scholarly journals The impact of oriental studies on the methods of writing the biography of the Prophet: أثر الدراسات الاستشراقية على مناهج كتابة السيرة النبوية

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 123-104
Author(s):  
Amal Obead Althubiti Amal Obead Althubiti
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Method ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
The West ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shed Light

The study aimed at identify the most prominent similarities raised by orientalists against the Prophet’s biography, and to shed light on the most prominent Muslim scholars who responded to these suspicions. The study used the critical inductive approach, and the study reached many results, most notably: that intolerance and prejudice were dominating the writings of the ancient Orientalists due to their being affected by the spirit of religious fanaticism that was dominant and crystallized by the impact of the Crusades, and due to their weak knowledge of the Arabic language, and the lack of resources available to them. However, since the early modern times, the West has not been free of moderate thinkers who have praised Islam, but since the nineteenth century interest began to study and print Arabic manuscripts, and Orientalists began studying the history of the East for itself, following the scientific method that had made great progress in the West.

The Indo-Roman Pepper Trade and the Muziris Papyrus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico De Romanis
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
South India ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
South Indian ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Trade ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
Commercial Relationships

This book offers an interpretation of the two fragmentary texts of the P. Vindobonensis G 40822, now widely referred to as the Muziris papyrus. Without these two texts, there would be no knowledge of the Indo-Roman trade practices. The book also compares and contrasts the texts of the Muziris papyrus with other documents pertinent to Indo-Mediterranean (or Indo-European) trade in ancient, medieval, and early modern times. These other documents reveal the commercial and political geography of ancient South India; the sailing schedule and the size of the ships plying the South India sea route; the commodities exchanged in the South Indian emporia; and the taxes imposed on the Indian commodities en route from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. When viewed against the twin backdrops of ancient sources on South Indian trade and of medieval and early modern documents on pepper commerce, the two texts become foundational resources for the history of commercial relationships between South India and the West.

scholarly journals II. Meşrutiyet Dönemi Dozy Reddiyelerinde Yeni Tarih Anlayışı (Mucize ve Miraç Hâdisesinin Değerlendirilmesi) / The New Comprehension of History During The Second Institutional Period of Ottoman Era: The Impact of "Essai Sur L’histoire De L’islamisme" of Dozy

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Hasan Yenilmez ◽  
İsmail Safa Üstün
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Method ◽  
The West ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second Constitutional Period ◽  
The Impact

