scholarly journals FIRE SAFETY MEASURES IN THE CITIES OF VOLYN IN THE 18TH CENTURY (THE CASE STUDY OF DUBNO)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (30) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Mykola Blyzniak
Keyword(s):  
Fire Safety ◽  
Fire Management ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
City Community ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
The City

The article outlines the main aspects of the occurrence and prevention of fires in the cities of Volyn. In general, the fires hindered the development of a city, and its citizens bore the heavy burden of restoring the city’s production capacities. The owners of Volyn cities provided the fire victims with help for certain periods of time, but it did not always improve the situation. The article uses the orders of the prince’s administration in Dubno in the 18th century to analyse the fire safety measures and sanctions against violators. The documents regulating fire management have been published. The sources focuse mainly on the implementation of the system of preventive measures to fight the fires in the city of Dubno and the technical and managerial recommendations aimed to overcome possible challenges. The fire management strategy proposed by the prince’s administration was current and corresponded to the society’s needs at the time, since by the mid-18th century, the privately owned city of Dubno had become Volyn’s leader in the number of households, thus the most populated, and continued to support its people until the end of the century. The necessity of strict fire safety regulations and their adherence was based on four major factors: the high numbers of the city’s inhabitants, the ethnic and religious diversity of military contingent as well as their different professional activities, the constant influx of merchants and guests of the city, and mostly wooden city constructions and buildings. Volyn cities had night guards, whose responsibilities included ensuring that the citizens adhered to the fire safety regulations. For example, the city of Olyka had quartermasters, which were elected, similar to some other city positions. The article analyses the fire safety rules and requirements, which united the entire city community and ensured equality in the rights and duties of all city residents and locals from adjacent suburban areas regardless of their social affiliation. Thus, the problem of firefighting in the city became a common cause. Fires and their consequences could also become an instrument of manipulation in the political life of the region.

scholarly journals Compliance of fire safety measures for accommodation of people in Riga schools

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihails Urbans ◽  
◽  
Jelena Malahova ◽  
Vladimirs Jemeļjanovs ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fire Safety ◽  
Important Condition ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Public Facilities ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
Actual Fire ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The City ◽  
Temporary Accommodation

This article describes the situation with fire safety at Riga schools regarding their compliance with the fire safety requirements set in Latvia for accommodation of people in schools. The objective of the current paper was to research and evaluate the compliance with the requirements of regulatory enactments regarding the accommodation in Riga schools and analyse the actual fire safety situation during accommodation of participants of the Dance and Song Festivals in Riga schools. The research was conducted in spring of 2018, prior to the Dance and Song Festival, assessing the compliance of 60 accommodation sites with the Latvian regulatory enactments on fire safety. During the Dance and Song Festival, it was planned to organise accommodation places in schools for 24 000 persons – participants of the festival events in the city of Riga. Ensuring fire safety at public facilities is a topical issue for any country, since the fulfilment of fire safety requirements is important not only in cases, when school premises are intended to be used for temporary accommodation of participants of the Dance and Song Festivals for a period not exceeding a week, but also in cases when children have to stay in school premises every day to receive the knowledge they will need in their future lives and the fulfilment of fire safety regulations is an important condition for providing the overall safety.

Review of Fire Safety Rules of the Russian Empire in the First Half of the XVIII Century before the Publication of the Fire Regulations

2020 ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
E. A. Titova ◽  
E. A. Zorina
Keyword(s):  
Fire Safety ◽  
Fire Department ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Fire Prevention ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Safety Rules

This article analyzes certain provisions of the legislation of the Russian Empire, namely fire safety regulations governing fire safety prior to the adoption of the uniform act of systematization of the Fire Department of the Charter of 1832. The peak of development and adoption of normative-legal acts related to that particular fire safety measures, falls on 1737-1739 and 1749-1753. From the analysis, it is possible to classify the fire safety rules for the following types: 1. Special fire safety regulations for cities that are cities of Federal significance at the present — Moscow and Saint-Petersburg; 2. Fire rules specific to certain territories of the Russian Empire — in the forests and on ships; 3. Special rules for fire prevention.

Fire-Fighting Safety Assessment in City Zone

2011 ◽  
Vol 403-408 ◽  
pp. 1688-1691
Author(s):  
Zun Ze Hou
Keyword(s):  
Fire Safety ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Fire Management ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Fire Fighting ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy Process Method ◽  
Hierarchy Process ◽  
The City ◽  
Process Method

It is very important to assess the fire-fighting safety in city zone. That is the base of programming and arranging the city fire scientifically. According to the definition about the target of fire management in “The latest Fire-fighting Law”, this paper first proposed the method to classify it, determined the parts in the city zone fire-safety system, and determined the weight of each criterion by Analytic Hierarchy Process method. Secondly, it studied the model of city zone fire-safety assessment through the theory of fuzzy mathematics, and made some research and calculation on city zone fire-safety evaluation. Finally, it evaluated the condition of zone fire-safety in Xuan Wu Area in Beijing according to the model we have designed. The results showed that the methods we proposed and the calculations we have had were efficacious.

scholarly journals Fires and Fire Safety Measures in Churches of Tobolsk North during the Synodal Period (1722-1917)

