scholarly journals Comparison of motivation of the Russian and Chinese terms (based on the material of linguistic terminology)

Litera ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 207-213
Author(s):  
Yalun' Tsi
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Semantic Transparency ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Research Material ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Russian Linguistic

One of the paramount peculiarities of the Chinese terms is their sinicization. Sinicization of the term is often viewed a translation and adaptation of foreign language terms to the specifics of Chinese language. This implies that the new word is being rooted in the Chinese “soil” and subsequently recognized as Chinese native. The subject of this research is the peculiarities of Chinese and Russian linguistic terminology. The goal is to compare the motivation of Chinese and Russian linguistic terminology and determine the influencing factors. The research material was collected from the Dacihai Dictionary and the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary, and consists of more than 6,000 terminological units. The article employs the methods of description, comparison, and continuous sampling. The scientific novelty lies in determination of the factors that influence the motivation of Chinese linguistic terminology, as well as in its comparison with Russian linguistic terminology. The conclusion is made that Chinese terms have stronger motivation than Russian terms. On the one hand, Chinese characters are the ideograms that convey the thought in a motivational form, and offer more opportunities for increasing semantic transparency. On the other hand, the syllabic characteristics of Chinese language limit the possibility of transliteration of foreign words. With the exception of proper names, the Chinese terminology features a very few transliterated or partially transliterated terms.

scholarly journals Linguosemiotic peculiarities of the text in TikTok: “the word of others” in the new multimedia reality

Litera ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 127-134
Author(s):  
Anastasiya Gennad'evna Gotovtseva ◽  
Ernest Sergeevich Karpov
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Urban Folklore ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Type ◽  
Lip Sync ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

The subject of this research is the tendency towards formation of a new semiotic code of entertainment content, observed in the Russian segment of Tiktok social network. The goal of this research is to determine the new trends in recreational segment of the modern social network, the popularity of which depends on the number users’ likes and reposts. The research material contains the continuous sampling of videos for the period from February to March 2021. The analysis of videos of the Russian-speaking users allows revealing the tendency towards the emergence of a new type of recreational content at the intersection of plagiarism and parody. This implies voice-covering of the fragments of stand-up show in a different context: for example, a fragment from comedy show is lip-synced by a woman while preparing meal. In other words, the authors of such content do not claim to be original, they virtually lip-sync with synchronization of another person's speech (moreover, the TikTok format allows seeing the link to the original soundtrack). At the same time, such content is far from parodic, as there is no mimicking or gesturing of the original. This rather implies the renovation of the open text tradition, which historically accompanies the emergence of a new form of broadcasting information. Such content also indicates common features with the folklore: the author's story  is voice-covered by various users repeatedly, like an anecdote or the history of urban folklore. The conclusion is made on the emerging semiotic tendency of the polycode multimedia text, which on the one hand has deep historical roots, while on the other hand is substantiated by the modern technological capabilities and ways of broadcasting information.

scholarly journals “Double negation constructions” in the Russian language: lingua-didactic and lingua-cultural aspects

2020 ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Gao Yue ◽  
Natalya V. Nikolaeva
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Double Negation ◽  
Chinese Speakers ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
The One ◽  
Russian Linguistic ◽  
The Russian Language

Analyzing the so-called “double negation”, that is, the construction of strengthening negation, in the linguistic and didactic aspect, the authors note that in the practice of teaching Russian as a foreign language, the construction of “double negation” is explained in two ways, depending on the native language of the students. When explaining the model, native Chinese speakers need to pay attention to the replacement of pronouns and adverbs, like все (all), всегда (always), везде (everywhere), with negative verbs to negative with the prefix ни (no): никто (nobody), никогда (never), нигде (nowhere), because the Chinese language consciousness does not accept a negative modification of the statement, normative for Russian. The article presents linguistic and conditionally-communicative exercises that contribute to the automation and introduction of this structural model into active speech. Difficulties in the development of this construction, associated precisely with its specificity, are due, according to the authors, primarily to the very possibility of strengthening the negation, its repetition, indicating the specificity of Russian linguistic and cultural consciousness. Considering the construction of “double negation” in the linguistic and culture study aspect, the authors note that its “pleonasm” indicates, on the one hand, the importance of negation for the Russian linguistic consciousness, and on the other hand, the subtle differentiation of logically comparable situations with subjects all / no, etc. Techniques for working with Russian constructions are seen in the mirror of the Chinese language.

