scholarly journals Metafory konceptualne w niemieckich związkach frazeologicznych odnoszących się do ludzkich procesów poznawczych

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-210
Author(s):  
Kamil Iwaniak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Abstract Thinking ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Everyday Language ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The Way

Conceptual metaphors in selected German phraseological units referring to human cognition. The aim of the paper is to elaborate on conceptual metaphors as a fundamental scheme of human cognition and conceptualization of abstract thinking. The article describes the way they are created and how they exist in the everyday language. Attention has been predominantly directed to phraseological units that often are used to capture the metaphors and express the underlying concepts in the language. The analysis included phrasological units referring to the sphere of human mind. Keywords: cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphors, phraseology, human cognition, German

scholarly journals CONSTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF GERMAN AND HUNGARIAN IDIOMS

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-66
Author(s):  
Ilona Lechner
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Cognitive Tools ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Mental Strain ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Figurative Meaning ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
The Subject

The subject of the study is the examination of figurative meaning in Hungarian and German. In the present study, I present the interpretation of figurative meaning within the theoretical framework of cognitive linguistics by analysing idiomatic expressions in Hungarian and German on the example of the concept of ‘time’. In this contrastive research, I primarily look for the answer to how ordinary people use cognitive tools to grasp intangible abstract concepts such as ‘time’ and what connections can be observed between literal and figurative meaning. The examined Hungarian and German idioms are the linguistic manifestations of the conceptual metaphor time is money (valuable resource). The study aims to support the assumption that in any language an abstract meaning can only be expressed with a figurative meaning. Time is an abstract concept that is present in the everyday language use of all people. The expressions time passes, the time is here, my time has come, it takes a lot of time – to mention just a few, have become so conventionalized in our language that we take their meaning literally. Nonetheless, they are based on conventional conceptual metaphors that we use to make the concept of time more tangible to ourselves. The linguistic manifestations of these conceptual metaphors are created and understood without any mental strain. In the first stage of the research, I searched for possible German equivalents of Hungarian expressions, and then I used Internet search engines and idiom and monolingual dictionaries to select the most frequently used equivalent in German. As a next step, I examined 1) the word form, 2) the literal meaning, 3) the figurative meaning, and 4) the conceptual metaphor of idioms in both languages, which were either been identical or different. Because they are different languages, the word forms are inherently different. At the end of the study, I compared the formed patterns from which I drew conclusions, which support that figurative meaning is figurative in another language as well.

Snakes, Leaves, and Poisoned Arrows

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Kowalewski
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
Buddhist Philosophy ◽  
The West ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
The Way

A paradox about emotions is that although we experience them directly through our minds and bodies, they appear to be vague and elusive when we try to talk about them. Consequently, most of the language used to speak about emotions is metaphorical. This observation is consonant with cognitive linguistics, which views metaphors as conceptual rather than purely verbal mechanisms. Emotions are one of the central matters of Buddhist philosophy, and language used to talk about them abounds in conceptual metaphors. This article inspects metaphorical expressions used in the canonical collection of early Buddhist texts. It reveals fundamental differences in the way emotions are thought of in Buddhist and Western culture. While in the West emotions are typically conceptualized in terms of FORCE, Buddhism conceives them in terms of FORCE, OBJECT or both. These variations are not incidental and results from fundamental differences between Christian and Buddhist worldviews and philosophy.

scholarly journals Al rescate de la economía o cómo hablar con metáforas de asuntos serios

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Rivera León
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Communicative Competence ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Everyday Language ◽  
Literary Device ◽  
Technical Terms

