scholarly journals Comparison of hazard and toxicity of tobacco cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems, and tobacco heating systems (IQOS) (review)

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Д.А. Еникеев ◽  
Л.Т. Идрисова ◽  
О.А. Еникеев ◽  
К.О. Кузнецов ◽  
Д.Р. Ахмадеева ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Nicotine Delivery ◽  
Oncological Diseases ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
The Impact

В статье представлены актуальные данные экспериментальных и клинических исследований по изучению влияния различных средств доставки никотина в организм курильщика. Проведён сравнительный анализ воздействия табачных сигарет, электронных средств доставки никотина и системы нагревания табака IQOS на показатели здоровья и развития организма человека, а также лабораторных животных. Показано, что, несмотря на громкие заявления производителей альтернативных средств доставки никотина о полной безвредности их устройств, результаты экспериментальных исследований обнаруживают в них не только известные канцерогены, но и новые потенциально опасные вещества, которые не содержатся в обычных сигаретах, и влияние которых на организм достаточно не изучено. На данный момент имеются все основания полагать, что употребление электронных сигарет и IQOS может приводить к заболеваниям нервной, кроветворной, иммунной, дыхательной систем, а также к развитию онкологических заболеваний. The article presents current results of experimental and clinical studies focusing on effects of various nicotine delivery systems. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the impact of tobacco cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery devices, and IQOS tobacco heating systems on the health and development of humans and laboratory animals. The review of recent literature has shown that, despite ambitious statements of the manufacturers about complete safety of their devices, experiments have demonstrated that they release not only well-known carcinogens but also new, potentially hazardous substances. These substances are not contained in ordinary cigarettes, and their effects on the body has not been sufficiently studied. Presently, it seems very likely that the use of electronic cigarettes and IQOS can lead to diseases of the nervous, hematopoietic, immune, and respiratory systems as well as to oncological diseases.

scholarly journals Flavors Enhance Nicotine Vapor Self-administration in Male Mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Skylar Y Cooper ◽  
Austin T Akers ◽  
Brandon J Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Progressive Ratio ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ◽  
Nicotine Delivery ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Although the use of combustible cigarettes has decreased in many urban regions of America, the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has dramatically increased. ENDS, or electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), differ from combustible cigarettes given that there are no restrictions on flavorant additives in e-liquids. With 95% of ENDS users vaping flavored e-liquids, it is critical to understand how flavors alter vaping-related behaviors. We have previously shown that menthol and green apple flavors enhance nicotine reward-related behavior in a mouse model and in the present study have investigated how menthol and green apple flavors alter e-Vape self-administration behavior in male mice. Methods Adult C57/BL6J male mice were used in vapor-inhalation self-administration assays. Mice were assigned vaping e-liquids (6 mg/mL nicotine with or without menthol or green apple flavor) to escalate on a fixed-ratio 1 (FR1) schedule in daily 3-hour sessions to examine initiation-related behaviors. Following escalation, mice were transitioned to a FR3 and progressive ratio schedules in 3-hour sessions to examine reinforcement-related behaviors. Results Here we observed that male mice exhibited increased rates of self-administration escalation on a FR1 schedule when assigned to flavored e-liquids. Upon transition to FR3, mice continued to exhibit enhanced levels of reinforcement with flavored e-liquids. We also observed that mice self-administer zero-nicotine green apple flavored e-liquids. Conclusions These data provide additional evidence that ENDS flavors enhance vaping-related initiation and reinforcement-related behavior and promote the need to continue investigating the role ENDS flavors play in vaping-related behaviors. Implications There has been much discussion recently regarding the impact of flavors on vaping-related behavior. Our study here shows that flavors significantly enhance the acquisition and reinforcement of vaping-related behavior. This suggests that flavors in electronic nicotine delivery systems significantly increase the risk of addiction-related behaviors among users of vaping products.

scholarly journals International Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating Changes in Oral Health in Smokers after Switching to Combustion-Free Nicotine Delivery Systems: SMILE Study protocol

