scholarly journals THE BURIAL WITH A BRONZE HAMMER-AXE FROM THE ANDREEVSKIY KURGAN IN STAVROPOL REGION

Author(s):  
С.Н. Кореневский ◽  
Р.В. Прокофьев

Статья посвящена публикации погребения 19 с бронзовым топором-молотом из кургана 1 у пос. Андреевского близ г. Георгиевска на севере района Кавказских Минеральных Вод. Памятник раскопан Р. В. Прокофьевым. Захоронение является основным для второй насыпи кургана, возведенного ранее над захоронениями долинского варианта майкопско-новосвободненской общности. Топор-молот из п. 19 украшен литым орнаментом. Погребение имеет радиоуглеродную дату -третья четв. III тыс. до н. э. В статье приводятся аналогии топору-молоту в Предкавказье и в степном Поволжье. Проводится анализ орнаментов этих топоров-молотов и делается вывод об их символическом значении как топоров-скипетров. Производство такого типа оружия связывается с Центральным Предкавказьем. The paper describes burial 19 containing a bronze hammer-axe from kurgan 1 located in the vicinity of the Andreevskiy settlement near the town of Georgievsk in the North Caucasian Mineral Waters region. The site was excavated by R. V. Prokofyev. The burial is primary one in the second kurgan mound constructed earlier over the burials attributed to the Dolinskoye variant of the Maykop-Novosvobodnaya community. The entire surface of the discussed hammer-axe from burial 19 is densely covered with cast decoration. The radiocarbon date of the burial puts it within the third quarter of 3 mill. BC. The article presents analogies to the hammer-axe among similar artifacts from the Fore-Caucasus and the steppe Volga region. It also analyzes decoration patterns on such hammer-axes and comes to the conclusion on their symbolic meaning as scepter-axes. Production of this type of weapons is associated with the central ForeCaucasus.

Author(s):  
Arkady I. Korolev ◽  
◽  
Vladimir N. Myshkin ◽  
Anton A. Shalapinin

Introduction. This is a report on the results of archaeological excavations at Maksimovka I, the subterranean burial ground located in the forest-steppe Volga region. The site is unique because it contains burial complexes of different epochs. The purpose of the paper is to introduce the materials found during the 2018 excavations for the attention of the academic community. In particular, the paper focuses on the description and characterization of the archaeological complexes under investigation, and, also, on their cultural-chronological attribution. Data. The cultural layer was not particularly rich but contained fragments of Neolithic, Eneolithic, and Bronze Age ceramics, stone tools, and waste left after stone processing. Three burials were examined in the excavation area. The first burial comprised the skeleton of a deceased person in a supine position; the head oriented to the north-northeast; the grave goods included iron items (a fragment of a boiler and of a bit, rod-shaped items, and a firesteel), grindstones, and flints. The second buried person was found in the seated position, leg bones bent at the knee joint, head oriented to northeast; the finds included a nonferrous metal ring, a bone pendant, a silicon wafer, and tubular beads. The third buried person was also in a seated position, head oriented to the northeast; no grave goods were found in the third burial. Also, two other burial constructions recovered on the site were partially examined. Results. The first burial was attributed to the Golden Horde period in the Middle Ages (the second half of the 13th or the 14th c.). The second burial has a number of parallels to burial complexes of mid-late Eneolithic era of the forest-steppe Volga region. The third burial was left unidentified in terms of its cultural-chronological attribution, granted the non-standard position of the skeletal remains in the grave and the absence of goods. Conclusions. The examination of the subterranean burial ground Maksimovka I has allowed to introduce the archaeological material of different periods, such as Neolithic, Eneolithic, Bronze, and Middle Ages.


