scholarly journals Tax Avoidance in Albania

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Viola Tanto
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Tax Administration ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Medium Enterprises

This paper was written in order of the reforming of the tax system’s framework. Analysing phenomena such as tax evasion, tax avoidance, the use of legal loopholes to reduce tax liability in Albania was very challenged. In this paper is analysed also some other jurisdictions, which have served as a reference model for the reform of Albanian legislation, such as the Italian one and the legislation of the European Union. Recently, we were witnesses of a significant increase, in the quantitative and qualitative level, of tax evasion and tax avoidance. Often, the "battle" between the taxpayer and the contributor in bad faith is based on the probative power (burden of proof) of the elements of the transaction which must be verified by the tax administration. Even more often, this fight takes place over the basis of the correct interpretation of legal norms. Evasion is leaving more and more room for refined avoidance. Avoidance is no longer just the prerogative of big companies, corporations or powerful business groups, but it is turned into an ordinary management instrument for small and medium enterprises, even in special cases, even for natural persons. The paper analyses problems such as: basic and key aspects of tax evasion, by distinguishing with other concepts of tax law, such as tax planning and tax evasion, which are the forms of identifying tax evasion/avoidance, the meaning of the doctrine of abuse right. At the end of the paper, you can find a presentation on all findings and conclusions reached during the analysis of the above problems, and some recommendations for the improvement of the activity of the Tax Administration.

Electronic Cash Registers as a Part of the Fight against Tax Evasion

2014 ◽  
Vol 708 ◽  
pp. 222-227
Author(s):  
Anna Bánociová ◽  
Ľudmila Pavliková
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Electronic Cash ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Medium Enterprises

The usage of electronic cash registers in the conditions of the Slovak Republic does not have a long, but definitely interesting history, which is very often related to changes and amendments in its legislative and technical-economic aspects. Small and medium enterprises need to pay a close attention to the area of electronic cash registers, as often changes and amendments of legislation and technical aspects cause them problems and additional costs. The usage of electronic cash registers is one of the measures of the Slovak government to prevent tax avoidance and tax evasion.

scholarly journals The Presumptive Tax Regime on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Chandrika Aditya
Keyword(s):  
Government Regulation ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
Tax Administration ◽  
Related Literature ◽  
State Revenue ◽  
The Government ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Tax Cuts

In July 2013, Indonesia implemented the presumptive tax regime on micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) by assigning Government Regulation No.46/2013. This regulation simplified the tax administration and provides tax cuts to MSMEs to help them grow and encourage voluntary tax compliance, which eventually will increase their contribution to state revenue. This study provides an analysis of the implementation of this new tax regime by comparing related literature on practices of this tax regime in many countries with the recent conditions in Indonesia after this regulation was applied. It seems that the new tax regime encourages voluntary tax compliance and stimulates the contribution of MSMEs to state revenue. However, some challenges, such as different definitions, lack of tax knowledge, impartiality to business losses, and the indication of tax avoidance must be overcome by the government by improving policies that favor MSMEs. Keywords: Indonesia, MSMEs, presumptive tax, threshold

scholarly journals New tools and opportunities in growth and climate friendly greening for small and medium enterprises in the European Union

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
Xénia Szanyi-Gyenes ◽  
György Mudri ◽  
Mária Bakosné Böröcz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Access To Finance ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
The Eu

The role of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) is unquestionable in the European economies, while financial opportunities are still inadequate for them. The more than 20 million SMEs play a significant role in European economic growth, innovation and job creation. According to the latest EC Annual Report , SMEs are accounting for 99% of all non-financial enterprises, employing 88.8 million people and generating almost EUR 3.7 tn in added value for our economy. Despite the fact that there is plenty of EU funding available for these SMEs, for certain reasons these funds hardly reach them. But we have to see that the EU supports SMEs by various way, e.g. by grants, regulatory changes, financial instrument, direct funds. On the other hand, SMEs and decision makers realised that the environmental sustainability has to be attached to the economic growth, therefore more and more tools are available for these enterprises. Over the last few years, public institutions, the market, the financial community and non-governmental associations have explicitly demanded that firms improve their environmental performance. One of the greatest opportunities might lay in the Climate- and Energy Strategy till 2030 as 20% of the EU budget is allocated to climate-related actions, however the easy access to finance is still a key question. Does the EU recognise the actual difficulties? Is there a systemic reason behind the absorption problems? Is the EU creating a more businessfriendly environment for SMEs, facilitating access to finance, stimulates the green and sustainable growth and improving access to new markets? The paper analyses the current European situation of the SMEs and the effectiveness of some new tools, which are specially targeting SMEs. JEL classification: Q18

scholarly journals Taxing Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Yogyakarta: Regulation and Compliance