scholarly journals Metatext operator “to put it mildly”: the specificity of functionality

Litera ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Enshuai Liu ◽  
Elena Sergeevna Sheremetyeva
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Operator Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Functional Specificity ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pragmatic Aspect ◽  
The One ◽  
National Corpus

The object of this research is the introductory-modal phrase “to put it mildly”, viewed in pragmatic aspect. From the perspective of pragmatics, this phrase fulfills the function of metatext operator that forms the speaker's reflection towards their utterance. The unit “to put it mildly” is a typical meta-operator, as it includes a locutionary verb. The goal of this research is to determine the specificity of the phrase “to put it mildly” in carrying out the meta-operator function, as well as to establish its typical contexts and lexical compatibility. The research material was collected based on the Russian National Corpus using the method of continuous sampling. The author reveals that the phrase “to put it mildly” as a meta-operator combines two opposite functions: on the one hand, softens the extreme of the utterance, while on the other hand – enhances negative assessment of the fact of reality. Moreover, as the development of these functions, it acquires the ability to attribute the properties of contextual euphemism to the commented nomination. The indicated functional specificity is closely related to the lexical compatibility of meta-operator and the types of contexts. Most frequent contexts imply negation formed with the particle / prefix NOT. The lexical compatibility of meta-operator is predetermined by the aspects of speaker’s assessment of the facts of surrounding reality. The article describes most frequent aspects of such assessment. The acquired results may be applied in teaching Russian as a foreign language, as well as in lexicographic practice for creating metadata dictionary.

scholarly journals What’s Modern in Chinese Translation Theory? Lu Xun and the Debates on Literalism and Foreignization in the May Fourth Period

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Tak-hung Chan
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The Other ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Lu Xun ◽  
Chinese Translation ◽  
The One ◽  
Classical Language

Abstract This article attempts to assess the contribution of Chinese translators and theorists of the twenties and thirties, in particular the famous writer Lu Xun, whom I consider the first modern translation theorist in China. It is with him that China entered its modern phase in translation. Not only did he advocate retaining the foreignness of the original text, in a way reminiscent of the entire tradition of German Romantic translation theorists from Schleiermacher to von Humboldt to Goethe; he also explored in his own translations the possibilities for enriching the Chinese language through the importation of Europeanized structures and expressions. It is these foreignizing impulses that set Lu Xun apart most clearly from pre-modern Chinese theorists. At the same time, these impulses connect him with leading giants of translation theory like Nabokov and Benjamin (who emphasized the importance of the literal method in translation) on the one hand, and Venuti and Holmes (who highlighted processes of indigenization and exoticization in translation) on the other. Lu Xun’s ideas had a particular place in the wider cultural and historical context. Views similar to his had been advocated by his predecessors at the beginning of the century, whose attempt to Europeanize the classical language did not, unfortunately, find a large following. In his own time, Lu found ardent supporters among friends and colleagues who either (a) suggested thorough Europeanization, or (b) preferred limited Europeanization. Dissenting views, however, were clearly voiced by some of the other leading writers of the day. So there were (a) those who favored the use of a language based on the actual words spoken by the populace and (b) those who queried why one should not learn a foreign language and read the original instead. My article deals at length with the debates among these theorists and seeks to understand them from the perspective of contemporary Western translation theory.

Determination of Enemy Character of Corporations

1930 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 310-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph A. Nohem
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Separate Entity ◽  
Entity Theory ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Corporate Entity ◽  
Sovereign Authority ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Independent Person

Much controversy has raged for a long period of time over the precise nature of what Wormser refers to as the “anatomy” of a corporation. Wormser himself defines a corporation as a “group of one or more persons authorized by sovereign authority to act as a unit and a personality in the eye of the law.” The definition indicates, on the one hand, that the act of incorporation creates a new person or entity, on the other that this new entity is in fact composite, made up of one or more pre-existing entities. The question arises, at what times will the court regard the corporate entity, and at what times will it look to the real persons who compose it ? A key to the solution of the problem is offered by Lord Mansfield. “A fiction of law shall never be contradicted so as to defeat the end for which it was invented, but for every other purpose it may be contradicted.” By the separate entity theory is meant that a corporation is to be regarded as an entity separate and apart from its corporators and that it is to be treated like any other independent person. That this is the theory of corporations generally accepted by the courts need hardly be proved. It will only be noted that the ruling English case on the subject is that of Salomon and Co. v. Salomon. In his opinion in that case Lord Halsbury said: “Once the company is legally incorporated it must be treated like any other independent person.”