<p><strong></strong><strong>The New Comprehension of History During The Second Institutional Period of Ottoman Era: The Impact of "Essai Sur L’histoire De L’islamisme" of Dozy</strong></p><p><strong>Abstract<br /></strong></p><p>During the Second Constitutional Period of Ottoman era, the translation movement of positivist and materialist texts from the West affected a number of the Ottoman intellectuals. The effects of these ideological movements could clearly be seen in their works. Following these ideological changes, the Ottoman intellectual’s perceptions towards classical Islamic history has been completely changed. Also, during the constitutional period, the Islamic history literature seems to be demonstrating a different sense of historical approach. It is also observed that during the second constitutional period along with the increased translation activities from the West, Ottoman intellectuals started to accommodate “the scientific historiography” approach. In his translation of <em>Essai Sur L’histoire De L’islamisme</em>, Abdullah Cevdet translated the title as <em>History of Islam</em> and he called Dozy “a complete neutral” and “a product of reasoning”. The majority of Ottoman intellectuals gravely criticized Cevdet’s work at that time. This article describes the works which refuses the works of Cevdet and analyzes how they try to explain  the concepts like “Miracle” and the “Mirac” which are difficult to describe with scientific method. In this context the works of Manastırlı İsmail Hakkı, Nevşehirli Hayreddin, Şehbenderzade Filibeli Ahmed Hilmi  also examined. </p><p><strong>II. Meşrutiyet Dönemi Dozy Reddiyelerinde Yeni Tarih Anlayışı</strong><strong> (Mucize ve Miraç Hadisesinin Değerlendirilmesi)</strong></p><p><strong>Öz</strong><strong> </strong></p><p>II. Meşrutiyet döneminde, Batı’dan pozitivizm ve biyolojik materyalizm eksenli metinlerin tercüme edilmeye başlanması, Osmanlı aydınının bu fikrî hareketten etkilenmesine sebep olmuştur. Buna göre Osmanlı aydınının Klasik İslam Tarihi anlayışı tamamen değişmiş, II. Meşrutiyet döneminde kaleme alınan İslam Tarihi eserlerinde yeni bir tarih anlayışı ortaya konulmuştur. II. Meşrutiyet döneminde artan tercüme faaliyetleriyle eş zamanlı olarak Osmanlı aydınında “Bilimsel tarihçilik” anlayışının benimsenmeye başladığını görmekteyiz. Abdullah Cevdet’in bir aydınlanma refleksiyle, Dozy’nin <em>Essai Sur L’histoire De L’islamisme </em>eserini “kat’iyyen bî taraf ve akl-ı selîm mahsûlü” olduğunu zikredip <em>Târih-i İslâmiyet</em> adıyla Türkçeye tercüme etmesi Osmanlı aydınının büyük tepkisine yol açmıştır. Bu makalede, <em>Târih-i İslâmiyet</em>’e reddiye olarak kaleme alınan eserlerde dönemin bilimsel tarihçilik anlayışından hareketle “Mucize” ve “Miraç” gibi konular ele alınacak, aynı zamanda bilimsel olarak açıklanması zor hadiselere Manastırlı İsmail Hakkı, Nevşehirli Hayreddin, Şehbenderzâde Filibeli Ahmed Hilmi’nin nasıl yaklaştıkları incelenecektir. </p>

Dependency in Africa: Stages of African Political Economy

1983 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amechi Okolo
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
International System ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The West ◽  
Cheap Labour ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
First Contact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This paper traces the history of the relationship between Africa and the West since their first contact brought about by the outward thrust of the West, under the impetus of rising capitalism, in search of cheap labour and cheap raw material for its industries and expanding markets for its industrial products, both of which could be better ensured through domination and exploitation. The paper identifies five successive stages that African political economy has passed through under the impact of this relationship, each phase qualitatively different from the other but all having the common characteristic of domination-dependence syndrome, and each phase having been dictated by the dynamics of capitalism in different eras and by the dominant forces in the changing international system. Its finding is that the way to the latest stage, the dependency phase, was paved by the progressive proletarianization of the African peoples and the maintenance of an international peonage system. It ends by indicating the direction in which Africa can make a beginning to break out of dependency and achieve liberation.

scholarly journals The sportification of judo: global convergence and evolution

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shohei Sato
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Global Convergence ◽  
Martial Arts ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The West ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Olympic Sport

AbstractThis article re-examines our understanding of modern sport. Today, various physical cultures across the world are practised under the name of sport. Almost all of these sports originated in the West and expanded to the rest of the world. However, the history of judo confounds the diffusionist model. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, a Japanese educationalist amalgamated different martial arts and established judo not as a sport but as ‘a way of life’. Today it is practised globally as an Olympic sport. Focusing on the changes in its rules during this period, this article demonstrates that the globalization of judo was accompanied by a constant evolution of its character. The overall ‘sportification’ of judo took place not as a diffusion but as a convergence – a point that is pertinent to the understanding of the global sportification of physical cultures, and also the standardization of cultures in modern times.

scholarly journals The Psychoprophylactic Method of Painless Childbirth in Socialist Czechoslovakia: from State Propaganda to Activism of Enthusiasts

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ema Hrešanová
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
The West ◽  
Medical Journals ◽  
History Of ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Pharmacological Method ◽  
Insight Into

