scholarly journals A coesão referencial em textos traduzidos do inglês para o português: a questão dos sujeitos nulos

2019 ◽  
pp. 123-144
Author(s):  
Anabela Gonçalves ◽  
Madalena Colaço
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Null Subject ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Anaphoric Pronouns ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Target Languages ◽  
Text Cohesion ◽  
Linguistic Means

Understanding and writing a text arise from several factors. Among them, coreference relations, which allow for the identification of the referents of linguistic expressions, are of particular importance, since they ensure referential cohesion and, thus, contribute to text cohesion.  One context in which recognizing referential relations is crucial involves reference chains with anaphoric pronouns. Although all languages exhibit coreference relations, the linguistic means to establish them may vary. Thus, in the context of translation, maintaining reference chains often implies the use of adaptation strategies: when working with non-null subject source languages, such as English, and null subject target languages, such as Portuguese, translators should recognize the contexts in which, in the latter, they may or must omit the subject, without affecting interpretation nor creating vagueness, conflict of interpretations or referential ambiguity. In this work, some data about reference chains in the context of English to Portuguese translation is discussed. We identify the main mismatches in translations done by university students and present clues to help train students in translation, promoting their mastering of the grammatical and textual conditions that determine the omission vs. the realization of the subject. The results show that the main problems result either from calque of the source language properties or from the overgeneralization of null subject contexts in the target language.

Contrasting pronominal subjects

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-251
Author(s):  
Agnes Pisanski Peterlin ◽  
Tamara Mikolič Južnič
Keyword(s):  
Popular Science ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Science Texts ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Null Subject ◽  
Source Language ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Potential Challenge

Abstract Pronominal subject use constitutes a potential challenge in translation because of cross-linguistic differences: while the subject must be expressed in non-null subject languages, this is not necessary in null subject languages. The aim of the paper is twofold: first, to show that the type of source language influences the frequency of personal pronouns in translation, and second, to establish whether translations into a null subject language differ from comparable target language originals in terms of pronominal subject use. The study is based on the analysis of a 625,000-word corpus comprising original and translated popular science texts in Slovene and the corresponding source texts in English and Italian. The results confirm that pronominal subjects are more frequent in translations from English, a non-null subject language; furthermore, they are more frequent in translations than in comparable originals. Untypical cohesive patterns are identified in translations and possible reasons for their presence are explored.

scholarly journals Optimizing Tokenization Choice for Machine Translation across Multiple Target Languages

2017 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasser Zalmout ◽  
Nizar Habash
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Statistical Machine Translation ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Context Variable ◽  
Significant Performance ◽  
Morphologically Rich Languages ◽  
Target Languages ◽  
Language Text

AbstractTokenization is very helpful for Statistical Machine Translation (SMT), especially when translating from morphologically rich languages. Typically, a single tokenization scheme is applied to the entire source-language text and regardless of the target language. In this paper, we evaluate the hypothesis that SMT performance may benefit from different tokenization schemes for different words within the same text, and also for different target languages. We apply this approach to Arabic as a source language, with five target languages of varying morphological complexity: English, French, Spanish, Russian and Chinese. Our results show that different target languages indeed require different source-language schemes; and a context-variable tokenization scheme can outperform a context-constant scheme with a statistically significant performance enhancement of about 1.4 BLEU points.

Term (objective correlative) A second reading

2021 ◽  
pp. arabic cover-english cover
Author(s):  
فتحي أبو مراد ◽  
ناصر حسن يعقوب
Keyword(s):  
Emotional State ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Comprehensive View ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Practical Experiences ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Term Objective

