Adaptation of Iranian and Semitic loanwords in the Ancient Greek language: 'garden' / ' garden of Eden’ (on the example of the lexemes παράδεισος and a number of γάνος-γανναθ — (αλ)γοναιναθ)

Litera ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 30-50
Author(s):  
Tycho Davydov ◽  
Andrey Ivanovich Gorshkov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Garden Of Eden ◽  
Special Contribution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Critical Coverage

The object of this research is the problems of functionality of Iranian and Semitic loanwords in the Ancient Greek language, while the subject is the lexemes παράδεισος, γάνος, γανναθ, (αλ)γοναιναθ. The authors meticulously examine such aspects of the topic as the morphological and phonetic assimilation of foreign language lexicon, nonobservance of phonotactics of the Greek language, impact of folk etymology upon the word form , absence of diacritics in conveying Semitic borrowings in the Greek language. Special attention is given  to the problems of etymologization, nuances of dictionary definitions throughout different periods: classical, Hellenistic, Hellenistic-Roman, Late Antique, and Byzantine. It is noted that over time, close ties with barbarian peoples affected the Greek language itself. The main conclusion consists in determination of the gradation of lexemes under review in accordance with the degree of their adaptation to the Greek phonetics and phonotactics, as well as morphology. The author's special contribution to this research consists in proving the results and conclusions of a range of previous studies, as well as in critical coverage of the controversial concepts. The novelty lies in the proposed etymology of the lexeme παράδεισος, and the new interpretation of its vocalism. The relevance of this work lies in involving rare lexicon, which previously has not received due attention within the existing scientific tradition.

scholarly journals Persian theme in Plutarch’s works based on the episode from the treatise “On Isis and Osiris”

Litera ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
Andrey Gorshkov
Keyword(s):  
Greek Language ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Special Contribution ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Rich

The object of this research is the cultural ties between Greeks and Persians, while the subject is the image of Persia and Persian in Plutarch's treatise “On Isis and Osiris”. The author carefully examines such aspects of the topic as the problem of barbarism, Zoroastrianism as the foundation of Persian worldview, Persians from the perspective of Plutarch, description of Persian religious rites and traditions. Special attention is turned to the problems of borrowing Persian words into the Ancient Greek language (Avestan lexemes are being modified in the Ancient Persian language, and then adapted in the Ancient Greek language). It is noted that Greek language has been influenced by the barbarian languages due to deepening ties of the Greeks with other peoples. The conclusion is made that Plutarch was sincerely fascinated with Persians and certain aspects of their worldview; he compares the sayings of the Greek philosophers and poets with Persian ontology — contrary to the stereotypical perception of the Persians as barbarians, standing below the Greeks in their development. The author’s special contribution consists in juxtaposition of the Zoroastrian doctrinal provisions with the rites and practices of the Persians described by Plutarch. The novelty of this research consists in the advanced hypothesis that explains the rich spirit in the lexeme Ὡρομάζης. The relevance this work lies in examination of interaction between the Greek and Persian worlds, which has not received due attention in the Russian philological science.

scholarly journals Truth of assertions in the ancient theory of action (Aristotle and early Stoics)

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Alexander Sanzhenakov
Keyword(s):  
Primary Sources ◽  
Theory Of Action ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The Subject ◽  
High Degree

The subject of this research is the ancient theory of action in its Aristotelian and early-Stoic versions. The author examines the role of the truth of assertions of an actor in these theories, as well as draws parallel with the modern approaches to the philosophy of action. It is demonstrated that Aristotelian theory leans on the prerequisite that aspirations of a person originate in the irrational parts of soul, and thus reason carries out only a regulatory function in managing human actions. Stoic theory, in turn, suggests that reason exercises an initiating function. The research methodology contains historical method of reconstruction with reference to primary sources in the Ancient Greek language. The main conclusion of the conducted research lies in determination of the two paradigmatic traditions in description of the structure of action that is of high degree of rationalization, and as a result, difference in assessment of the meaning of truth of assertions of an actor for his successful activity. The novelty consists in drawing connection between the ancient theories of action and modern approaches in this field of knowledge.