2020 ◽  
pp. 421-434
Author(s):  
O. P. Tsys
Keyword(s):  
Fire Safety ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Fire Department ◽  
Building Codes ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The North ◽  
Fire Insurance ◽  
Rural Parishes ◽  
Large Fires

The results of a study on the extent, causes and measures of combating fires in churches in the north of the Tobolsk diocese in the XVIII - early XX centuries are presented in the article. Sources indicate “large” fires in Berezov and Surgut and few in rural parishes, and, as a rule, they indicate the destruction of church buildings and the futility of public efforts to prevent the fire element. The destruction of churches from fire is presented as a common cause of rebuilding of parish buildings in the 18th century. It is noted that the main cause of the fires was the careless handling of fire by church servants when burning stoves. Fire safety measures are characterized by the adoption of relevant legislative norms and administrative orders, monitoring of building codes and the repair of irregularities made during the construction of churches, and the spread of fire insurance. It is indicated that the state tried to involve not only the police, but also the population in the fight against fires. It is concluded that, despite the efforts made, the fire department in the territory of the region remained at a low level and did not allow to successfully confront the fire element.

Fire Scenarios in the Enforcement of Performance-Based Fire Safety Regulations

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 354-375
Author(s):  
VINCENT BRANNIGAN ◽  
ANTHONY KILPATRICK
Keyword(s):  
Fire Safety ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
Fire Scenarios

scholarly journals “His Soul Is Weeping inside That He Cannot Bury the Dead as before.” Plague and Rebellion in Debrecen (Hungary), 1739–1742

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 687
Author(s):  
Ildikó Sz. Kristóf
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Anthropological Study ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Religious Piety ◽  
The City

This is a historical anthropological study of a period of social and religious tensions in a Calvinist city in the Kingdom of Hungary in the first half of the 18th century. The last and greatest plague epidemic to devastate Hungary and Transylvania between cca. 1738 and 1743 led to a clash of different opinions and beliefs on the origin of the plague and ways of fighting it. Situated on the Great Hungarian Plain, the city of Debrecen saw not only frequent violations of the imposed lockdown measures among its inhabitants but also a major uprising in 1739. The author examines the historical sources (handwritten city records, written and printed regulations, criminal proceedings, and other documents) to be found in the Debrecen city archives, as well as the writings of the local Calvinist pastors published in the same town. The purpose of the study is to outline the main directions of interpretation concerning the plague and manifest in the urban uprising. According to the findings of the author, there was a stricter and chronologically earlier direction, more in keeping with local Puritanism in the second half of the 17th century, and there was also a more moderate and later one, more in line with the assumptions and expectations of late 18th-century medical science. While the former set of interpretations seems to have been founded especially on a so-called “internal” cure (i.e., religious piety and repentance), the latter proposed mostly “external” means (i.e., quarantine measures and herbal medicine) to avoid the plague and be rid of it. There seems to have existed, however, a third set of interpretations: that of folk beliefs and practices, i.e., sorcery and magic. According to the files, a number of so-called “wise women” also attempted to cure the plague-stricken by magical means. The third set of interpretations and their implied practices were not tolerated by either of the other two. The author provides a detailed micro-historical analysis of local events and the social and religious discourses into which they were embedded.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Legal Framework for Building Fire Safety Regulations in Spain

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Amaya Osácar ◽  
Juan Bautista Echeverria Trueba ◽  
Brian Meacham
Keyword(s):  
Fire Safety ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Existing Building ◽  
Building Fire ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Ideal

There is a trend in Europe towards increasing the quality and performance of regulations. At the same time, regulatory failure has been observed in the area of building fire safety regulation in England and elsewhere. As a result, an analysis of the appropriateness of fire safety regulations in Spain is warranted, with the objective being to assess whether a suitable level of fire safety is currently being delivered. Three basic elements must be considered in such analysis: the legal and regulatory framework, the level of fire risk/safety of buildings that is expected and the level which actually results, and a suitable method of analysis. The focus of this paper is creating a legal and regulatory framework, in particular with respect to fire safety in buildings. Components of an ”ideal” building regulatory framework to adequately control fire risk are presented, the existing building regulatory framework is summarized, and an analysis of the gaps between the ideal and the existing systems is presented. It is concluded that the gaps between the ideal and the existing framework are significant, and that the current fire safety regulations are not appropriate for assuring delivery of the intended level of fire risk mitigation.

City Management and the Emerging Welfare State: Evolution of City Budgets and Civic Responsibilities in Montreal, 1931–1951

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Collin
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Fiscal Crisis ◽  
Political Life ◽  
City Management ◽  
Political Machines ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
State Evolution ◽  
The City

The Great Depression of the 1930s transformed municipal political life in Montreal, as it did that in other major cities in North America. For one thing, the debate between populists and reformers was revived as the electoral scene underwent fundamental changes. In many cities, political machines running on patronage became more influential as the middle class began to desert the city for the suburbs. At the same time, the margin of budgetary maneuvering available to cities was shrinking, and local public finances were reduced. Municipalities that had been obliged to borrow to meet social needs resulting from the depression were faced with a prolonged fiscal crisis, which for many of them resulted in bankruptcy and trusteeship. This was Montreal's fate in 1940.

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