حاولت الدراسة، استكناه حقيقة مصطلح (objective correlative) المعادل الموضوعي، ورصد ترجماته المختلفة إلى اللغة العربية، حسب تسلسلها الزمني، وتتبع الاختلافات والائتلافات في هذه الترجمات، وتعليل أسباب هذا وذلك، وبيان إشكالات الترجمة في فهم معنى المصطلح ودلالاته. ومن ثم شرعت الدراسة في كشف طبيعة هذا المصطلح، ومفهومه ومكوناته الأساسية، وجوهره القائم على إيجاد معادلات موضوعية حسية لمكنونات عالم الشاعر الداخلي المجرد، ومحاولة تجسيد هذا العالم المجرد عبر صور وأشكال فنية حسية قابلة للمعاينة، وفي الآن نفسه قادرة على إثارة حالة شعورية في المتلقي تشبه إلى حدٍ كبيرٍ تلك الحالة التي يعانيها الشاعر نفسه. وقد اتكأت الدراسة على معطيات المنهج التكاملي، واستعانت بكثير من وسائله، وآلياته في الوصف والتحليل في مقاربتها لموضوع الدراسة، استجابةً لطبيعة الموضوع نفسه الذي تمتدّ أوصاله وشرايينه في سراديب مسائل عدة؛ فمنها ما يتصل بلغة (المصدر) اللغة الأجنبية، وإشكالات الترجمة. ومنها ما يتصل بلغة (الهدف) اللغة العربية، وقضايا الترادف والمشترك اللفظي، وقضية الاختيار. ومنها ما يتصل في الجانب التطبيقي لبعض النصوص الذي تضمنتها الدراسة، وما يستدعيه النص الشعري من نظرة تكاملية شمولية. وخلصت الدراسة إلى نتائج عدّة منها: أن مفهوم هذا المصطلح يتبأّر حول إيجاد معادلات حسية خارجية لحالات الشعور الداخلية للشاعر، وأن الممارسات العملية المختلفة لمعطيات المعادل الموضوعي، تتمحور حول استقطاب أدوات فنية وأسلوبية قادرة على التعبير والتشكيل والتصوير في آنٍ واحدٍ، وما إلى ذلك من استعمالات اللغة، استعمالًا خاصًا قادرًا على تجسيد المجرد الداخلي للشاعر، عبر صور حسّية تبوح بعواطف الشاعر وأفكاره، وترسم لها صورةً مشابهةً في وعي القارئ. This study tries to find out what is meant by the expression "objective correlative" and to follow its different translations into Arabic according to its chronology. It also tries to show similarities and differences in those translations by giving reasons for each of them، and the obstacles that face readers to understand the meaning and semantics of the expression. Then، the study proceeds to discover the nature، the conception، and the main components of this expression، and its main aim to find out objective and sensitive correlative for the hidden feelings of the poet’s world through art and sensory images and forms that are reviewable and which are able to stimulate an emotional state for the receiver which is similar to that of the poet himself. The study depends on the data taken from the integrated approach and borrows many of its means and procedures to describe and analyze the data in this study in response to the nature of the subject whose components stretch to contain matters. Some relate to the source language (English) and obstacles in translation، others relate to the target language (Arabic) and the issues of tandem، verb al joint،echoic and its effect on translating the expression. Some relate to the practical aspects of some texts which were included in the study and the integrated and comprehensive view needed for poetry. This study comes to some conclusions، such as: The expression "objective correlative" focuses on the external sensitive correlative of the inner feeling of the poet. The different practical experiences are polarizing on constructive and stylistic forms that are able to express forms، and give images at the same time. The uses of language for certain propose are able to represent the inner abstract feeling of the poet through sensitive images that reveal the poet’s feelings and thoughts and to draw a similar image in the reader's awareness.

scholarly journals ISSUES IN TRANSLATION OF BALINESE CULTURAL TERMS INTO ENGLISH

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Kadek Putri Yamayanti
Keyword(s):  
Target Language ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Componential Analysis ◽  
Translation Equivalent ◽  
Degree Of Equivalence ◽  
Cultural Terms ◽  
Binary Features ◽  
Target Languages ◽  
Basic Semantic

This descriptive qualitative study investigates translation equivalent of Balinese cultural terms into English. It is based on the understanding that cultural terms belong to salient part in dealing with translation due to the cultural gap between source and target languages. Therefore, this study is conducted in order to find out the degree of equivalence between Balinese cultural terms and their translations into English in the book entitled Memahami Roh Bali �Desa Adat sebagai Ikon Tri Hita Karana� and its translation in Discovering the Spirit of Bali �Customary Village as Icon of Tri Hita Karana�. In finding the degree of equivalence, componential analysis especially the binary features was applied in terms of confirming the semantic features. The result showed that all translated cultural terms have no exact synonymy into source language. Some semantic features do not occur in target language as a result of lack terms in target language. The translator tends to replace cultural terms in source language into appropriate terms in target language based on his knowledge and experiences even in some cases, it shows the loss and gain information. However, overall, those translated cultural terms still can share some basic semantic features of the source language.Keywords: cultural term; semantic features; equivalence.

