scholarly journals Gibson’s Ecological Theory of Development and Affordances: A Brief Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mina Khatibi ◽  
Razieh Sheikholeslami
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Theory ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
Learning And Development ◽  
Meaningful Information ◽  
Action Systems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Nonhuman Species ◽  
Perception Action

This review describes the key ideas of the influential psychologist Eleanor J. Gibson, developed over 70 years of research with infants, children, adults, and a wide range of nonhuman species. Gibson’s ecological approach to perceptual learning and development describes how perception—extracting meaningful information from the environment to guide actions adaptively—improves with experience, the acquisition of new means of exploration, and the development of new perception-action systems (Adolph and Kretch). The Gibson’s ecological theory is a theory of human development that was created by American psychologist Eleanor J. Gibson during the 1960s and 1970s. Gibson emphasized the importance of environment and context in learning. Perception is important because it allows humans to adapt to their environment. Gibson stated that children learn to detect information that specifies objects, events, and layouts in the world that they can use for their daily activities (Miller, 2002).

Generational Spillover in the Resistance to Trump

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Whittier
Keyword(s):  
Generation X ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Political Generations ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

The anti-Trump Resistance involves activists from an unusually wide range of political and chronological generations: movement veterans from the 1960s and 1970s, Generation X activists politicized in the 1980s and 1990s, Millennials who entered activism in the 2000s, and newcomers of all ages. Political generations differ in worldview based on both age and time of entry into activism. Generational spillover—the mutual influence, difference, and conflict among political generations—includes explicit attempts to teach organizing, and indirect influences on frames, organizational structures, tactics, ideologies, and goals. This chapter discusses generational spillover in the Resistance, including transmission and conflict.

Marketing as a response to paradox and norms in the 1960s and 1970s

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen A. Bourassa ◽  
Peggy H. Cunningham ◽  
Jay M. Handelman
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Marketing Strategy ◽  
Strategic Marketing ◽  
Chain Store ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Strategic Behaviors ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

PurposeThis study seeks to investigate the interaction between marketers' strategic behaviors, social norms, and societal stakeholders within a particular historical time period, the 1960s and 1970s.Design/methodology/approachThe study's findings are based on an analysis of two dominant retail industry trade publications, Chain Store Age and Progressive Grocer.FindingsThe analysis reveals an intriguing array of strategic marketing activity throughout these two decades not captured in considerations of marketing strategy at the time. The retailers examined engaged in two interesting behaviors. First, they responded to a wide range of stakeholder demands in a paradoxical fashion. Second, as retailers were confronted with social norms, instead of conforming to these norms they worked to help influence and shape them to their own advantage. This examination of retailers' behaviors over two decades has allowed the authors to present an intriguing new dimension to the understanding of marketing strategy.Originality/valueThe study found that throughout the 1960s and 1970s, marketers appeared to be actively engaged in a social dialogue. Through this dialogue, they not only responded to norms, but also attempted to shape the norms that came to define legitimate behavior for the marketers. This kind of strategic marketing endeavor was not accounted for in the managerial school of thought that dominated marketing thinking at the time.

Buddhist Art and Architecture in Tibet

Buddhism ◽  
2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gray
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Buddhist Art ◽  
Tibetan Diaspora ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tremendous Amount ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Art And Architecture

Fifty years ago, Tibetan art and architecture were fields in an early stage of development in the West. Early Western knowledge of Tibetan art and architecture was largely due to the pioneering work of early 20th-century scholars such as Giuseppe Tucci, Joseph Hackin, and Alice Getty. These fields have developed significantly over the past few decades, for multiple reasons. These reasons include general growth in interest in Tibetan culture and religion following the Chinese occupation of Tibet, and in the Tibetan diaspora, from the 1950s onward. The Cultural Revolution in the 1960s and 1970s in China led to the destruction of a tremendous amount of Tibetan art and architecture, and to the displacement within China of many works of Tibetan art that were not destroyed. However, the opening of China to the outside world in the post-Mao era led to the growing availability of Tibetan art on international art markets and gave foreign scholars access to surviving architectural monuments. This has led to a rapid growth in the understanding of Tibetan art history and stylistics. This work has been undertaken by a wide range of scholars, from North America and Europe, as well as Japan and India. More recently, there has also been considerable growth in scholarship within China by Tibetan and Han Chinese scholars.