This paper explores the history of the ‘psychoprophylactic method of painless childbirth’ in socialist Czechoslovakia, in particular, in the Czech and Moravian regions of the country, showing that it substantially differs from the course that the method took in other countries. This non-pharmacological method of pain relief originated in the USSR and became well known as the Lamaze method in western English-speaking countries. Use of the method in Czechoslovakia, however, followed a very different path from both the West, where its use was refined mainly outside the biomedical frame, and the USSR, where it ceased to be pursued as a scientific method in the 1950s after Stalin’s death. The method was imported to Czechoslovakia in the early 1950s and it was politically promoted as Soviet science’s gift to women. In the 1960s the method became widespread in practice but research on it diminished and, in the 1970s, its use declined too. However, in the 1980s, in the last decade of the Communist regime, the method resurfaced in the pages of Czechoslovak medical journals and underwent an exciting renaissance, having been reintroduced by a few enthusiastic individuals, most of them women. This article explores the background to the renewed interest in the method while providing insight into the wider social and political context that shaped socialist maternity and birth care in different periods.

The Justification of War and International Order

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
International Law ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
International Order ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Pertinent Literature ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Modern Times

The history of war is also a history of its justification. The contributions to this book argue that the justification of war rarely happens as empty propaganda. While it is directed at mobilizing support and reducing resistance, it is not purely instrumental. Rather, the justification of force is part of an incessant struggle over what is to count as justifiable behaviour in a given historical constellation of power, interests, and norms. This way, the justification of specific wars interacts with international order as a normative frame of reference for dealing with conflict. The justification of war shapes this order and is being shaped by it. As the justification of specific wars entails a critique of war in general, the use of force in international relations has always been accompanied by political and scholarly discourses on its appropriateness. In much of the pertinent literature the dominating focus is on theoretical or conceptual debates as a mirror of how international normative orders evolve. In contrast, the focus of the present volume is on theory and political practice as sources for the re- and de-construction of the way in which the justification of war and international order interact. The book offers a unique collection of papers exploring the continuities and changes in war discourses as they respond to and shape normative orders from early modern times to the present. It comprises contributions from International Law, History and International Relations and from Western and non-Western perspectives.

scholarly journals Metode dan Pendekatan dalam Studi Islam: Pembacaan atas Pemikiran Charles J. Adams

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Luluk Fikri Zuhriyah
Keyword(s):  
Single Point ◽  
Belief System ◽  
Sociology Of Religion ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
The West ◽  
History Of ◽  
Interesting Object ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Oriental Studies

<p>Islam has been an interesting object of study for both Muslims and non-Muslims over a long period of time. A number of methods and approaches have also been introduced. In due time, Islam is now no longer understood solely as a doctrine or a set of belief system. Nor is it interpreted merely as an historical process. Islam is a social system comprising of a complex web of human experience. Islam does not only consist of formal codes that individuals should look at and obey. It also contains some cultural, political and economic values. Islam is a civilization. Given the complex nature of Islam it is no longer possible to deal with it from a single point of view. An inter-disciplinary perspective is required.</p><p>In the West, social and humanities sciences have long been introduced in the study of religion; studies that put a stronger emphasis on what we currently know as the history of religion, psychology of religion, sociology of religion and so on. This kind of approach in turn, is also applied in the Western studies of the Eastern religions and communities.</p><p>Islam as a religion is also dealt with in this way in the West. It is treated as part of the oriental culture to the extent that—as Muhammad Abdul Raouf has correctly argued—Islamic studies became identical to the oriental studies. By all means, the West preceded the Muslims in studying Islam from modern perspectives; perspective that puts more emphasis on social, cultural, behavioral, political and economic aspects. Among the Western scholars that approach Islam from this angle is Charles Joseph Adams whose thought this research is interested to explore.</p>

scholarly journals “Arabian letters” of Sergiy Donich: from biography of oriental scholar and archaeologist