scholarly journals PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS AS A MEANS OF ATTRACTION OF ENGLISH NEWSPAPER HEADLINES

2021 ◽  
pp. 96-105
Author(s):  
Tetiana Kinashchuk ◽  
Nataliia Sunko
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Oxford Dictionary ◽  
Online Library ◽  
Newspaper Articles

The article is devoted to the study of the role of phraseological units in English newspaper headlines. The aim of the work is to study and analyze pragmatic functions of phraseological units in the headlines of modern British and American newspaper articles. The notion of phraseological unit is revealed and its features are defined. The subject of the study is 185 phraseological units belonging to three groups, namely: phraseological units with a component related to the field of colour, music and weather. The research material includes 9,200 headlines of English newspapers, dated 2014-2018 and selected from the Questia Online Library. Using the method of continuous sampling, we selected phraseological units from the dictionaries The Oxford Dictionary of Idioms, Dictionary of English Idioms & Phrases and McGraw-Hill’s Essential American Idioms Dictionary. In addition, the frequency of use of phraseological units of the three groups in the headlines of British and American discourses was studied and analyzed. The study found that the most common of the three groups was the group of phraseological units with a component related to the field of colour. The second most common is the group of phraseological units with a component related to the field of music, and the least numerous is the group of phraseological units with a component related to the field of weather. In addition, it was determined what phraseological units are the most common in English newspaper headlines and which ones are the least common.

scholarly journals Terminological nomination in modern fields of knowledge

2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 21012
Author(s):  
Irina Valujtseva ◽  
Olga Ivanova ◽  
Ilya Khukhuni ◽  
Anna Fedosova
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Scientific Text ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Gas Processing ◽  
Research Material ◽  
The Subject

The purpose of the study is to consider the features of the terminological nomination using the example of multiword terms of the English sublanguage of oil and gas processing. The oil and gas glossary Kashagan Development Project Glossary that comprises 1200 units has been used as the research material. Multiword terms have been selected with the application of the continuous sampling method. As a result of the employment of the method of linguistic statistics, it was discovered that, in the sub-language of oil and gas processing, the multiword terms constitute 73% of the entire termbase of the subject area. The structural analysis of terminological phrases demonstrated that the most common type of multiword terms is the two-word terms, comprising 45.2% of the total number of poly-lexemic constructions in the studied sample. This result is consistent with the data obtained by other authors, namely, the information concerning the fact that two-word combinations prevail in various term systems. As the number of components in a multiword term increases, the number of such word combinations in a scientific text decreases. The most common patterns of two-word terminological combinations are N + N and A + N. Three-word terms compose 40% of the total number of the studied terminological phrases. The following patterns of three-word terms are productive: N + N + N and A + N + N. Four-word terminological phrases constitute 12.3%. The most frequently used pattern of four-word combinations is N + N + N + N. Five-word terms comprise 2.4% of the total number of terms. The most common patterns of five-word terms are N + N + A + N + N and A + N + N + N.

scholarly journals Assessment of “maturity” of the taxpayer's internal control system for tax monitoring purposes

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-59
Author(s):  
Elena Vladimirovna Berezina ◽  
Anna Sergeevna Balandina ◽  
Ol'ga Svyatoslavovna Belomyttseva
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Control Procedure ◽  
Economic Entity ◽  
It Systems ◽  
Internal Control System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