scholarly journals The Deformation of Language in James Joyce’s Literary Works: Interpretation and Translation Challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 460-472
Author(s):  
Natalya M Nesterova ◽  
Evgeniya A Naugolnykh
Keyword(s):  
Target Language ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Finnegans Wake ◽  
New Words ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Language Knowledge ◽  
Accepted Standard ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Target Languages

The paper deals with studying language deviations of different types in James Joyce’s Ulysses and Finnegans Wake . Deviations in general are known to be a departure from a norm or accepted standard; in linguistics deviations are viewed as an artistic device that can be applied in different forms and at various textual levels. The author’s language deformation is analyzed as a form of deviation used for expressing the writer’s language knowledge. It is concluded that in Ulysses the destruction of the language is thoroughly thought out and multi-aimed. For instance, occasional compound units that dominate the novel imitate the style of Homer, reviving the ancient manner in contemporary language. Despite the use of conventional word-building patterns, rich semantic abundance being the basic principle of Joyce's poetics seriously complicates interpretation of the new words in the source language. The attempt is also made to systematize deviation techniques in Finnegans Wake . In particular, multilinguality is found to be the base of the lexical units created by J. Joyce. Such hybrid nonce words produce the polyphony effect and trigger the mechanism of polysemantism together with unlimited associativity of the textual material, broadening the boundaries of linguistic knowledge as a whole. Additionally, certain results of a deeper comparative analysis of the ways to translate the author’s deviations into Russian are given. The analysis of three Russian versions of Ulysses and the experimental fragmentary translation of Finnegans Wake show that there exists some regularity in the choice of translation method, particularly its dependence on the structural similarities/ differences of the source and the target languages, as well as the language levels affected by J. Joyce in the process of lingual destruction. The impossibility of complete conveyance of the semantic depth of the text and stylistic features in the target language is noted.

scholarly journals Reinforced Transformer with Cross-Lingual Distillation for Cross-Lingual Aspect Sentiment Classification

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 270
Author(s):  
Hanqian Wu ◽  
Zhike Wang ◽  
Feng Qing ◽  
Shoushan Li
Keyword(s):  
General Purpose ◽  
Sentiment Classification ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Target Languages ◽  
Cross Lingual

Though great progress has been made in the Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis(ABSA) task through research, most of the previous work focuses on English-based ABSA problems, and there are few efforts on other languages mainly due to the lack of training data. In this paper, we propose an approach for performing a Cross-Lingual Aspect Sentiment Classification (CLASC) task which leverages the rich resources in one language (source language) for aspect sentiment classification in a under-resourced language (target language). Specifically, we first build a bilingual lexicon for domain-specific training data to translate the aspect category annotated in the source-language corpus and then translate sentences from the source language to the target language via Machine Translation (MT) tools. However, most MT systems are general-purpose, it non-avoidably introduces translation ambiguities which would degrade the performance of CLASC. In this context, we propose a novel approach called Reinforced Transformer with Cross-Lingual Distillation (RTCLD) combined with target-sensitive adversarial learning to minimize the undesirable effects of translation ambiguities in sentence translation. We conduct experiments on different language combinations, treating English as the source language and Chinese, Russian, and Spanish as target languages. The experimental results show that our proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on different target languages.

scholarly journals Individual with Visual Impairment and Translation: A Case Study of Visually Impaired Translator in Translating News Text of TVKU

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Widya Suryaningtyas ◽  
Setyo Prasiyanto Cahyono
Keyword(s):  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Translation Study ◽  
Translation Techniques ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Descriptive Method

<em>This article is of specialized translation study. It discusses a translation activity conducted by a visually impaired translator. The study focuses on the translation techniques, methods, and ideology which are carried out by the translator. Using qualitative descriptive method, the authors are able to identify that the translator uses five translation techniques. Four (addition, reduction, adaptation, and generalization) are target-language-oriented techniques and one technique is source-language-oriented one (borrowing). In translating TVKU news text, the subject of the study applies four translation steps. To conclude, the translator’s cognitive concept affects his decision to translate the text.</em>

scholarly journals THE VERBAL POLITENESS OF INTERPERSONAL UTTERANCES RESULTED FROM BACK-TRANSLATING INDONESIAN TEXTS INTO ENGLISH