1953 ◽  
Vol 8 (22) ◽  
pp. 601-608 ◽  

Frederick Ernest Weiss was born on 2 November 1865 in Huddersfield, to parents of outstanding character and principles. His father, Charles John Philip Weiss, had been born in Germany, and was learning business in Holland when, in 1848, he was recalled to serve in the German army. At that time troops were being used to repress democratic risings in Germany, and since young Weiss held liberal and progressive views he refused to return. In consequence he was unable afterwards to go back to his home, and after spending ten years in Holland he came to England and established himself as a merchant in Huddersfield. He married Elizabeth Caroline, daughter of Frederick Pesel, a banker in Paris. One of her ancestors was the Hugenot, Thomas Delacourt, who came to England and settled at Wareham, where he was greatly esteemed for his piety and courage. After his death in 1733 he was commemorated in a tablet in the Congregational Church at Wareham as an intrepid supporter of civil and religious liberty in the troubled times at the end of the 17th century. Under James II his home was denounced as a conventicle, his goods were seized and were twice exposed for sale without the appearance of a single purchaser. Furthermore, at the risk of his life he removed from the Town Hall in the dead of night the heads of three gentlemen who had been condemned for their religious views by Judge Jeffries and executed. He hid these heads under his own bed and afterwards interred them. He took an active part in the revolution of 1688, joining William III when he landed at Torbay. Frederick Weiss was the third of five children. His father had attained a prominent position in the North of England as a merchant; he was a strong supporter of the Free Trade movement, and was a member of a delegation of British manufacturers and merchants which accompanied Richard Cobden on a visit to France to negotiate a commercial treaty. But when Frederick was only three years old his father died, leaving his mother to bring up and educate her young family on a slender income.


1964 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Duncan

In 1957 an archaeological field-survey revealed the presence of a Roman pottery near Sutri. It lay 1·8 km. to the north of the town on an isolated ridge of clay, about 800 m. east of the modern Sutri-Ronciglione road at point 713823 of the 1: 25,000 map of the Istituto Geografico Militare (Sheet ‘Ronciglione’) (fig. 1).In August 1959, with the kind permission of the Soprintendenza alle Antichitá for Southern Etruria and with the help of half-a-dozen friends, to whom go my warm thanks, the site was partly excavated. The main object of the excavation was to recover, if possible, a closely dated pottery series which might be of use to other archaeologists excavating in central Italy. In this, despite the shallow depth of soil and effects of recent ploughing, the excavation was successful. A kiln was unearthed, a comprehensive range of the pottery's wares was recovered, and the main period of production was securely dated to the third quarter of the first century A.D.


2012 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 298-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Potemkin ◽  
T. Ahti

Riccia marginata Lindb. was described by S. O. Lindberg (1877) from the outskirts of the town of Sortavala near the north shore of Lake Ladoga, Republic of Karelia, Russia. The species has been forgotten in most recent liverwort accounts of Europe, including Russia. Lectotypification of R. marginata is provided. R. marginata shares most characters with R. beyrichiana Hampe ex Lehm. It differs from “typical” plants of R. beyrichiana in having smaller spores, with ± distinctly finely areolate to roughly papillose proximal surfaces and a narrower and shorter thallus, as well as in scarcity or absence of marginal hairs. It may represent continental populations of the suboceanic-submediterranean R. beyrichiana, known in Russia from the Leningrad Region and Karelia only. The variability of spore surfaces in R. beyrichiana is discussed and illustrated by SEM images. A comparison with the spores of R. bifurca Hoffm. is provided. The question how distinct R. marginata is from R. beyrichiana needs to be clarified by molecular studies in the future, when adequate material is available. R. marginata is for the time being, provisionally, included in R. beyrichiana.


Author(s):  
Andrei Sokolov ◽  
Andrei Sokolov ◽  
Boris Chubarenko ◽  
Boris Chubarenko

