scholarly journals A LIFETIME PORTRAIT OF TSAR IVAN THE TERRIBLE: THE VISUALIZATION OF A FADED MONUMENT BY NATURAL SCIENCE METHODS

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Е. Уханова ◽  
М. Жижин ◽  
А. Андреев ◽  
А. Пойда ◽  
В. Ильин
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
Computer Processing ◽  
The State ◽  
Science Methods ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western European ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Ivan The Terrible ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Made In

The collections of the State Historical Museum keep a single offering copy of the first-printed Apostle 1564 by Ivan Fedorov with the image of the tsar Ivan the Terrible. This portrait was made in the embossing technique on the cover of the binding and is now almost completely extinct. This extinguished image was investigated using multispectral macro photography and subsequent computer processing. It has allowed visualizing the tsar portrait. This image is the only lifetime portrait of the most famous ruler of Russia, which survived to our time. Embossing specifics on the cover of the binding suggests the use of engraving on metal for the manufacture of this image. This is one of the first example of this technique in Russia. The features of the portrait and the embossing of both covers of the binding corresponded to the Western European standards for the design of an elite book, which came to Russia along with typography. The portrait of the king on the chest of a heraldic eagle accompanied by his titles served as a representation of the royal status of Ivan IV, that had been recognized by the Oriental patriarchs for three years before. A review of the existing portraits of Ivan the Terrible led to the conclusion that the resulting image was the only lifetime portrait of the king, which has close correspondences with the reconstruction of his face on the skull, made by M. M. Gerasimov. The history of the existence of a royal copy of Apostol of 1564 from the moment of its creation to the present day is reconstructed in the article.

Chasing Angels: The Sweet Wine Angelica

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
hank shaw
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Real ◽  
Mission Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Uncertain Future ◽  
Sweet Wine ◽  
Made In

Portugal has port, Spain has sherry, Sicily has Marsala –– and California has angelica. Angelica is California's original wine: The intensely sweet, fortified dessert cordial has been made in the state for more than two centuries –– primarily made from Mission grapes, first brought to California by the Spanish friars. Angelica was once drunk in vast quantities, but now fewer than a dozen vintners make angelica today. These holdouts from an earlier age are each following a personal quest for the real. For unlike port and sherry, which have strict rules about their production, angelica never gelled into something so distinct that connoisseurs can say, ““This is angelica. This is not.”” This piece looks at the history of the drink, its foggy origins in the Mission period and on through angelica's heyday and down to its degeneration into a staple of the back-alley wino set. Several current vintners are profiled, and they suggest an uncertain future for this cordial.

The Goal of the Moment (Summary of the Lecture Delivered by Ivan Ilyin in May 1917)

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 424-428
Author(s):  
Alexandra I. Vakulinskaya
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
October Revolution ◽  
Legal Consciousness ◽  
New Order ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment

This publication is devoted to one of the episodes of I. A. Ilyin’s activity in the period “between two revolutions”. Before the October revolution, the young philosopher was inspired by the events of February 1917 and devoted a lot of time to speeches and publications on the possibility of building a new order in the state. The published archive text indicates that the development of Ilyin’s doctrine “on legal consciousness” falls precisely at this tragic moment in the history of Russia.

A short history of Polish formations protecting the governing bodies of the state

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (38) ◽  
pp. 75-84
Author(s):  
Aneta Drożdż
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Short History ◽  
Control Subsystem ◽  
State Security ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rules And Principles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important People ◽  
The Moment

This paper presents a short history of Polish formations protecting the governing bodies of the state, starting from the moment Poland regained independence at the end of the twentieth century. The considerations are presented against the rules and principles of the functioning of the state security system, with particular emphasis on the control subsystem. This paper demonstrates the need to research attitudes to safety in the past, in order to develop and apply effective contemporary solutions. The considerations contained in it also concern the existing threats to the management of state organs. They may contribute to further discussions on the purpose and rules of operation of the formation which is supposed to protect the most important people in the state.

scholarly journals Historia rozwoju Republiki Rzymskiej według Polibiusza

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-93
Author(s):  
Anna Ceglarska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Republic ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
The State ◽  
Mixed System ◽  
The Political ◽  
Mutual Relation ◽  
Perfect System ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment

History of the rise of the Roman Republic as described by Polybius The aim of this article is to refer Polybius’s political theory, included in Book VI of The Histories, to the history of the rise of the Roman Republic. This theme must have been particularly significant for Polybius. For him, Rome was the most perfect example of a mixed government system, and the aim of describing its history was to show the development of this perfect system. The article presents the mutual relation of theory and history, starting with the period of kingship, up to the emergence of the democratic element, i.e. the moment when Rome acquired the mixed system of government. Both the political and social contexts of the changes are outlined. The analysis suggests that Polybius related his political theory to the history of the state he admired, thus providing the theory with actual foundations. Reconstructing his analysis makes it possible to see the history of Rome in a different light, and to ponder the system itself and its decline, even though the main objective of both Polybius and this article is to present its development.

Berkeley v. Locke on Primary Qualities

Philosophy ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 55 (212) ◽  
pp. 149-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Stroud
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Standard Interpretation ◽  
Secondary Qualities ◽  
Primary Qualities ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Made In

Locke was once supposed to have argued that since the colours, sounds, odours, and other ‘secondary’ qualities things appear to have can vary greatly according to the state and position of the observer, it follows that our ideas of the ‘secondary’ qualities of things do not ‘resemble’ anything existing in the objects themselves. And Berkeley has been credited with the obvious objection that similar facts about the ‘relativity’ of our perception of ‘primary’ qualities show that they do not ‘resemble’ anything existing in the objects either, so that both ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’ qualities exist only ‘in the mind’. The falsity of this view of Locke has been amply demonstrated in recent years, but no corresponding revision has been made in what remains the standard interpretation of Berkeley's criticisms of Locke. His objections therefore appear to be based on misunderstanding and to be irrelevant to what is now seen to be Locke's actual view and his reasons for holding it. I think this account of Berkeley, like the old view of Locke, is a purely fictional chapter in the history of philosophy, and in this paper I try to show that Berkeley's criticisms involve no misunderstanding and amount to a direct denial of the view Locke actually held.

Art and Science: or Bach as an Expositor of the Bible

1992 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 343-353
Author(s):  
W. R. Ward
Keyword(s):  
East Germany ◽  
The State ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
National Tradition ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Moment

For a long time before dramatic recent events it has been clear that the German Democratic Republic has been in die position, embarrassing to a Marxist system, of having nothing generally marketable left except (to use the jargon) ‘superstructure’. The Luther celebrations conveniendy bolstered the implicit claim of the GDR to embody Saxony’s long-delayed revenge upon Prussia; still more conveniendy, they paid handsomely. Even the Francke celebrations probably paid their way, ruinous though his Orphan House has been allowed to become. When I was in Halle, a hard-pressed government had removed the statue of Handel (originally paid for in part by English subscriptions) for head-to-foot embellishment in gold leaf, and a Handel Festival office in the town was manned throughout the year. Bach is still more crucial, both to the republic’s need to pay its way and to the competition with the Federal Republic for the possession of the national tradition. There is no counterpart in Britain to the strength of the Passion-music tradition in East Germany. The celebrations which reach their peak in Easter Week at St Thomas’s, Leipzig, are like a cross between Wembley and Wimbledon here, the difference being that the black market in tickets is organized by the State for its own benefit. If Bach research in East Germany, based either on musicology or the Church, has remained an industry of overwhelming amplitude and technical complexity, the State has had its own Bach-research collective located in Leipzig, dedicated among other things to establishing the relation between Bach and the Enlightenment, that first chapter in the Marxist history of human liberation. Now that a good proportion of the population of the GDR seems bent on liberation by leaving the republic or sinking it, the moment seems ripe to take note for non-specialist readers of some of what has been achieved there in recent years.