Resumen: A raíz de la formulación de la teoría cognitiva de la metáfora por parte de Lakoff y Johnson (1980) se descubre que esta figura puede promover el desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa en el aprendizaje de segundas lenguas. Sin embargo, en el ámbito de ELE apenas hay materiales disponibles para explotarla. Para paliar este déficit presentamos aquí una secuencia didáctica pensada para Español de los negocios de nivel C1. En el discurso de las ciencias sociales proliferan las metáforas creadas a partir de términos de la lengua común que han adquirido un significado específico en estas disciplinas. Trabajamos con textos de la sección económica de El País y nos fijamos en las metáforas conceptuales subyacentes, que soportan buena parte del peso argumentativo. Tras este entrenamiento, el alumno deberá construir metáforas para debatir sobre el intervencionismo en economía.Palabras clave: Metáfora, lingüística cognitiva, economía, español de los negocios Abstract: As a result of the formulation of the Cognitive Theory of the Metaphor by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) scholars discovered that this literary device could contribute to the development of communicative competence among L2 students. However, there are barely any didactic materials to take advantage of it. With the purpose of filling this gap a didactic sequence for Business Spanish, level C1, is presented. The speech in social sciences is rich in technical terms coming from the assignment of a metaphorical value to words we use in everyday language. Texts from the economic section of the newspaper El País will be used in order to detect the underlying conceptual metaphors that are essential for argumentation. After this training lesson, students must be able to construct metaphors for the discussion on economic interventionism.Keywords: Metaphor, cognitive linguistics, economy, Business Spanish

scholarly journals Al rescate de la economía o cómo hablar con metáforas de asuntos serios

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Rivera León
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Communicative Competence ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Everyday Language ◽  
Literary Device ◽  
Technical Terms

Resumen: A raíz de la formulación de la teoría cognitiva de la metáfora por parte de Lakoff y Johnson (1980) se descubre que esta figura puede promover el desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa en el aprendizaje de segundas lenguas. Sin embargo, en el ámbito de ELE apenas hay materiales disponibles para explotarla. Para paliar este déficit presentamos aquí una secuencia didáctica pensada para Español de los negocios de nivel C1. En el discurso de las ciencias sociales proliferan las metáforas creadas a partir de términos de la lengua común que han adquirido un significado específico en estas disciplinas. Trabajamos con textos de la sección económica de El País y nos fijamos en las metáforas conceptuales subyacentes, que soportan buena parte del peso argumentativo. Tras este entrenamiento, el alumno deberá construir metáforas para debatir sobre el intervencionismo en economía.Palabras clave: Metáfora, lingüística cognitiva, economía, español de los negocios Abstract: As a result of the formulation of the Cognitive Theory of the Metaphor by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) scholars discovered that this literary device could contribute to the development of communicative competence among L2 students. However, there are barely any didactic materials to take advantage of it. With the purpose of filling this gap a didactic sequence for Business Spanish, level C1, is presented. The speech in social sciences is rich in technical terms coming from the assignment of a metaphorical value to words we use in everyday language. Texts from the economic section of the newspaper El País will be used in order to detect the underlying conceptual metaphors that are essential for argumentation. After this training lesson, students must be able to construct metaphors for the discussion on economic interventionism.Keywords: Metaphor, cognitive linguistics, economy, Business Spanish

Everyday Structures/Everyday Language

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Everyday Language ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Extreme Violence ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Way

Chapter four expands on both the aesthetic tendency to refuse guidance in relation to depictions of violence, and the need in the critical discourse that surrounds extreme cinema to impose coherence on violent representation. Where the films in chapter three stylistically equate moments of extreme violence with the banal, chapter four considers films in which the intrusion of violence into the everyday is marked as a definite rupture. Catherine Breillat’s Fat Girl (2001) and Bruno Dumont’s Twentynine Palms (2003) establish familiar patterns and worlds only to break them with paroxysms of violence in their final minutes. Disoriented by these seemingly illegible shifts, critical and scholarly responses tend to interpret them in terms of a shift in genre, or dismiss them as an authorial misstep. Unpacking these responses, and considering issues of authorship, genre, and aesthetics, chapter four argues that it is the films’ broader orienting structures that pave the way for disturbing affect. This chapter considers the ways in which Breillat and Dumont’s films involve us by establishing proximate and alienating structures congruent with the theoretical distinctions between positive and negative conceptions of the everyday.

What is the purpose of cognition?

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aba Szollosi ◽  
Ben R. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Infinite Number ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
The Way

Abstract The purpose of human cognition depends on the problem people try to solve. Defining the purpose is difficult, because people seem capable of representing problems in an infinite number of ways. The way in which the function of cognition develops needs to be central to our theories.