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca Conte ◽  
Sebastiano Antonio Pacino ◽  
Salvatore Urso ◽  
Pasquale Caponnetto ◽  
Francesca Benfatto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Nicotine Delivery ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTAlthough the well-known detrimental effects of conventional cigarette smoking on oral health, there are still lack of evidences about the impact of less harmful alternatives (such as electronic cigarettes or heat not burn products), especially in young smokers with clinical absence of signs of periodontitis.SMILE will be a prospective, multicenter, interventional, open label, randomized, controlled, three parallel-arms study assessing oral health parameters and teeth appearance of 18 months duration.This study aims to compare short- and long-term impact on oral health between smokers continuing with conventional cigarette smoking, those switching to combustion-free nicotine delivery systems (C-F NDS), and never-smokers by objectively evaluating changes in gingival response, as a proxy for periodontal/gingival.The total number of participants in the study planned of the trial is 606 (505 regular smokers and 101 never-smokers).Regular smokers not intending to quit will be randomized in the ratio 1:4 either in continuing to smoke commercially manufactured conventional cigarettes (n = 101; Study Arm A) or switching to C-F NDS (n = 404; Study Arm B), never-smokers will be assigned in Arm C (n= 101).The primary outcome will be to assess and compare the percentage mean change in Modified Gingival Index (MGI) score between Baseline and 18 months follow-up between the Study Arms A and B.Secondary outcomes include the assessment of within- and between-group (Arm A, Arm B and Arm C) variations from baseline to 18 months follow-up of several endpoints, such as MGI, Tooth Stains Assessment, Dental Discolorations, Plaque Score Imaging, Oral Health Quality of Life (OHQOL) assessment and EuroQoL Visual Analog Scale (EQ VAS – QoL) assessment.Patient recruitment will start in January 2021 and enrolment is expected to be completed by June 2021.This will be the first study determining overall oral health impact of using CF-NDS in smokers without sign of periodontitis. Data from this study will provide valuable insights into the overall potential of C-F NDS to reduce the risk of periodontal diseases.

scholarly journals Why do people use electronic nicotine delivery systems (electronic cigarettes)? A content analysis of Twitter, 2012-2015

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. e0170702 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Ayers ◽  
Eric C. Leas ◽  
Jon-Patrick Allem ◽  
Adrian Benton ◽  
Mark Dredze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ◽  
Nicotine Delivery

scholarly journals Peculiarities of air pollution in the production of continuous glass fiber

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 548-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Mukhammadiyeva ◽  
Liliya K. Karimova ◽  
N. A. Beigul ◽  
A. B. Bakirov ◽  
E. T. Valeeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Skin Neoplasms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Continuous Glass ◽  
Continuous Glass Fiber ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Fine Glass ◽  
Acid Hydrochloride ◽  
The Impact

With the use of a one-stage method we have carried out hygienic studies of the air of work area of the production of continuous glass fiber. There was revealed the emission of epichlorohydrin, formaldehyde, ethane acid, hydrochloride, spray of mineral petroleum oil, fine glass fiber dust in air of the work area. There was established the combined effect of hazardous substances of unidirectional action with the summation effect on the body. Hazardous substances containing in glass fiber sizers in combination with dust of glass fiber against the background of microtraumatization of the hand skin contribute to the development of occupational skin neoplasms. The studies became the basis of the development of preventive measures aimed at the reduction of risks of the impact of the chemical factor impact on workers.

scholarly journals Case Study: Use of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) By a Pregnant Woman

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel Sisler ◽  
Clare Meernik ◽  
Carol Ripley-Moffitt ◽  
Jennifer Greyber ◽  
Adam O. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ◽  
Nicotine Delivery ◽  
Tobacco Treatment ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
The One

Introduction: The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) such as electronic cigarettes, vapour cigarettes, and vapour/hookah pens is rapidly increasing. The effectiveness of ENDS for smoking cessation and their safety, particularly amongst pregnant women, is largely unknown. Some women who use tobacco products in pregnancy, such as the one described in this case study, switch to ENDS assuming they are a safer alternative to smoking traditional cigarettes. Many obstetric providers do not screen for ENDS use and may miss an opportunity to counsel their patients about ENDS usage, side effects, or alternatives.Case Description: Motivated by concern for her baby's health, a 28-year-old patient reduced consumption of traditional cigarettes and began using ENDS shortly after learning she was pregnant. Her obstetric team did not screen for ENDS use and was unaware that she had started using ENDS. During the postpartum period, her providers ordered a tobacco cessation consult and the tobacco treatment specialist (TTS) discovered the patient's ENDS use as well as her desire to quit.Conclusions: In the absence of consistent screening by providers and a lack of safety data regarding ENDS use during pregnancy, women are often given little guidance in deciphering the potential risks and benefits of ENDS use. In this case, the patient turned to ENDS because she thought it was safer than smoking tobacco cigarettes and was unaware that there is limited research on ENDS safety. This case highlights the importance of updating clinical screening tools to include ENDS and the need for further research investigating the safety of ENDS use during pregnancy.