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 419-435
Author(s):  
Danylo Radivilov ◽  
Olena Romanova
Keyword(s):  
Academic Career ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Soviet Republic ◽  
New Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
Complete Translation

The paper introduces into academic discourse two letters by S. Donich to the famous Ukrainian orientalist A. Krymskyi. The letters were written in January, 1927, before the Donich’s academic career as an Egyptologist, an archaeologist and a museum curator was started. Both letters were compiled in Arabic; the first letter was more thorough and was compiled as a sample of traditional Arabic letter (it includes coloured basmala and colophon), another letter was brief and written in European style. Such way of communication was chosen by S. Donich (amateur who independently studied oriental languages at that moment) to demonstrate his competence in Arabic to A. Krymskyi, the leading Arabist of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic, and USSA at that time. S. Donich wrote about his interest in oriental languages and their study, about his fascination for Oriental Studies, and about his difficult life circumstances that interfered him to become an academic orientalist. Donich emphasized he was a devotee of the Arabic language and informed about his translation of “The Thousand and One Night”. Some fragments of his translation into Russian he included into the letter. Thus S. Donich hoped to declare himself as a potential candidacy for further oriental study. The analysis of the content of the letters in a broader historical context, and in combination with other archive documents related to S. Donich, A. Krymskyi, and the academic Oriental Studies institutions of USSR, make it possible to uncover the circumstances in which of the individual orientalists lived and made their careers in the 1920s. It also provides us with some new facts of the biography and professional activity of S. Donich, as well as it makes possible to verify some previously known information about him. An assumption was made that these letters led to a new period of the Donich’s life, his turning to the Oriental Studies, with his later career as an Egyptologist, a museum curator and an archaeologist with his continuous interest in Arabic studies and other fields of Oriental Studies. The appendix provides a complete translation of the Arabic letters into Ukrainian together with and photographs of the documents. Key words: Ukrainian Museum Egyptology, History of Ukrainian Science, History of Ukrainian Humanities, History of Egyptology, History of Oriental Studies in Ukraine, S. Donich, A. Krymskyi.

ISRAELI STUDIES AT THE INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL STUDIES OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES: PAGES OF HISTORY (THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY)

2020 ◽  
pp. 219-232
Author(s):  
Tatiana A. Karasova ◽  
◽  
Andrey V. Fedorchenko ◽  
Dmitry A. Maryasis ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Political Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Impact

The article presents a historical overview of Israeli studies at the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS in the first two decades of the 21st century. The paper demonstrates the main research fields and publications of the Department for the Study of Israel and Jewish Communities, as well as the list of its heads and research fellows. The article shows how, having successfully overcome the difficulties of the 1990s that were rather hard on Russian Academy as a whole, the staff of the Israeli Studies Department in their numerous publications, speeches at Russian and international academic forums tried to respond to the new challenges in a scholarly way. In the 2000s the number of works published on the history of relations between the USSR / Russia and Israel increased, and this trend continued in subsequent years. Access to the archives for the first time made it possible to analyze the formation and development of Soviet-Israeli relations before the break (in 1953). The department expanded the directions of its academic activity. Its topics included such directions as the study of the collective memory of Jews in modern Russia, cultural identity, cultural memory, religious and secular identity of Russian Jews, attitude towards disability and people with disabilities, study of youth communities in Israel, Russia and Europe, the impact of the US-Israeli relations on the US Jewish community. Development of basic methodology for researching the state of Jewish charity in Moscow was one of the new tasks for the fellows of the Department to solve. The novelty of the tasks also included new methodology of researching the economic and socio-political development of Israel using social networks data. The Department continued to study all aspects of the life of the State of Israel — economic, socio-political and cultural processes developing in the Israeli state, including new features in regional policy and the concept of Israeli security. At present, members of the department’s, in addition to their current activities, are implementing a number of promising projects aimed at strengthening the department’s position as the leading center of Israeli studies in the post-Soviet space.

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