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Abstract
Converting thermal energy to electricity is one of the most common energy conversions in the field of electricity production. This transformation of energy is essential for both renewable and non-renewable heat sources. One of the main parameters of such a system that is responsible for this conversion is its efficiency. To have an efficient transformation, many improvements have been made to the old methods, and also new techniques were developed. One of these new methods that will be discussed here is a combined system of a Free Piston Stirling Engine (FPSE) with a Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Machine (PMLSM). The two purposes of presenting such a system are that firstly, the theoretical efficiency of a Stirling engine is high. Secondly, by eliminating crank-shaft from this system compared to the standard Stirling engine system, some of the losses will be removed. To study this system, a thermodynamic model of a RE-1000 FPSE was presented and validated. Then it was coupled with a PMLSM, and the combined system was controlled. The total efficiency of this system in steady-state is 14.4%.
In order to promote development and propose effective method for small electronically controlled engine system, a electronically controlled ignition system was designed in this paper. Freescale MC9S12XEP100 is chosen as MCU, control strategy was defined with MC33812 to pre-drive ignition. At last, 168F engine is adopted as original machine, optimum ignition advance angle was calibrated, related correction paraments and formulas were defined. Bench experiments results shows that power performance, fuel consumption and emission performance are promoted and improved significantly after the designed ignition system was adopted.
We analyze a time series of the combustion pressure in the idle state, measured from a spark ignition engine of a motorcycle. It is clarified that the engine system can be described by a lowdimensional deterministic dynamics perturbed by some stochastic process.We also propose a method to stabilize the chaotic behaviour of engine’s data by adopting the Pyragas’ method. We actually use this method in a computer experiment for the control of combustion pressure data to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method. As a result of the experiment, we eliminate the fluctuations in the combustion pressure data and obtain a periodic orbit.
The capability of continuous operation with interruptions as infrequent and brief as possible is important in cogeneration applications. Reliability and availability constitute key parts of the economic equation that determines whether cogeneration is a financially viable activity. Long-term operational experience of the gas turbine and off-engine system components in various applications combined with the provisions for rapid and efficient maintenance contribute significantly to the attractiveness of the LM2500 in cogeneration service. Actual cogeneration experience demonstrates good and improving performance in support of continuous processes and the generation of revenue-producing power.
Electron microscopy and diffraction of biological materials in the hydrated state requires the construction of a chamber in which the water vapor pressure can be maintained at saturation for a given specimen temperature, while minimally affecting the normal vacuum of the remainder of the microscope column. Initial studies with chambers closed by thin membrane windows showed that at the film thicknesses required for electron diffraction at 100 KV the window failure rate was too high to give a reliable system. A single stage, differentially pumped specimen hydration chamber was constructed, consisting of two apertures (70-100μ), which eliminated the necessity of thin membrane windows. This system was used to obtain electron diffraction and electron microscopy of water droplets and thin water films. However, a period of dehydration occurred during initial pumping of the microscope column. Although rehydration occurred within five minutes, biological materials were irreversibly damaged. Another limitation of this system was that the specimen grid was clamped between the apertures, thus limiting the yield of view to the aperture opening.
In non-UHV microscope environments atomic surface structure has been observed for flat-on for various orientations of Au thin films and edge-on for columns of atoms in small particles. The problem of oxidation of surfaces has only recently been reported from the point of view of high resolution microscopy revealing surface reconstructions for the Ag2O system. A natural extension of these initial oxidation studies is to explore other materials areas which are technologically more significant such as that of Cu2O, which will now be described.
The (110) twin structure of YBa2Cu3O7 superconductor oxide, which is formed to reduce the strain energy of the tetragonal to orthorhombic phase transformation by alternating the a-b crystallographic axis across the boundary, was extensively investigated. Up to now the structure of the twin boundary still remained unclear. In order to gain insight into the nature of the twin boundary in Y-Ba-Cu-O system, a study using electron diffraction techniques including optical and computed diffractograms, as well as high resolution structure imaging techniques with corresponding computer simulation and processing was initiated.Bulk samples of Y-Ba-Cu-O oxide were prepared as described elsewhere. TEM specimens were produced by crushing bulk samples into a fine powder, dispersing the powder in acetone, and suspending the fine particles on a holey carbon grid. The electron microscopy during this study was performed on both a JEOL 2000EX and 2000FX electron microscopes operated at 200 kV.
A statistical review provides analysis of four years of speech therapy services of a suburban school system which can be used for comparison with other school system programs. Included are data on the percentages of the school population enrolled in therapy, the categories of disabilities and the number of children in each category, the sex and grade-level distribution of those in therapy, and shifts in case-load selection. Factors affecting changes in case-load profiles are identified and discussed.
Thermodynamic modeling and controlling of a combined Free Piston Stirling Engine System (FPSE) with a Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Machine (PMLSM)