Government intervention in the market for electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). The known, the unknown and challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-294
Author(s):  
Ayda A. Yurekli ◽  
Patricia Kovacevic ◽  
Emil Sunley ◽  
Karthik Ranganathan
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Nicotine Delivery ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This paper aims to describe the various government measures that regulate the market for novel tobacco harm reduction products (THRPs), with an emphasis on e-cigarettes [electronic nicotine delivery systems (“ENDS”)], and evaluates the public health impact of excise taxes levied on these products. Design/methodology/approach The paper reviews the economic research on the impact ENDS. Using cited evidence, the paper compares the tax treatment of ENDS and cigarettes and provides a simulation of potential lives that can be saved under alternative tax treatment of ENDS. Findings ENDS are considerably less harmful than cigarettes. Imposing the same tax burden on them (per unit of “harm”) as on cigarettes leads to poorer health outcomes. Differential tax treatment of ENDS will encourage more cigarette smokers to switch to ENDS and could save millions of lives worldwide. Research limitations/implications Country experiences with regulatory measures on ENDS are limited to those with high THRP penetration. The paper’s simulation analysis used evidence from a limited number of studies. Rigorous economic analysis is needed to understand how ENDS could save lives and could prevent expected one billion premature deaths by the end of this century. Originality/value The paper uses research evidence in its analysis of the impact that the differential taxation of cigarettes and ENDS would have. It also provides a rough estimate of the number of lives that could be saved if more smokers who are trying to quit can make the switch to ENDS.

scholarly journals Half a Century of Physiology in the Medical Faculty of Novi Sad

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danijel Slavić ◽  
Bogosav Lazetić ◽  
Damir Lukač
Keyword(s):  
Biological Systems ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Functional Systems ◽  
Biological Reaction ◽  
Novi Sad ◽  
The Impact

The department of Physiology began its work in October 1961 with the establishment of the Faculty of Medicine. In the first years of its existence, the deparment encountered numerous functioning and organisational difficulties due to the limited space available on location at the time, as is often the case for newly set scientific and educational institutions. However, thanks to the efforts of competent state institutions, scientific research could eventually focus on three main issues: a) Homeostasis in the body, b) Cardio-respiratory functional systems and their adaptation to different models of weight loads (in order to investigate the influence of dosed loads on histophysiological characteristics of muscles, especially on the state of mitochondrial apparatus, researches were conducted on laboratory animals), c) The neurophysiological laboratory especially focused on changes of spontaneous bioelectric activity of different brain structures in terms of the formation of functional systems of behavior. The microelectrode technique of registration of activity of individual neurons that are part of different brain structures was used for the first time. This allowed to investigate the characteristics of individual neurons of the sea slug Aplysia depilans. In the Department of Physiology, researchers' attention was drawn to an orientation-questioning reaction, as a fundamental biological reaction. In addition to the vegetative and electroencephalographic parameters of the mentioned reaction, a special interest was allocated to the neural and neurochemical characteristics of certain brain structures during that reaction. To this end, microelectrode and microiontophoretic examinations of activity of single neurons in various structures of the brain were conducted on laboratory animals. In the middle of the 20th Century, the impact of artificial electromagnetic fields on biological systems was considered as a serious setback. This resulted in the conduction of extensive researches on the effects of these fields on biological systems.

scholarly journals Applying the Population Health Standard to the Regulation of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Cahn ◽  
Jeffrey Drope ◽  
Clifford E Douglas ◽  
Rosemarie Henson ◽  
Carla J Berg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Health ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
The State ◽  
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ◽  
Nicotine Delivery ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Regulatory authorities have devoted increasing attention and resources to a range of issues surrounding the regulation of novel nicotine and tobacco products. This review highlights the inherent complexity of evaluating prospective policies that pertain to products that heat solutions containing nicotine but not tobacco leaf, sometimes referred to as electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is compelled to incorporate a set of public health criteria in their decision-making, collectively referred to as the Population Health Standard. Adherence to this standard is necessary to estimate the impact of prospective ENDS policy decisions on net population harm associated with non-therapeutic nicotine products. For policies that are expected to decrease or increase ENDS use, application of the Population Health Standard requires a comprehensive assessment of the status quo impact of ENDS use on population health. Accordingly, this review first assesses the state of the evidence on the direct harms of ENDS and the indirect effects of ENDS use on smoking, particularly rates of initiation and cessation. After that, the example of flavor restrictions is used to demonstrate the further considerations that are involved in applying the Population Health Standard to a prospective ENDS policy. Implications This narrative review aims to inform regulatory considerations about ends through the prism of the population health standard. More specifically, this review: 1) describes and explains the importance of this approach; 2) provides guidance on evaluating the state of the evidence linking ends to the net population harm associated with non-therapeutic nicotine products; and 3) illustrates how this framework can inform policymaking using the example of flavor restrictions.

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