BESTUUR ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Siti Rahma Novikasari ◽  
Duc Quang Ly ◽  
Kerry Gershaneck
Keyword(s):  
Tax Policy ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
Legal Compliance ◽  
The Government ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Compliance Constraints

<p>Government Regulation No. 46/2013 has not been optimal in providing legal compliance on taxation for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), especially in Yogyakarta. This policy was evaluated and amended with Government Regulation No. 23/2018. The amendment in tax policy for MSME actors was this research background to examine: First, how does the final income tax policy impact MSME taxpayers' compliance in Yogyakarta? Second, what are the legal compliance constraints of MSME taxpayers? The method used in this research was a juridical empirical, supported with the statute and conceptual approach. The results showed that the amendment in the final income tax tariff policy from 1% to 0.5%, as well as provide legal certainty of the timeframe of taxation had a positive impact on increasing taxpayer compliance. There was an increase in the number of taxpayers to 41,000 in 2019, or an increase of 15.5% compared to the number of taxpayers in 2017. However, tariff reduction has not been the answer to taxpayer non-compliance, the Regional Office of the Directorate General of Taxes of the Special Region of Yogyakarta still found tax avoidance. Tax compliance constraints were also caused by taxpayers' distrust of the government, poor tax morale, and tax knowledge. The government needs to conduct a cooperative compliance approach in taxation policies based on trust and dialogue between taxpayers and the government to improve MSME taxpayer compliance.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Tax Compliance; Final Income Tax Regulation; Micro; Small; Medium Enterprises.</p>

Climate Governance for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises

2020 ◽  
pp. 295-308
Author(s):  
Janis Sarra
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Social Enterprises ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Climate Governance ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Medium Enterprises

Chapter 9 explores why management of climate-related risks can be particularly challenging for micro, small, and medium enterprises (‘MSME’) to address. MSME comprise about 99 per cent of all businesses globally and they often lack the infrastructure and resources to manage deep shifts in their business activities. This chapter explores how one could build financing and infrastructure to support the MSME sector to advance in their transition to net zero. It discusses how the European Union has taken the lead globally on microfinance for vulnerable groups that want to set up or develop their businesses and microenterprises. It is building the institutional capacity of microcredit providers and supporting development of social enterprises by facilitating access to finance. It also examines climate governance for MSME, offering examples of toolkits being developed for micro and small businesses. The chapter concludes with a discussion of contributions that women entrepreneurs and micro-business owners are making in the transition to net zero.

scholarly journals Factors behind trade credit financing of SMEs in Croatia

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-76
Author(s):  
Sandra Pepur ◽  
Dujam Kovač ◽  
Marijana Ćurak
Keyword(s):  
Trade Credit ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Knowledge Generation ◽  
External Financing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
East European ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Credit Financing ◽  
Medium Enterprises

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) contribute to the national economy in terms of employment, added value, knowledge generation, and innovation. However, their potential and in the case of economic downturns even their survival is affected by the difficulties in their access to external financing under acceptable terms and adequate timing and amount. In the case of asymmetric information problems, which make SMEs more sensitive to financial market imperfections, trade credit can be a valuable source of financing. In the European Union, trade credit is among the most relevant external funding sources and it is among the most important alternatives to financial intermediaries’ financing. However, there are substantial differences between the countries with respect to availability and use of trade credit. Therefore, this research examines determining (company-specific and country-specific) factors behind the use of trade credit as a financing source in Croatia. The empirical analysis is based on the data for 1,225 SMEs operating in Croatia in the period from 2008 to 2017 and is done using the panel data methodology. The findings confirm that firms’ characteristics, as well as the characteristics of financial, macroeconomic and legal environment in which the firms operate, influence the use of trade credit in SMEs in Croatia. The paper contributes to relatively scarce empirical evidence on the determinants of trade credit use by SMEs in South-East European countries.