The internal control system is examined as a variety of internal control of an economic entity on the one hand, and as the foundation for transitioning towards tax monitoring on the other. Such approach allows assessing this structure from the perspective of taxpayers, as well as from the standpoint of implementation of public function of tax control. The object of this article is the process of improving internal control system of tax obligations by the taxpayer in the conditions of digitalization of tax administration. The subject of this article is the theoretical aspects of internal control as an administrative function, as well as comparative analysis of the Russian “internal control” system with the classical COSO model. The scientific novelty consists in comprehensive research of the internal control of tax obligations, determination of its essential characteristics,  and assessment of the consequences of formalization of requirements thereof, which led to the conclusion on transformation of the internal control of the taxpayer from the area of reputational merits of the economic entity and internal administration instruments to the subject of public control by tax authorities in tax monitoring processes. It remains to be seen whether state interference in such delicate sphere of activity of an economic entity as internal control is justified. The goal of this research consists in the analysis of the effective requirements of the Federal Tax Service of Russia from the perspective of possibility of their implementation by the particular taxpayers. The article provides the examples of assessment of certain components of the internal control system based on the criteria set by the Federal Tax Service of Russia. The author formulates the definition of control procedure, carries out classification of the aforementioned criteria; develops the examples of effective design of some controls; as well as presents the examples of assessment of IT systems from in the context of extended requirements of the Federal Tax Service of Russia.

scholarly journals Cross-lexicographic analysis of the concepts of sociopolitical discourse of the Chinese language

Litera ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Vladislav Kruglov ◽  
Tatiana Uryvskaya ◽  
Dmitrii Rusak
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Language ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Conceptual Apparatus ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Diachronic Changes ◽  
Vast Range

The object of this research is the concepts of sociopolitical discourse of the Chinese language, selected by the continuous sampling method. The subject of this research is the cross-lexicographic coefficient, which is derived mathematically within the framework of the cross-lexicographic analysis of these concepts. The goal is set to determine the diachronic changes in the meanings of lexemes of sociopolitical discourse via cross-lexicographic analysis based on dictionary materials compiled by the prominent Russian and foreign sinologists over the period from 1888 to 2002. Attention is drawn to such theoretical concepts as semantics, pragmatics and discourse. Description is given to the key characteristics of sociopolitical discourse, as well as the methodology of formation of the corresponding conceptual apparatus. The research leans on the method of continuous sampling from lexicographic sources. The scientific novelty lies in the development of innovative methods of statistical analysis of the conceptual apparatus of sociopolitical discourse of the modern Chinese language. Among the acquired results, the author notes the transformation of meanings of the selected lexemes through the analysis of metalanguage of the dictionaries. The uniqueness of this article consists in the analysis of the vast range of the previously unpublished archival lexicographic sources of the Chinese language. The author also reveals the dynamics of changes in the selected lexical means by means of the derived cross-lexicographic coefficient, as well as determines the key vectors of their discursive transformations and evolution of linguopragmatic functions.

Barometrical observations, showing the effect of the direction of the wind on the difference between distant barometers

1843 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 386-387
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
The North ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Westerly Winds ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Times ◽  
The One

The author institutes a comparison between the barometric heights as observed at the Apartments of the Royal Society, and at his house in Herefordshire, in the neighbourhood of Ross, with a view to ascertain the influence of prevailing winds on the atmospheric pressure. The barometers thus compared together were of the same construction, and by the same maker; and the times of observation, namely nine o’clock a. m. and three o’clock p. m., were the same at both places, the distance between which is 110 miles in longitude, and about 20 in latitude. The degree of accordance in the march of the two barometers is exhibited by that of curves traced on three sheets accompanying the paper. The results are given in eight tables. The author agrees with Schubler in ascribing the currents prevailing in the atmosphere to the variable relations of heating and cooling which obtains between the Atlantic Ocean and the continent of Europe at different seasons; the facts ascertained by the series of observations here presented being in accordance with that hypothesis. If the northerly and westerly winds in England be partly the effect of the expansion of the air on the continent, then the barometer which is nearest to the continent, or in this instance that at London, ought to be relatively more depressed than the one more distant; or if the southerly and easterly winds be regarded as proceeding to the ocean, then, for a similar reason, the barometer nearest to the ocean ought to be relatively depressed; and that both these effects are produced, is shown by the tables. This view of the subject also, the author remarks, is corroborated by Raymond’s observations, detailed in his memoir on the determination of the height of Clermont Ferrand, from which it appears that with the north winds, the southern barometer was most depressed; while the reverse occurred with the southerly winds.

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