Pharmaceutical Polymers - A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Naveen Kumar ◽  
Sonia Pahuja ◽  
Ranjit Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Taste Masking ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms ◽  
Pharmaceutical Applications ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Humans have taken advantage of the adaptability of polymers for centuries in the form of resins, gums tars, and oils. However, it was not until the industrial revolution that the modern polymer industry began to develop. Polymers represent an important constituent of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Polymers have played vital roles in the formulation of pharmaceutical products. Polymers have been used as a major tool to manage the drug release rate from the formulations. Synthetic and natural-based polymers have found their way into the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries. Synthetic and Natural polymers can be produced with a broad range of strength, heat resistance, density, stiffness and even price. By constant research into the science and applications of polymers, they are playing an ever-increasing role in society. Diverse applications of polymers in the present pharmaceutical field are for controlled drug release. Based on solubility pharmaceutical polymers can be classified as water-soluble and water-insoluble. In general, the desirable polymer properties in pharmaceutical applications are film forming, adhesion, gelling, thickening, pH-dependent solubility and taste masking. General pharmaceutical applications of polymers in various pharmaceutical formulations are also discussed

scholarly journals Simultaneous Determination of Drugs Affecting Central Nervous System (CNS) in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulations Using Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heba Shaaban ◽  
Ahmed Mostafa ◽  
Bushra Al-Zahrani ◽  
Bushra Al-Jasser ◽  
Raghad Al-Ghamdi
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Alternating Least Squares ◽  
Multivariate Curve Resolution ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms ◽  
Curve Resolution ◽  
Significant Difference

The quality of medications is important to maintain the overall health care of patients. This study aims to develop and validate a spectrophotometric method using multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) with correlation constraint for simultaneous resolution and quantification of selected drugs affecting the central nervous system (imipramine, carbamazepine, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and phenytoin) in different pharmaceutical dosage forms. Figures of merit such as root-mean-square error of prediction, bias, standard error of prediction, and relative error of prediction for the developed method were calculated. High values of correlation coefficients ranged between 0.9993 and 0.9998 reflected high predictive ability of the developed method. The results are linear in the concentration range of 0.3–5 μg/mL for carbamazepine, 0.3–15 μg/mL for chlorpromazine, 0.5–10 μg/mL for haloperidol, 0.5–10 μg/mL for imipramine, and 3–20 μg/mL for phenytoin. The optimized method was successfully applied for the analysis of the studied drugs in their pharmaceutical products without any separation step. The optimized method was also compared with a reported HPLC method using Student’s t test and F ratio at 95% confidence level, and the results showed no significant difference regarding accuracy and precision. The proposed chemometric method is fast, reliable, and cost-effective and can be used as an eco-friendly alternative to chromatographic techniques for the analysis of the studied drugs in commercial pharmaceutical products.

Direct Spectrophotometric Determination of Perindopril Erbumine and Enalapril Maleate in Pure and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms using Bromocresol Green

2021 ◽  
pp. 3276-3282
Author(s):  
Amir Alhaj Sakur ◽  
Bayan Balid
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Bromocresol Green ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms ◽  
Enalapril Maleate ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Perindopril Erbumine

In this article, it has been reported new, simple, sensitive and direct spectrophotometric methods for the determination of Perindopril Erbumine (PPE) and Enalapril Maleate (ENL) in pure and in pharmaceutical forms. Spectrophotometric methods are based on the formation of yellow colored ion-pair complexes between PPE, ENL and sulphonphthalein acid dye, Bromocresol green (BCG) into chloroform were measured at the wavelength of 414 and 415nm for PPE and ENL, respectively. The optimal analytical conditions were determined. The obtained complexes (BCG: PPE) and (BCG: ENL) reached maximum absorbance directly after formation at room temperature for a stability period of 24 h. Beer’s law were obeyed in the concentration ranges of (2-20)µg/mL for PPE and (8- 44)µg/mL for ENL, the limit of detection of 0.125μg/mL and 0.230μg/mL were found for PPE and ENL, respectively. The molar absorptivity coefficients were 4.4045*104 L.moL-1.cm-1 for PPE and 1,9330*104 L.moL-1.cm-1 for ENL. The stoichiometry of the complexes formed between PPE, ENL and BCG were 1:1. No interference was observed from common excipients occurred in pharmaceutical formulations and the proposed methods have been successfully applied to determine the PPE and ENL in some pharmaceutical products and in ENL combination dosage forms with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). The proposed methods were successfully validated to be utilized in the quantitative analysis of PPE and ENL in their pure and pharmaceutical products. A good agreement between the developed spectrophotometric methods with the results obtained from official reference methods for the determination of the two drugs in some real samples demonstrate that the proposed methods were suitable to quantify PPE and ENL in pharmaceutical formulations.