scholarly journals The impact of state support on the development of non-resource exports in the Russian Federation

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyudmila M. Simonova ◽  
Anastasiia O. Dorokhova
Keyword(s):  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Central Element ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Business Organizations ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
The Impact

This article aims to study the role of government instruments supporting export-oriented enterprises, which specialize in the production of non-resource and non-energy goods and services. In view of the increasing importance and potential of small and medium-sized enterprises, the authors, using economic analysis of the data of the Russian Federal Customs Service and the statistics of the Russian Export Center, have confirmed the need of such enterprises being the central element of the national system of support and development of exports. The results prove that the majority of export-oriented small and medium enterprises show interest in starting export activities, increasing its share, and seeking to expand the geography of their supplies. However, a number of factors prevent the foreign economic strategy, including lack of confidence and employees with export competencies, financial limitations, as well as complete inexperience when interacting with foreign counterparts and markets in general. The authors have determined that the insufficient level of competitiveness on part of the Russian producers requires a full-fledged support of the state authorities to stimulate non-resource and non-energy export. The statistical analysis of the recent years shows that the indicator of Russian competitiveness on foreign markets has not undergone serious changes due to the low competitiveness of the Russian exported goods, as well as insufficient knowledge and skills of export-oriented enterprises in terms of strengthening their position on new markets. The world experience shows that each nation puts their own priorities on the choice of export development direction. Based on a comparative analysis and classification of support measures in the European Union, the authors have identified the possibility of approximating the existing mechanisms for supporting small and medium export-oriented enterprises in the Russia. The results have revealed a linear relationship between the launch of programs to support export-oriented enterprises and the growth of foreign economic activity in general, as well as the relationship between such activities as the interaction with relevant ministries and agencies, the cooperation with key industry and business organizations, and the improvement of export conditions in Russia.

scholarly journals Resource Efficiency and Circular Economy in European SMEs: Investigating the Role of Green Jobs and Skills

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 12136
Author(s):  
Francesca Bassi ◽  
Mariangela Guidolin
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Latent Class Model ◽  
Resource Efficiency ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Green Jobs ◽  
Multilevel Latent Class Model ◽  
Medium Enterprises

This study explored the size and potential of green employment for circular economy (CE) in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the European Union, and investigated the role of green jobs and skills for the implementation of CE practices. The data were collected in a Eurobarometer survey, and refer to resource efficiency, green markets, and CE procedures. Lack of environmental expertise is one of the factors that might be perceived as an obstacle when trying to implement resource-efficiency actions. Previous research has shown that, although resource-efficiency practices are adopted by firms in all European countries, there are differences both within and between countries. The analysis of the determinants of green behavior by European SMEs was completed by a study of heterogeneity across firms and within countries with a multilevel latent class model, a hierarchical clustering method. A general important observation is that having no workers dedicated to green jobs is strongly correlated to the probability of adopting resource-efficiency practices, while perceiving the need of extra environmental skills has a positive effect on the intention to implement actions in the future. Other characteristics of the firms play a significant impact on resource efficiency: in general, older and bigger firms, with larger yearly turnover, are more prone to implement actions.

scholarly journals The Impact of Tax Administration on Revenue Generation in Gombe State, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Stephen N
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tax Administration ◽  
Revenue Generation ◽  
The Impact

Taxes<em> have been the bedrock of revenue generation to any government. The administration of tax is very important to any government as it is the body responsible for implementing and governing the tax laws and other tax related to assessment, collection and remittance of tax. This study is aimed at ascertaining the effect of tax administration on revenue generation in Gombe state. The study uses survey research design. The primary source of data collection was adopted, which analysed using descriptive statistics was made up of frequencies and simple percentages. Cronbach's Alpha diagnose was carried out to seek for reliability of the questions contained in the questionnaire Three Hypotheses were presented in this research and were tested using Spearman’s Rank correlation, Pearson correlation and linear regression. Research findings indicated that Tax Administration in the state is not efficient and effective. The study revealed further that revenue generated in the state is low to meet its objectives due to low level of enlightenment of tax payers and incidents of tax evasion and tax avoidance. To this end, the study recommends, among others, that authorities should embark on more enlightenment campaign of citizens on the significance of paying Personal Income Tax, the quality and efficiency of tax workers should be improved so that more effective administration will be achieved and automation of the system.</em>

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