scholarly journals Comparison of motivation of the Russian and Chinese terms (based on the material of linguistic terminology)

Litera ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 207-213
Author(s):  
Yalun' Tsi
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Semantic Transparency ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Research Material ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Russian Linguistic

One of the paramount peculiarities of the Chinese terms is their sinicization. Sinicization of the term is often viewed a translation and adaptation of foreign language terms to the specifics of Chinese language. This implies that the new word is being rooted in the Chinese “soil” and subsequently recognized as Chinese native. The subject of this research is the peculiarities of Chinese and Russian linguistic terminology. The goal is to compare the motivation of Chinese and Russian linguistic terminology and determine the influencing factors. The research material was collected from the Dacihai Dictionary and the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary, and consists of more than 6,000 terminological units. The article employs the methods of description, comparison, and continuous sampling. The scientific novelty lies in determination of the factors that influence the motivation of Chinese linguistic terminology, as well as in its comparison with Russian linguistic terminology. The conclusion is made that Chinese terms have stronger motivation than Russian terms. On the one hand, Chinese characters are the ideograms that convey the thought in a motivational form, and offer more opportunities for increasing semantic transparency. On the other hand, the syllabic characteristics of Chinese language limit the possibility of transliteration of foreign words. With the exception of proper names, the Chinese terminology features a very few transliterated or partially transliterated terms.

scholarly journals Lexical manifestation of the image of man in the Avar toponymy

Litera ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 210-216
Author(s):  
Zabikhat Magomedovna Otsomieva
Keyword(s):  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Behavior Pattern ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Special Contribution ◽  
Broad Theme ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Lexical Composition

The subject of this research is the semantics of toponymic lexemes, methods of their formation, semantic relations of nominations in the lexical-thematic group “characteristics of man”, and their propensity to reflect the worldview of the Avar dialect speakers. The goal of this work consists in the analysis of various characteristics of man captured in toponyms, which is expressed in determination of lexical composition of nominations that describe man by certain personality traits, behavior patteerns, appearance, types of activities, property status, etc. The article also reveals the role of units that characterize a person from different perspectives, and reflect certain qualities of a man, which allow depicting his behavior pattern and lifestyle in the toponymy of Gergebilsky, Gumbetovsky, Kazbekovsky, and Khunzakhsky districts of Dagestan. The scientific novelty consists in determination of unites in the toponyms that characterize a person from different perspectives. Analysis is conducted on the Avar toponymic lexicon that reflects various characteristics of man. This work is a valuable and public source for information retrieval and further research within the framework of studying various aspects of the image of man. The author’s special contribution to the research of Avar toponymy lies in determination and systematization of the corresponding lexical-thematic subgroups in the context of broad theme “the characteristics of man" in the indicated dialects.

scholarly journals Soviet pedagogues and teaching of foreign students: the experience of the Mongolian worker’s faculty

2021 ◽  
pp. 260-267
Author(s):  
Viktoriya Vladimirovna Nomogoeva ◽  
Altyna Munkozhargalovna Shoidonova
Keyword(s):  
International Cooperation ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Academic Staff ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Special Contribution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Soviet Ideology ◽  
Further Development

The subject of this research is examination of the activity of the Soviet pedagogues in teaching foreign students based on the materials of the Mongolian worker’s faculty. The object of this research is the Soviet-Mongolian cooperation in educational sphere that developed in the 1920s – 1930s. The Mongolian worker’s faculty was formed in Verkhne-Udinsk for teaching Mongolian and Tuvan students. It is noted that the academic staff was represented by the prominent pedagogues of the Buryat ASSR. The teaching of foreign students was carried out within the framework of international cooperation and allowed distributing Soviet ideology. The Mongolian People's Republic and Tuvan People's Republic viewed the USSR as the model for further development. The analysis of activity of the pedagogues of Mongolian worker’s faculty allowed reveals the key vectors of work with foreign students from the Mongolian People's Republic and the Tuvan People's Republic. Besides intense educational and upbringing activity, the teaching staff paid special attention to the adaptation of students and formation of worldview in the spirit of socialist values. The authors’ special contribution lies in determination of the peculiarities of organizing political and educational activity in the institution. The novelty of this consists in examination of the contribution of the pedagogues of the Mongolian worker’s faculty to the establishment of friendly relations with the neighboring states – Mongolia and Tuva.