scholarly journals Natural polymers in pharmaceutical drug delivery: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 082-090
Author(s):  
Kirteebala Pawar ◽  
Dhawal Rajendra Shinde ◽  
Dipak Dhondu Shivgan ◽  
Sagar Namdev Sherker ◽  
Shivam Devdendra Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Taste Masking ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Stabilizing Agents

In pharmaceutical formulation two main ingredients are required which is API and excipient. And excipient contains many components which plays vital role in manufacturing of dosage form as well as improve pharmaceutical parameters of the dosage form. Polymers used in any dosage form as excipient. Polymers have influencing capacity towards drug release and should be compatible, stable, non-toxic and economic etc. Generally, polymers are classified into three categories i.e natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic polymers. Nowadays, many pharmaceutical companies inclined towards using natural polymers due to many problems created with drug release and side effects. Polymers plays various application in formulation as excipient like to provide uniform drug delivery, rate controlling agent, taste masking agent, protective and stabilizing agents, etc. So that this review discuss about various natural polymers, there advantages over synthetic polymers and role of polymers in designing drug delivery system.

scholarly journals Mini-review on Natural Disintegrants in Pharmaceutical Formulations

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
S. U. Kankanamge ◽  
A. G. K. Neranja ◽  
K. D. S. Sandarenu
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Nutritional Supplement ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Aqueous Environment ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Water Soluble Drug ◽  
Tablet Formulations ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Poorly Water Soluble Drug

Disintegrants are agents which are integrated to tablets and some encapsulated formulations in order to promote the breakup of the tablet and capsule “slugs” into more small fragments in an aqueous environment which thereafter increment the available surface area and promoting a more rapid release of the drug substance.  The development of new excipients for potential use as disintegrant agent in tablet formulations continues to be of interest. This is because different disintegrant agents can be useful in promoting penetration of moisture and dispersion of the tablet matrix and disintegration of tablet has received considerable attention at present as an essential step in obtaining fast drug release. Natural polymers such as starches, gums, mucilage, and dried fruits utilized as binder, diluent, and disintegrants to increase the solubility of poorly water-soluble drug, decrease the disintegration time, and provide nutritional supplement. Natural disintegrants are safe and economical than synthetic disintegrants such as Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Therefore, in the present review, an attempt has been made to reveal the importance of the natural disintegrants in the pharmaceutical formulations.

scholarly journals A REVIEW ON OPTIMIZATION OF DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM WITH EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazia Khanam ◽  
Md Irshad Alam ◽  
Quazi Md Aamer Iqbal Md Yusuf Ali ◽  
Aquil-ur-rahman Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Fractional Factorial ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

The present review article aims at determining the various possible techniques available to enhance the quality, safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical formulations by exploring most suitable and practically applicable experimental designs and optimization techniques. As we know that pharmaceutical industries are constantly in search of novel ideas to improve quality by various optimization techniques, hence in present review article we shall discuss latest optimization techniques and experimental designs to achieve the best combination of product and process characteristics under the given set of conditions. Experimental designs and optimization techniques are the tools that are simultaneously and systematically used to identify various types of problems that may influence research, development and production of pharmaceutical formulations. These are organized an approach to determine the relationship between the factors affecting a process and the output of that process. The screening methods discussed here include factorial design, fractional factorial designs, full factorial design, mixture designs etc. Recently, different software has been used in implementing optimization techniques in pharmaceutical products to enhance product quality by using most suitable available facilities.

scholarly journals An Updated Review of Macro, Micro, and Nanostructured Hydrogels for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 970
Author(s):  
Caroline S. A. de Lima ◽  
Tatiana S. Balogh ◽  
Justine P. R. O. Varca ◽  
Gustavo H. C. Varca ◽  
Ademar B. Lugão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
Intelligent Materials ◽  
Pharmaceutical Applications ◽  
Methods Of Synthesis ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Responsive Hydrogels

Hydrogels are materials with wide applications in several fields, including the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries. Their properties such as the capacity of absorbing great amounts of aqueous solutions without losing shape and mechanical properties, as well as loading drugs of different nature, including hydrophobic ones and biomolecules, give an idea of their versatility and promising demand. As they have been explored in a great number of studies for years, many routes of synthesis have been developed, especially for chemical/permanent hydrogels. In the same way, stimuli-responsive hydrogels, also known as intelligent materials, have been explored too, enhancing the regulation of properties such as targeting and drug release. By controlling the particle size, hydrogel on the micro- and nanoscale have been studied likewise and have increased, even more, the possibilities for applications of the so-called XXI century materials. In this paper, we aimed to produce an overview of the recent studies concerning methods of synthesis, biomedical, and pharmaceutical applications of macro-, micro, and nanogels.