scholarly journals A brief note on the history of psychosurgery in Japan

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. E13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiro Nudeshima ◽  
Takaomi Taira
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
New Left ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Neurosurgical Treatment ◽  
History Of ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Surgical Treatments ◽  
Left Movement

In Japan, there has been no neurosurgical treatment for psychiatric disorders since the 1970s. Even deep brain stimulation (DBS) has not been studied or used for psychiatric disorders. Neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders has been thwarted by social taboos for many years, and psychiatrists today seem to simply ignore modern developments and therapies offered by neurosurgery such as DBS. As a result, most patients and their families do not know such “last-resort” options exist.Historically, as in other countries, frontal lobotomies were widely performed in Japan in the 1940s and 1950s, and some Japanese neurosurgeons used stereotactic methods for the treatment of psychiatric disorders until the 1960s. However, in the 1960s and 1970s such surgical treatments began to receive condemnation based on political judgment, rather than on medical and scientific evaluation. Protest campaigns at the time hinged on the prevailing political beliefs, forming a part of the new “left” movement against leading authorities across a wide range of societal institutions including medical schools. Finally, the Japanese Society for Psychiatry and Neurology banned the surgical treatment for psychiatric disorders in 1975. Even today, Japan’s dark history continues to exert an enormous negative influence on neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders.

Human Rights Organizations in Turkey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Başak Çalı
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Transformative Power ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Human Rights Organizations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact

This chapter analyzes the origins and the development of human rights organizations in Turkey since 1945. It first offers an overview of the limited number of elite organizations established between 1946 and 1974 and the initial skepticism toward human rights activism in the country in the 1960s and 1970s among grass-roots political movements. It then discusses the importance of two major events, the military coup in 1980 and the start of the armed conflict between the Turkish security forces and the PKK in 1984, for the development of human rights–based activism in the 1980s. The chapter then turns to the 1990s, characterized by the proliferation of human rights organizations and diversification of focus areas, ranging from LGBT rights to the rights of women to manifest their religion by wearing headscarves. It links these dynamics to the global rise of human rights activism in the 1990s and the subsequent appropriation of the human rights lexicon by a wide range of domestic social movements. The chapter moves forward with a discussion of the further proliferation of human rights organizations well into the 2000s as Turkey’s EU membership process boosted democratization and pluralism. The chapter ends with an assessment of the impact of the Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi’s authoritarian turn on the transformative power and horizons of human rights organizations in the 2010s.

Decisions by the African Commission on Individual Communications under the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights

1997 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 412-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Murray
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
United Nations ◽  
African Unity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
African Charter ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Heads Of State ◽  
African Commission

The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, adopted by the 18th Assembly of the Heads of State and Government of the Organisation of African Unity in Nairobi in 1981, which came into force in 1986, provided for a single commission with a wide range of powers in respect of the rights in the Charter. This was as a result of an initiative for an African regional mechanism for the protection of human rights by African jurists and subsequent conferences in the 1960s and 1970s, many of which were organised by the United Nations. In these debates several possibilities were raised for the form that such a body should take: from a proposal for several commissions, given the disparate and diverse cultural and political nature of African States a court, a specialised commission within the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), to a single commission. Not only was its structure contentious but also its functions, in particular whether these should include a protective as well as a promotional mandate and what such protective powers should be.