Three dumping sites located at the south-eastern part of the Baltic Sea (Kaliningrad Oblast) at shallow depths are considered. The first one is located to the south of the Vistula Lagoon inlet in front of a permanently eroded open marine shore segment. The second one is located to the north of the Vistula Lagoon inlet, and is used now for disposing of dredged material extracted from the Kaliningrad Seaway Canal. The third dumping site is located near the northern shore of the Sambian Peninsula to the east of the Cape Gvardeijski and assigned for disposing the dredged material extracted from the fairway to the Pionerskij Port located nearby. The last site is planned to be used for disposing of dredged material from the future port that should be constructed there before the beginning of the FIFA World Cup 2018. All three dumping sites are located not far from the eroded segments of the shore. The question behind the study is: would it possible that disposed material will naturally transported from the damping site to the shore and accumulate there to protect it from erosion? A numerical hydrodynamic-transport 3D model (MIKE) was used to model sediment transport under different wind actions. The winds with the speed stronger than 15 m/s complete wash out disposed material from the dumping site and spreading it over the wide area with a negligible layer thickness. Winds of about 7-10 m/s transport material along the shore at a distance of few kilometers that may be useful for shore protection. The first location of the dumping site (to the south of the Vistula Lagoon inlet) looks very ineffective for potential protection the shore nearby. At the other hand, the second and especially the third locations are favorable for transport of disposed material to the shore, the most favorable conditions are at onshore or alongshore currents.


Author(s):  
A. Korolev ◽  
Keyword(s):  

The materials of the Late Eneolithic of the forest-steppe Volga region are represented by three main groups. The first group includes ceramics with an "inner edge", the second – materials of the Volosovo appearance of the Gundorovka settlement, the third – ceramics of the Bolshaya Rakovka II, Chekalino IV sites and others, which are close to the Toksky type. The time of the existence of materials of the first and second groups fit into the second half of the 4th millennium BC and corresponds to the stage of the late Eneolithic. The time of distribution of materials of the third group includes a longer period from the second quarter to the end of the 4th millennium BC.


Author(s):  
N.P. Demchenko ◽  
N.Yu. Polyakova

The situation in the ecology of the Crimean Peninsula in recent years was discussed in the article. The analysis of absolute and integrated indicators of the anthropogenic impact showed that the ecological situation remains difficult, and according to some indicators even continues to deteriorate. In summer 2018, the situation had worsened because of the large chemical release of titanium dioxide on the north of the Crimea from the holding pond of a large Russian plant that is situated near the town of Armyansk. This, in turn, led to the contamination of the large territory on the north of the peninsula. This fact indicates insufficient control by officials of the Republic of Crimea over the implementation of the RF laws for environmental protection by business owners of various forms of ownership, especially private ownership, the level of responsibility for the environment of which is very low.