scholarly journals Architecture of the Stalin Empire in China

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Nataliya Efremovna Kozyrenko
Keyword(s):  
City Planning ◽  
Large City ◽  
Special Contribution ◽  
Art Deco ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Great Leap ◽  
The People ◽  
Great Leap Forward ◽  
The Subject

The subject of this research is the formation of large city planning ensembles in socialist cities during Great Leap Forward of the People’s Republic of China. The object of this research is architecture in the style of Stalin Empire 1950s – 1960s. The author examines the influence of Soviet architecture upon the emergence of Chinese styles, such as “Style 1959” and Communist Art Deco). Special attention is dedicated to stylistic peculiarities of the new architectural objects and Chinese interpretation of the Stalin Empire. In this context, both Chinese and Soviet architects contributed to determination of the architectural trend “Su-style”. The main conclusion lies in the statement that architecture of the Stalin Empire with the elements of classicism became the national style in socialist China. Chinese architects synthesized the new normative aesthetics and discovered new stylistic and imagery resources in architecture. The transition towards holistic Chinese “socialist culture” has not been completed and currently continues.  The author’s special contribution is the research of socialist architecture of Harbin as a continuity of Russian traditions of the early XX century. The novelty of this work is defined by the first ever analysis of stylistic peculiarities of Harbin’s architecture that were built by the projects of Soviet architects.

scholarly journals Sonnets by Magomed Akhmedov and the development of sonnet genre in modern Avar poetry

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-31
Author(s):  
Shanisat Magomedovna Gadzhilova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Special Contribution ◽  
Evolution And Development ◽  
Special Place ◽  
The Subject

The subject of this research the artistic distinctness of the sonnets by M. Akhmedov in the context of evolution of sonnet genre in modern Avar poetry. The sonnets of M. Akhmedov represent a significant part of his poetic path, and are viewed as a new phenomenon in modern Avar poetry, the origin of which is associated with the works Of R. Gamzatov and M. Abasil. The object of this research is the sonnet genre in Avar literature. The goal consists in determination of the sonnet in multigenre poetry Of Magomed Akhmedov, as well as comprehension of their artistic content and form in conjunction with development of the genre in modern Avar poetry. Special attention is turned to the stages of evolution of the indicated genre in Dagestan, and namely Avar, literature. Emphasis is placed on the artistic distinctness of M. Akhmedov's sonnets, their comparative analysis, imagery structure, and ideological- thematic peculiarities. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that this is first to review M. Akhmedov’s sonnets, which hold a special place in development of the sonnet genre in modern Avar poetry. The acquired results demonstrate that the examination of M. Akhmedov's sonnets allow revealing not only the range of his poetic pursuits, but also richness of the genre system of modern Avar poetry. The sonnets by M. Akhmedov draw attention by synthesizing the old and new traditions of the poet's precursors and contemporaries. The authors’s special contribution is defined by carrying out a comprehensive analysis of the sonnets M. Akhmedov that fill the gap in studying the evolution and development of this genre in particular, and poetry of M. Akhmedov overall.

scholarly journals Figurative Images in the Early Christian Funeral Paintings of Chersonese

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 38-54
Author(s):  
Irina Anatol’evna Zavadskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Garden Of Eden ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Artistic Tradition