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Yan Mujiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Background ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Source Language ◽  
The Subject

Verbal politeness can be considered from the perspectives of linguistic features, participants’ socio-cultural background and their membership within a speech community. It can also be viewed from the ways to which it applies in interpersonal utterances, be they source or target ones. It may also be taken into account from its users’ perception as well their maintenance in real communication. This paper aimed to explore (1) the degree of the verbal politeness contained in English interpersonal utterances, (2) the correlation of politeness degrees between the English utterances as the source texts and their back-translations, (3) the speakers’ perception of the politeness degrees contained in the two sets of utterances, and (4) the ways of maintaining them. The object of this study was verbal (im)-politeness contained in English interpersonal utterances which were back-rendered from translated texts in Indonesian. In order to elicit the type of utterances from the subject of this study, the Indonesian utterances were exposed to them to be translated back to English. Comparing the source texts with results of their back-rendering, this study was capable of fulfilling the outlined objectives. The results of this study show that (1) the politeness degrees of interpersonal utterances in the source language were generally equivalent to their counterparts in the target language; (2) there was a positive correlation between the English utterances and their back-translations; (3) the politeness degrees of the utterances in both the source texts and their back-translations were perceived to be relatively polite; (4) the politeness degrees of interpersonal utterances in the target language have been maintained by using grammatical features and rhetoric which were more formal than those available in the source texts.

scholarly journals Making the Match Between Content and Foreign Language: A Case Study on University Students’ Opinions Towards CLIL

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
M. Teresa Martin de Lama
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Mediated Learning ◽  
Curricular Integration ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Spanish Universities ◽  
The One ◽  
University Settings ◽  
Globalized World

<p>CLIL methodology is gaining path in Spanish universities as a promising means to train students to manage in a globalized world by increasing their competence in foreign languages, particularly English. The advent of CLIL in tertiary settings raises a variety of questions related to the possibility and the manner of applying this approach to English-Mediated learning contexts, especially regarding the syllabi planning and methodological development to scaffold the learning of the target language and the subject content. Although a number of experiences are currently starting to be reported in Spanish university settings, this phenomenon is still recent and needs to be extensively investigated. Thus, on the one hand, the present article intends to show the positive opinion of post-graduate university students after the curricular integration experience and the application of CLIL scaffolding techniques. On the other, it proposes to identify areas of methodological improvements and recommendations in the application of CLIL in the referred programme, as well as in other higher education contexts.</p>

scholarly journals Strategi dan Kesalahan Mahasiswa Prodi BSA dalam Menterjemahkan Naskah Berbahasa Indonesia ke Bahasa Arab

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-39
Author(s):  
Dolla Sobari
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
Qualitative Technique ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Analyze Data

Translating is a language skill in transfering meanings or messages from              a source language (SL) to a target language (TL) by considering  lingustic aspects and the culture of its speakers. In translation activity, the transfered messages should not be different from those of the source language, thus the speakers of the target language are able to understand the meanings or massages received. The importance of translating Indonesian text into Arabic language involves providing information about Indonesian cultures such a way that people will be well informed of Indonesia in general. The subject of this study is the students majoring in Arabic language and literature, particularry those who are taking translation course. The problem of the study is concerned with translation applied by the students in translating Indonesian writtten texts  Arabic language. The second problem of the study dealt with finding errors made by the students in translating the texts. The kind of this study is a field research. Speaking & listening methods were used to collect data. Meanwhile, descriptive qualitative technique was used to analyze data. The results of the study indicate that the translation strategies applied by the students in this research consist of transposition (8) form addiction (7), arabic formation (6), borrowing meanings (5), word reduction (4), deletion (2), narrowing (2) and using synonim (1). Then, the  unused strategies in translating Ibnu Rusdy’ t texts concist of modulation, expansion, equvalence and transfer. in the meantime, the errors made by the students in translating the texts are in terms of semantic error, (6 times), phonological error          (4 ), morphological error (8) and syntactical error (5). Key words : Strategies, error, translating.

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