Alpha-fetoprotein: A molecular bootstrap for hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is well known for its aggressive nature and high recurrence rates. Alpha- fetoprotein (AFP) secreting tumors are more common in HCC. However, a few proportion of HCC do not produce AFP more than the basal level. AFP secreting tumors are more aggressive in nature since the ability of AFP to promote effective progression, growth, and metastasis of tumor. AFP also intervenes the immune system to evade the immune responses against cancer cells. AFP-producing tumors contain poorly differentiated cells similar to embryonic stem cells of liver mimicking rapid replication, proliferation, and AFP secretion by fetal liver. In this review, we highlight the crucial roles of AFP in immune evasion, aggressiveness, progression, and tumor biology of HCC.