The paintings of the 11 early Christian burial vaults of Chersonese uncovering the image of the Garden of Eden fully correspond to the traditions of the Late Antique art. There figurative images are very rare, and not all of them have been interpreted properly. Single man’s figures preserved in the painting of three vaults (of the years 1853/1905, 1909 and in the vault on N. I. Tur’s land) are of particular interest for the determination of the time and ways of penetration of this artistic tradition into early Christian Chersonese. A comparative analysis of funeral paintings from different regions of the Eastern Roman Empire makes it possible to determine the function of the mentioned images of men in the painting of these tombs and to explain their origin in early Christian burials. According to the fragments that survived, all three figures of young men are very similar in dress and posture. Probably, they all held a burning candle in the hands, the image of which survived only in the vault of the year 1909. These images are comparable to the figures of servants from a number of tombs discovered in the Balkans, Asia Minor, North Africa, and Levant. The young men from Chersonese are most close to the images of male servants from the tombs in Bulgaria and Serbia. From the analogies given in this paper there are reasons to interpret the figures of young men in the three vaults of Chersonese as images of servants. Figures of servants were widespread in ancient art and also in Christian burials to the end of the fourth century. Most likely, these figures appeared in the paintings of Chersonese under the influence of the Eastern Balkan artistic tradition.

scholarly journals The role of language within the identity structure of Molokans of Azerbaijan (on the example of rural localities Ivanovka and Novosaratovka)

Litera ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
Ramil Sahib Abdullayev
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Group Research ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Language Environment ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Ethnocultural Group

The goal of this research is the comparison of identity factors that contribute to strengthening and determination of affiliation of an ethnocultural group in a foreign language environment. The subject of this research is the examination of peculiarities of language factors as an element of preservation of identity and identification of a minority ethnocultural group of Molokans residing in the territory of Azerbaijan since the early XIX century. The author reviews certain identity structures of the Molokans that assist preservation and unification of the group. Research methodology is based on the sociolinguistic practice, surveys and interviews carried out in the rural localities Ivanovka and Novosaratovka, as well as places of residence of the Molokans in Azerbaijan. The scientific novelty consist in comparative study of Molokans in the two regions of Azerbaijan, their views upon identity, lifestyle and living conditions, and linguistic peculiarities. A conclusion is drawn that Molokans consider themselves Russians; the role of language within the identity structure of Molokans plays a crucial role; language factor dominates in formation of ethnic identity and ethnic mentality, which develops in the early childhood. The results of this work can be valuable in studying the language factor as the basis in preservation of identity of small-numbered peoples after migration.

scholarly journals Onomastic codes of the “Poem Without A Hero” by A. A. Akhmatova as hidden intertextual addressing

Litera ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 48-56
Author(s):  
Olesya Ravil'evna Temirshina ◽  
Ol'ga Geral'dovna Belousova ◽  
Oksana Vasil'evna Afanas'eva
Keyword(s):  
Russian Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Don Juan ◽  
Personal Mythology ◽  
Special Contribution ◽  
Personal Myth ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Western European ◽  
The One

The subject of this research is the principles of correlation of onomastic code of the “Poem Without A Hero” with the text frame of its various editions, viewed from the communicative-pragmatic perspective. The object of this research is nine editions of the “Poem Without a Hero” and intertextual references marked within the text frame. The author dwells on such aspects as the interrelation between the literary onomastics and hidden meanings of the poem, transformations of the text frame, methods of “instilling” the authorial meanings to intertextual sources (the works of Byron, Pushkin, and Gumilyov). Special attention is given to projection of the personal myth of Anna Akhmatova, which is traced through the poem, on Western European and Russian literature and the evolution of the text frame. It is demonstrated that the ensemble of epigraphs, which represents an implicit dedication to the poet fallen in disfavor, dissolves leaving imprints in the form of mentioning of Byron and Don Juan in the text of the poem. The main conclusion lies in the establishment of a number of semantic correspondences between the text frame and the historical-cultural halo of names, which on the one hand are associated with the imagery-motif level of a particular poem, while on the other – with personal mythology of the poet. The author’s special contribution to this research lies in outlining the strategies aimed at preservation of special intertextual memory in the names. The novelty consists in determination of the semantic halo of the name, which specifies a range of implicit meanings of the poem. It is revealed that these meanings are “supported” by the corresponding references. Such reminiscences, interweaving into a complex ornamental pattern, on the one side are conceptually programmed by the very structure of the “Poem Without A Hero”, and on the other side, determined biographically.

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