Language and creativity: a Construction Grammar approach to linguistic creativity

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Construction Grammar ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Evolutionary Adaptation ◽  
Theory Construction ◽  
Conceptual Blending ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Explanatory Account ◽  
The Way

AbstractCreativity is an important evolutionary adaptation that allows humans to think original thoughts, to find solutions to problems that have never been encountered before and to fundamentally change the way we live. One particular domain of human cognition that has received considerable attention is linguistic creativity. The present paper discusses how the leading cognitive linguistic theory, Construction Grammar, can provide an explanatory account of creativity that goes beyond the issue of linguistic productivity. At the same time, it also outlines how Construction Grammar can benefit from insights from Conceptual Blending.

scholarly journals What is a firm? A reply to Jean-Philippe Robé

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Simon Deakin ◽  
David Gindis ◽  
Geoffrey M. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of The Firm ◽  
Recent Book ◽  
Everyday Language ◽  
Modern Capitalism ◽  
Legal Foundations ◽  
Common Parlance ◽  
The Law ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Way

Abstract In his recent book on Property, Power and Politics, Jean-Philippe Robé makes a strong case for the need to understand the legal foundations of modern capitalism. He also insists that it is important to distinguish between firms and corporations. We agree. But Robé criticizes our definition of firms in terms of legally recognized capacities on the grounds that it does not take the distinction seriously enough. He argues that firms are not legally recognized as such, as the law only knows corporations. This argument, which is capable of different interpretations, leads to the bizarre result that corporations are not firms. Using etymological and other evidence, we show that firms are treated as legally constituted business entities in both common parlance and legal discourse. The way the law defines firms and corporations, while the product of a discourse which is in many ways distinct from everyday language, has such profound implications for the way firms operate in practice that no institutional theory of the firm worthy of the name can afford to ignore it.

Robots as cognitive tools

2002 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Pfeifer
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Abstract Thinking ◽  
Cognitive Tools ◽  
Developmental Robotics ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Natural Forms ◽  
Over Time

Artificial intelligence is by its very nature synthetic, its motto is “Understanding by building”. In the early days of artificial intelligence the focus was on abstract thinking and problem solving. These phenomena could be naturally mapped onto algorithms, which is why originally AI was considered to be part of computer science and the tool was computer programming. Over time, it turned out that this view was too limited to understand natural forms of intelligence and that embodiment must be taken into account. As a consequence the focus changed to systems that are able to autonomously interact with their environment and the main tool became the robot. The “developmental robotics” approach incorporates the major implications of embodiment with regard to what has been and can potentially be learned about human cognition by employing robots as cognitive tools. The use of “robots as cognitive tools” is illustrated in a number of case studies by discussing the major implications of embodiment, which are of a dynamical and information theoretic nature.

The Role of Cognitive Patterns in Modelling Reality by Means of Natural Language (The Case Study of the English Cognitive Pattern “Cleanness / Dirtiness”)

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-81
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Savitskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
Cognitive Patterns ◽  
Cognitive Pattern ◽  
The World ◽  
Internal Comparison

In the field of cognitive linguistics it is accepted that, before developing its capacity for abstract and theoretical thought, the human mind went through the stage of reflecting reality through concrete images and thus has inherited old cognitive patterns. Even abstract notions of the modern civilization are based on traditional concrete images, and it is all fixed in natural language units. By way of illustration, the author analyzes the cognitive pattern “сleanness / dirtiness” as a constituent part of the English linguoculture, looking at the whole range of its verbal realization and demonstrating its influence on language-based thinking and modeling of reality. Comparing meanings of language units with their inner forms enabled the author to establish the connection between abstract notions and concrete images within cognitive patterns. Using the method of internal comparison and applying the results of etymological reconstruction of language units’ inner form made it possible to see how the world is viewed by representatives of the English linguoculture. Apparently, in the English linguoculture images of cleanness / dirtiness symbolize mainly two thematic areas: that of morality and that of renewal. Since every ethnic group has its own axiological dominants (key values) that determine the expressiveness of verbal invectives, one can draw the conclusion that people perceive and comprehend world fragments through the prism of mental stereo-types fixed in the inner form of language units. Sometimes, in relation to specific language units, a conflict arises between the inner form which retains traditional thinking and a meaning that reflects modern reality. Still, linguoculture is a constantly evolving entity, and its de-velopment entails breaking established stereotypes and creating new ones. Linguistically, the victory of the new over the old is manifested in the “dying out” of the verbal support for pre-vious cognitive patterns, which leads to “reprogramming” (“recoding”) of linguoculture rep-resentatives’ mentality.

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