Disabled sexualities: A theoretical review of sociological approaches and a call to problematize the normative/non-normative dialectic

Sexualities ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 136346072097389
Author(s):  
Kyle Callen
Keyword(s):  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Sexual Empowerment ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dialectical Relationship ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Sociological Approaches

In the aftermath of the disability rights movement of the 1960s and 1970s, a number of disability activists and scholars began calling for increased attention to the sexual lives of people with disabilities. The result has been a wide range of research that has explored both the sexual marginalization and sexual empowerment of disabled people across diverse groups and social contexts. Indeed, while a number of reviews of research on disabled sexualities have already been written, they have either been too narrowly focused on niche topics, or provide such a broad overview of disabled sexuality that they do not adequately discuss the different theoretical perspectives guiding such research. In this paper, I offer more developed articulations of the theoretical perspectives underpinning scholarship on the sexualities of people with disabilities, and call for a “reproblematizing” of the complex dialectical relationship between “normative” and “non-normative” deployments of sexuality that go into acts of “queering” and sexual empowerment amongst disabled people.

scholarly journals Contrast as Aesthetic Value in the Townscape : Modernity and Preservation in the 1960s and 1970s in Hungary

Socio hu ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 75-94
Author(s):  
Máté Tamáska
Keyword(s):  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
New Town ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Architectural Model ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Urban Aesthetics

The 1960s and 1970s represent a period of housing estate construction in Europe, and this urban architectural model greatly affected the former socialist countries, including Hungary. It seems logical therefore that monument and townscape protection could not find its place in that period of building boom. Nevertheless, Hungarian monument protection flowered in those decades. The reason for this was that the search for “contrast” was one of the leading paradigms in modern urban aesthetics, and this contrast also highlighted development: the remaining architectural monuments and urban zones as relics emphasized the different characteristics of the modern town as opposed to the old one. Thus, while urban architects were working on creating the “new townscape”, experts of monument protection had a wide range of license in their field to preserve the historical milieu as a contrast to the modern one. Naturally, this historical milieu had the stamp of the aesthetical paradigms of modern architecture as well. Therefore the old houses were interpreted as the antitype of modern design, the static and rationality were stressed, instead of the decoration and social representation of old structures. This paper attempts to verify empirically the above thesis by analyzing three Hungarian sites: the completely reconstructed Budapest-Óbuda, Komárom as municipal center and semi-new town in the 1960s and 1970s, and Esztergom as a historical town.

Short Films from a Small Nation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Claire Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Public Information ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Actor Network Theory ◽  
Documentary Films ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Short Films ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Art And Architecture

The first book-length study in English of a national corpus of state-sponsored informational film, this book traces how Danish shorts on topics including social welfare, industry, art and architecture were commissioned, funded, produced and reviewed from the inter-war period to the 1960s. For three decades, state-sponsored short filmmaking educated Danish citizens, promoted Denmark to the world, and shaped the careers of renowned directors like Carl Th. Dreyer. Examining the life cycle of a representative selection of films, and discussing their preservation and mediation in the digital age, this book presents a detailed case study of how informational cinema is shaped by, and indeed shapes, its cultural, political and technological contexts.The book combines close textual analysis of a broad range of films with detailed accounts of their commissioning, production, distribution and reception in Denmark and abroad, drawing on Actor-Network Theory to emphasise the role of a wide range of entities in these processes. It considers a broad range of genres and sub-genres, including industrial process films, public information films, art films, the city symphony, the essay film, and many more. It also maps international networks of informational and documentary films in the post-war period, and explores the role of informational film in Danish cultural and political history.

Ken Russell's Wartime Imagery

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
War Films ◽  
Personal Style ◽  
American Cinema ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Second World ◽  
Wartime Experience ◽  
National Experience

This article traces Ken Russell's explorations of war and wartime experience over the course of his career. In particular, it argues that Russell's scattered attempts at coming to terms with war, the rise of fascism and memorialisation are best understood in terms of a combination of Russell's own tastes and personal style, wider stylistic and thematic trends in Euro-American cinema during the 1960s and 1970s, and discourses of collective national experience. In addition to identifying Russell's recurrent techniques, this article focuses on how the residual impacts of the First and Second World Wars appear in his favoured genres: literary adaptations and composer biopics. Although the article looks for patterns and similarities in Russell's war output, it differentiates between his First and Second World War films by indicating how he engages with, and temporarily inhabits, the stylistic regime of the enemy within the latter group.

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