Author(s):  
Х.М. Хетагуров

Кленовники Северного Кавказа – особый тип лесных формаций. Особенность проявляется не только в структуре фитоценозов, но и в способах самовозобновления. Объект исследования – чистые и смешанные кленовники в нескольких урочищах РСО-Алания. Объекты расположены в различных условиях горного рельефа и на разной высоте над уровнем моря, от 1100 до 1900 м. Целью исследования является установление особенностей семенного возобновления кленовников, произрастающих в верхнем поясе распространения лесов на Северном Кавказе. Для достижения поставленной цели устанавливали время цветения и созревания семян по вертикальным поясам распространения кленовников. Обилие цветения и средний балл плодоношения устанавливали по В.Г. Капперу. Биометрические характеристики семян определяли по урочищам в трех повторностях. Учет подроста проводили на круговых учетных площадках по 10 м2, в соответствии с методикой А.В. Грязькина. Установлено, что цветение клена Траутфеттера начинается 10–14 мая и заканчивается в третьей декаде мая. Семена начинают созревать к концу августа – к началу сентября. Сроки опадения семян растянуты. Часть семян попадает на почву до начала листопада, поэтому они оказываются погребенными под опадом. Такие семена быстро теряют всхожесть, выпревают. Другая часть опадает вместе с листьями. Третья категория семян (самые легкие) держатся на деревьях до декабря и даже до весны. Естественное возобновление клена семенами под пологом материнского древостоя сильно затруднено из-за мощного травяного покрова. В древостое с сомкнутым пологом доля цветущих и плодоносящих деревьев составляет 2–3%, а средний балл плодоношения составляет 1,3. Освещенность на поверхности почвы не превышает 100 люкс, т. е. составляет 0,2–0,3% от освещенности на открытом месте; на высоте 1,3 м (над травостоем) освещенность несколько выше – от 1,2 до 1,6 тыс. люкс. Под пологом древостоя преобладает подрост вегетативного происхождения. У верхней границы кленового леса подрост семенного происхождения встречается в окнах, прогалинах и на открытых местах в количестве 430–630 экз./га. По высоте преобладает крупный подрост 50–60%, доля мелкого – 10–20%. The maple stands of the North Caucasus – a special type of forest formations. The peculiarity is manifested not only in the structure of phytocoenoses, but also in the ways of self-renewing. Object of research – pure and mixed maple stands in some areas of North Ossetia-Alania. The properties are located in various mountainous terrain and at different heights above sea level from 1100 to 1900 m. The aim of the study is to establish the characteristics of the seed the resumption of the maple stands growing in the upper belt of forests spread in the Northern Caucasus. To achieve this goal setting time of flowering and ripening of seeds on vertical zones distribution dominated. The abundance of flowering and the average score of fruiting was established by V.G. Capper. Biometric characteristics of the seeds was determined by the tracts in three replicates. Accounting for the undergrowth was carried out on a circular experimental plots at 10 m2, in accordance with the method of A.V. Grashkin. It is established that the flowering maple Trautvetter begins may 10–14 and ends in the third week of may. Seeds begin to ripen by late August – early September. The timing of subsidence of the stretched seed. Some of the seeds falls to the ground before the leaves, so they are trapped under the litter. These seeds quickly lose their germination, vypivaet. The other part falls along with the leaves. The third category of seeds (the light) stay on the trees until December and even till spring. Natural regeneration of maple seeds under the canopy of parent stand is very difficult due to the strong grass cover. In forest stands with dense canopy, proportion of flowering and fruit-bearing trees is 2–3%, and the average score of fruiting is 1.3. The illumination on the surface of the soil does not exceed 100 Lux, i. e. 0.2–0.3% of the light in the open, at a height of 1.3 m (on grass) the lighting is slightly higher, from 1.2 to 1.6 thousand Suite. Under the canopy of the forest the undergrowth is dominated by vegetative origin. At the upper boundary of the maple forest, saplings of seed origin occurs in Windows, clearings and open places in the number 430–630 ind./ha. In height dominated by large undergrowth of 50–60%, the share of small – 10–20%.


Author(s):  
Andrei Sokolov ◽  
Andrei Sokolov ◽  
Boris Chubarenko ◽  
Boris Chubarenko

Three dumping sites located at the south-eastern part of the Baltic Sea (Kaliningrad Oblast) at shallow depths are considered. The first one is located to the south of the Vistula Lagoon inlet in front of a permanently eroded open marine shore segment. The second one is located to the north of the Vistula Lagoon inlet, and is used now for disposing of dredged material extracted from the Kaliningrad Seaway Canal. The third dumping site is located near the northern shore of the Sambian Peninsula to the east of the Cape Gvardeijski and assigned for disposing the dredged material extracted from the fairway to the Pionerskij Port located nearby. The last site is planned to be used for disposing of dredged material from the future port that should be constructed there before the beginning of the FIFA World Cup 2018. All three dumping sites are located not far from the eroded segments of the shore. The question behind the study is: would it possible that disposed material will naturally transported from the damping site to the shore and accumulate there to protect it from erosion? A numerical hydrodynamic-transport 3D model (MIKE) was used to model sediment transport under different wind actions. The winds with the speed stronger than 15 m/s complete wash out disposed material from the dumping site and spreading it over the wide area with a negligible layer thickness. Winds of about 7-10 m/s transport material along the shore at a distance of few kilometers that may be useful for shore protection. The first location of the dumping site (to the south of the Vistula Lagoon inlet) looks very ineffective for potential protection the shore nearby. At the other hand, the second and especially the third locations are favorable for transport of disposed material to the shore, the most favorable conditions are at onshore or alongshore currents.


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