in this direction are indicated in the creation of a fundamentally new variety of blanket norms: from “law as a text” to “law as a code” and its implementation by technological platforms

Stability and Control of Power Grids

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Liu ◽  
Yue Song ◽  
Lipeng Zhu ◽  
David J. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Stability And Control ◽  
The Stability ◽  
And Control

Power grids are critical infrastructure in modern society, and there are well-established theories for the stability and control of traditional power grids under a centralized paradigm. Driven by environmental and sustainability concerns, power grids are undergoing an unprecedented transition, with much more flexibility as well as uncertainty brought by the growing penetration of renewable energy and power electronic devices. A new paradigm for stability and control is under development that uses graph-based, data-based, and distributed analysis tools. This article surveys classic and novel results on the stability and control of power grids to provide a perspective on this both old and new subject. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems, Volume 5 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Guidelines for Trustworthy AI application in clinical trials

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Leventi ◽  
A Vodenitcharova ◽  
K Popova
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Administrative Burden ◽  
High Level ◽  
Comprehensive Framework

Abstract Issue Innovative information technologies (IIT) like artificial intelligence (AI), big data, etc. promise to support individual patient care, and promote public health. Their use raises ethical, social and legal issues. Here we demonstrate how the guidelines for trustworthy AI, can assist to answer those ethical issues in the case of clinical trials (CT). Description In 2018 the European Commission established the High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence (AI HLEG). The group proposed Guidelines to promote Trustworthy AI, with three components, which should be met throughout the system's entire life cycle, as it should be lawful, ethical and robust. Trustworthiness is a prerequisite for people and societies to develop, and use AI systems. We used a focus group methodology to explore how the guidelines for trustworthy AI can assist to answer the ethical issues that rise by the application of AI in CTs. Results The discussion was directed to the seven requirements for trustworthy AI in CTs, by questions like: Are they relevant in CTs as a whole? Would they be applicable to the use of IIT as AI in CTs? Are you currently applying part, or all, of the proposed list? In the future, would you attach some, or all, of the proposed list? Is the administrative burden of applying the requirements justified by the effect? Lessons It was recommended that: the guidelines are relevant in the conduct of the CT; planning and implementation of CTs using IIT, should take them into account; ethical aspects and challenges are of the utmost importance; the proposed list is a very comprehensive framework; particular attention should be paid where more vulnerable groups are affected; the administrative burden is acceptable, as the effect exceeds the resources invested. Key messages IIT are becoming increasingly important in medicine, and requirements for trustworthy IIT, and AI are necessary. Appropriate instrument in the case of the CTs are the provided by AI HLEG guidelines.

scholarly journals Economic Processes in the Conditions of Digitalization of Modern Society

2021 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 01012
Author(s):  
Zhanna Bakaeva ◽  
Alexey Stepanov ◽  
Ella Shchegoleva ◽  
Sergey Imyarekov ◽  
Irina Steklova
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Computing Systems ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ethical Norms ◽  
International Services ◽  
Smart Computing ◽  
Financial Environment

The article deals with the problem of digitalization in the economic processes of modern societies. The fundamental aspects of economic processes are the development international trade and international services. Communications define "proprietary" technologies as factors of Informatization and digitalization of society. An important element of building "smart" computing systems is artificial intelligence. Creating the concept of artificial intelligence has its own shortcomings, which are reflected in the allocation ethical norms and principles of the financial environment modern society. The effectiveness of the digital environment is determined by the principle of "successful functioning" of the subject, taking into account the temporary accumulation goods and services in globalization and digitalization. Research activities contribute to the development digitalization of economic processes in the structure digitalization society.

scholarly journals ETHICAL ASPECTS OF SOCIAL WORK IN MODERN SOCIETY

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 710-716
Author(s):  
Hermína Mareková
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Social Workers ◽  
Professional Ethics ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
High Expectations ◽  
Moral Standards ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ethical Norms

The basic principle for the exercise of professional social work is the respect for human rights and social justice. The social worker's activity is associated with high expectations on the part of society, although the moral standards of society are typically on a lower level. The legislative environment or norms governing the decisions of social workers are determined by legislation as well as generally applicable ethical norms. In practice, this creates ethical dilemmas consisting in the acceptance of a hierarchy or priorities of individual norms, whereas the adopted and applied values and norms can be counterproductive. This situation may cause a conflict between professional ethics and valid social norms. The following article tackles the issues in social work arising from the stereotypes surviving in society and a lack of competence of many social workers.

Research Participation Experiences of Informants of Suicide and Control Cases

Crisis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 238-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. C. Wong ◽  
Wincy S. C. Chan ◽  
Philip S. L. Beh ◽  
Fiona W. S. Yau ◽  
Paul S. F. Yip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Research Participation ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Psychological Autopsy ◽  
Autopsy Study ◽  
The People ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Background: Ethical issues have been raised about using the psychological autopsy approach in the study of suicide. The impact on informants of control cases who participated in case-control psychological autopsy studies has not been investigated. Aims: (1) To investigate whether informants of suicide cases recruited by two approaches (coroners’ court and public mortuaries) respond differently to the initial contact by the research team. (2) To explore the reactions, reasons for participation, and comments of both the informants of suicide and control cases to psychological autopsy interviews. (3) To investigate the impact of the interviews on informants of suicide cases about a month after the interviews. Methods: A self-report questionnaire was used for the informants of both suicide and control cases. Telephone follow-up interviews were conducted with the informants of suicide cases. Results: The majority of the informants of suicide cases, regardless of the initial route of contact, as well as the control cases were positive about being approached to take part in the study. A minority of informants of suicide and control cases found the experience of talking about their family member to be more upsetting than expected. The telephone follow-up interviews showed that none of the informants of suicide cases reported being distressed by the psychological autopsy interviews. Limitations: The acceptance rate for our original psychological autopsy study was modest. Conclusions: The findings of this study are useful for future participants and researchers in measuring the potential benefits and risks of participating in similar sensitive research. Psychological autopsy interviews may be utilized as an active engagement approach to reach out to the people bereaved by suicide, especially in places where the postvention work is underdeveloped.

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