Microencapsulation and Nanoencapsulation: A Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Suganya ◽  
V. Anuradha
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Inert Material ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Control Drug ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Nano Scale ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Control Drug Release

Encapsulation is a process of enclosing the substances within an inert material which protects from environment as well as control drug release. Recently, two type of encapsulation has been performed in several research. Nanoencapsulation is the coating of various substances within another material at sizes on the nano scale. Microencapsulation is similar to nanoencapsulation aside from it involving larger particles and having been done for a greater period of time than nanoencapsulation. Encapsulation is a new technology that has wide applications in pharmaceutical industries, agrochemical, food industries and cosmetics. In this review, the difference between micro and nano encapsulation has been explained. This article gives an overview of different methods and reason for encapsulation. The advantages and disadvantages of micro and nano encapsulation technology were also clearly mentioned in this paper.

pH Dependent Release Potential of Natural Polymers in Sustained Release of Ornidazole From Colon Targeted Delivery System)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharma Pankaj ◽  
Tailang Mukul
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Acidic Environment ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Weight Variation ◽  
Curve Determination ◽  
Preformulation Studies

The aim of present work was to prepare colon specific delivery system of Ornidazole using different ratio of shellac, zein and guar gum. From study of various literature it revealed that shellac, zein and guar gum released drug from dosage form at the pH of 6.9, 11.5, 7-9 respectively. The main problem associated with colon targeted drug delivery system is degradation of drug in the acidic environment of stomach to circumvent the present problem different combinations of shellac, zein and guar gum were employed in the formulation of colon targeted tablet. Several preformulation parameters were determined such as melting point, FTIR spectroscopy, preparation of calibration curve, determination of λmax and partition coefficient. After the preformulation studies, next steps were preparation of core tablets, evaluation of core of tablets and coating of tablets. The data obtained from preformulation study seven formulations were developed and evaluated for various parameters. Based on evaluated parameter such as weight variation, friability, dissolution study, invitro drug release etc. the F7 formulation show better results colon targeted tablets. Drug content in F7 formulation was 95% and drug release after 6 hrs was 96%. Formulation containing combination of shellac, zein and guar gum released least amount of drug in the acidic environment of stomach and released most of the drug in colon. It is evide

NANO-SIZED SOLID DISPERSION OF A POORLY WATER-SOLUBLE DRUG

2012 ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
Truong Dinh Thao Tran ◽  
Ha Lien Phuong Tran ◽  
Nghia Khanh Tran ◽  
Van Toi Vo
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Solid Dispersion ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Drug Dissolution ◽  
Dissolution Enhancement ◽  
Particle Size Reduction ◽  
Water Soluble Drug ◽  
Poorly Water Soluble ◽  
Poorly Water Soluble Drug

Purposes: Aims of this study are dissolution enhancement of a poorly water-soluble drug by nano-sized solid dispersion and investigation of machenism of drug release from the solid dispersion. A drug for osteoporosis treatment was used as the model drug in the study. Methods: melting method was used to prepare the solid dispersion. Drug dissolution rate was investigated at pH 1.2 and pH 6.8. Drug crystallinity was studied using differential scanning calorimetric and powder X-ray diffraction. In addition, droplet size and contact angle of drug were determined to elucidate mechanism of drug release. Results: Drug dissolution from the solid dispersion was significantly increased at pH 1.2 and pH 6.8 as compared to pure drug. Drug crystallinity was changed to partially amorphous. Also dissolution enhancement of drug was due to the improved wettability. The droplet size of drug was in the scale of nano-size when solid dispersion was dispersed in dissolution media. Conclusions: nano-sized solid dispersion in this research was a successful preparation to enhance bioavailability of a poorly water-soluble drug by mechanisms of crystal changes, particle size reduction and increase of wet property.

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