Race, Culture, and Class

2019 ◽  
pp. 339-358
Author(s):  
Richard Drayton
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
International Society ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Imaginaries ◽  
Global Middle Class ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western European ◽  
Internal Integration ◽  
The Moment

This chapter takes a broader perspective, demonstrating that the middle class in every society has been both “middle” in terms of status, and “middle” in terms of its capacity for engagement with social groups above or below. The history of the global middle class is in essence the history of global processes of mediation. The post-1500 early modern forms of globalization had three key effects. First, the moment of European hegemony in the period from circa 1750 to 1950 was correlated with the internal integration of Western Christendom and its diasporas on the basis of ideas of “civilization” and “whiteness” and with an ever-expanding external regime of links between Western European and non-European social formations. Second, connected to these processes of integration and external linkages was the production, and growth in importance, of mediating groups in every corner of the globe, of which the European bourgeois was a local and privileged expression. Third, linked to this violent integration of international society, and the associated primacy of mediation and mediators, was a process of standardization of social imaginaries, manners, and customs, a pressure toward the reduction of specific complexity into general categories, toward uniformity.

scholarly journals Grodków jako ośrodek sądownictwa

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4 (1)) ◽  
pp. 93-106
Author(s):  
Mateusz Menzel
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Short History ◽  
Administrative Structure ◽  
Court Records ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The Town ◽  
Made In

The article refers to the history of the judiciary in the town and the county (poviat) of Grodków which is presently located in Opolskie Voivodeship. In the first chapter, a short history of the establishment of the town, description of its owners, the process of creation of the administrative structure and some titbits of the town’s history are presented. In the consecutive parts, the history of the foundation and activity of several courts which operated in the town is presented. An analysis of the files concerning the town and court records preserved in the State Archives in Opole is also made. In the last but one chapter, a list of first people representing a new judiciary system in postwar Poland in the territory of the voivodeship and the poviat is presented. The article ends with a description of the last court operating in the town, that is the county court.

‘Where Was Sarah?’ Depictions of Mothers and Motherhood in Modern Israeli Poetry on the Binding of Isaac

2017 ◽  
pp. 255-282
Author(s):  
Dalia Marx
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Existential Crisis ◽  
Poetic Imagination ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mother Figure ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Voice ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
The Sacrifice

This chapter analyses the existential crisis that illuminates contemporary Israeli poetry about the binding of Isaac or the akedah. It investigates a series of poems that portray Isaac's mother Sarah and argues that these texts strive to embody and construct the history of the State of Israel. It also reviews earlier poems that entwine Sarah with collective questions of post-Holocaust faith and Jewish national fate, recent texts that turn to individual destiny. The chapter cites Sarah as a mother-figure in the Jewish poetic imagination who struggles with the tensions between an instinctual maternal impulse to preserve life and an ideology rooted in the sacrifice of sons for the sake of the creation and preservation of the State of Israel. It looks at poems that reconstruct the biblical story of Sarah, giving mothers the voice that Sarah lacked at the moment of the akedah.

scholarly journals The main results of breeding and seed production of perennial grasses on the Don area in 2010–2020

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
S. A. Ignatiev ◽  
A. A. Regidin ◽  
T. V. Gryazeva ◽  
K. N. Goryunov
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
The State ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
History Of ◽  
Alfalfa Varieties ◽  
The Moment

The current paper has presented an overview of the work of the laboratory for breeding and seed production of perennial grasses of the ARC “Donskoy” over a ten-year period. There has been presented a brief history of the development of the laboratory from the moment of its establishment to the present day. The main purpose of the work in this period was the breeding, reproduction, introduction into production of the new alfalfa and sainfoin varieties with a wide range of resistance to various stress factors with high productivity of forage and seeds. In the collection farms of alfalfa there have been tested and agro biologically estimated more than 600 varieties from the world collection of VIR, other research institutions and local hybrids. Based on this work there have been developed an initial material with a wide variability of economically-biological useful characters using the methods of hybridization and selection. The best lines and hybrids were included in the complex hybrid populations, which became the basis for the development of the new alfalfa varieties ‘Selyanka’ (2013) and ‘Golubka’ (2019). Throughout the history of the laboratory, great attention was paid to the development of the new sainfoin varieties, as a result of which there were zoned such varieties as ‘Severokavkazky dvuukosny’ (1947), ‘Zernogradsky 2’ (1998), ‘Zernogradsky 3’ (2001), ‘Atamansky’ (2004), ‘Veles’ (2010). Over the past ten years, there were developed the sainfoin varieties ‘Sudar’ (2013) and ‘Shuravi’ (2019) protected by a patent, the varieties undergone the State Variety Testing, were included into the State List of Breeding Achievements approved for use in several regions of the Russian Federation. There has been given a brief description of the current problems of breeding and primary seed production of perennial grasses, as well as the directions of the laboratory's work to solve them. There has been presented the publication activity of the researchers of the laboratory.

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