scholarly journals Silent transmission of “COVID-19”: A major concern

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1544-1550
Author(s):  
Apoorva Mishra ◽  
Prachet Dakshinkar ◽  
Priyanka Multani
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cycle Threshold ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Serial Interval

“Coronavirus disease 2019 “(COVID-19)” has been proclaimed as a public health exigency of global scope by “World Health Organization” and is the latest threat to universal health. Despite of manifesting imperceptible clinical symptoms, asymptomatic carriers of the disease are known to be infectious. The prevalence of “COVID-19” is rising persistently, despite meticulous global confinement and quarantine endeavors. An important element in the devastating transmissibility potential of “COVID-19” is the high titre of virus in oropharynx in the initial progression of disease. On the contrary influenza virus has low titres in upper respiratory tract than lower respiratory tract. Therefore, making the symptom-based assessment strategies less effectual in case of “SARS-CoV-2” According to recent reports, symptomless population along with the individuals with mild disease, are radical transmitters in the proliferation of “COVID-19”. The phenomenon of Viral shedding emphasizes the reasons of asymptomatic patients being rapid transmitters in “SARS-CoV-2” than “SARS-CoV-1”. The significant role of incubation span, cycle threshold values, serial interval cannot be overlooked in asymptomatic transmission. This pandemic is an absolute reminder of the existing challenge posed by the virulent pathogen on modern medicine. Thus, we intend to comprehensively elaborate various outlooks on the asymptomatic spread of “SARS-CoV-2”, including the pathophysiology, viral shedding, cycle threshold, serial interval, incubation span, herd immunity, inefficient testing, prevention and prospective treatment of “COVID-19”. 

CLINIC AND COMPLICATIONS OF COVID-19 CORONAVIRUS DISEASE WITH PATHOGENESIS ELEMENTS

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-79
Author(s):  
I. V. Аndrusovich
Keyword(s):  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract

The longer the COVID−19 coronavirus pandemic lasts, the more information about its clinical manifestations is accumulated. The incubation period of COVID−19 ranges from 2 to 14 days, rarely up to 3 weeks, but in a significant number of cases an infection is not accompanied with the appearance of clinical symptoms. Currently, the following variants of the clinical course of COVID−19 can be identified as follows: viral load; subclinical; slight; uncomplicated with damage to only the upper respiratory tract; mild pneumonia, severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, etc. The clinical course of COVID−19 depends on the severity, the criteria of which are the intoxication manifestation, the degree of fever and the dominant syndrome. Mild / moderate forms are manifested by frequent increase in body temperature up to 38 ° C, respiratory symptoms, headache, myalgias, palpitations and general malaise. Patients stop distinguishing smells and feel the taste of food. Approximately from the 7th to the 9th days of the disease there are problems with breathing, which indicates the impairment of the lower respiratory tract and the beginning of the second phase of the disease, and its course is regarded as severe. Severe forms of the disease can also be manifested by impaired coordination of movements, slurred speech. In 1 to 4 % of patients there is developed the psychosis in the form of hallucinations. In the elderly, COVID−19 may be accompanied by delirium, lowering blood pressure. The risks of adverse disease are associated with somatic diseases: cardiovascular and nervous systems, respiratory tract, hormonal disorders, etc. Otitis, sinusitis, sepsis, bronchopulmonary infection, thrombosis, myocarditis etc. can be the complications of COVID−19. Computer tomography is an instrumental test that demonstrates the damage of lungs with coronavirus and allows to assess its severity. Key words: coronavirus infection, COVID−19, clinical variants, severity, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome.

scholarly journals High Infection to SARS-CoV-2 in an Indigen Community of the Colombian Amazon Region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Héctor Serrano-Coll ◽  
Hollman Miller ◽  
Camila Rodríguez-Van der hamen ◽  
Bertha gastelbondo ◽  
Wilkhen Novoa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
World Health ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Colombian Amazon

Introduction. COVID-19 is a pathology caused by the SARS-CoV2 virus. The World Health Organization has reported more than 94 million cases and two million deaths worldwide. Objective: To describe the seroprevalence, spatial distribution, and clinical and sociodemographic variables of SARS-CoV2 in a community of the Colombian Amazon region. Methods. In December 2020, a cross-sectional observational study was carried out in a population located in the Colombian Amazon in the municipality of Mitú. Sociodemographic and clinical data were taken. Besides, 590 blood samples were taken, and an antibody detection was carried out with an ELISA and a recombinant protein N antigen of SARS-CoV2. Results. A seroprevalence of 57.6% was observed. The highest proportion of the infection is located in inter-municipal transport zones. The bivariate analysis did not show differences in the SARS-CoV2 infection rate concerning the variables sex, age-range, and the presence of comorbidities (P> 0.05). The bivariate and multivariate analysis showed that being symptomatic and presenting neurological manifestations of the upper respiratory tract are clinical variables associated with SARS-CoV2 infection (P <0.05). One of the causes of this virus's high spread in this community could be that 53.3% of the people were asymptomatic. Conclusions. Our data showed a high burden and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in this indigenous community. This could be linked to cultural behaviors and the high infection rate in asymptomatic patients.

Otorhinolaryngological manifestations of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarosław Wysocki
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Equilibrium System ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Loss Of Strength

COVID-19 manifests itself in a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms, both in terms of their variety and severity. It can be asymptomatic or abortive, mild, moderate, severe and lightning, as septic with multiple organ failure and shock Typical leading symptoms of COVID-19 are: high fever poorly responding to drugs, severe loss of strength, chest pain, dyspnoea, pain headaches, bone and joint pain and muscle pain, until the onset of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, many publications mention among the possible symptoms also others, not related to the involvement of the lower respiratory tract. These are gastrointestinal disorders, damage to the central and peripheral nervous system, catarrh of the upper respiratory tract and dysfunctions of the sensory organs. The aim of this literature review was to determine the frequency of various head and neck dysfunctions that are part of COVID-19. Symptoms of conjunctivitis, nasal mucosa, pharynx and larynx are reported by about of patients, but they do not always occur at the same time, as in infections caused, for example, by rhinoviruses. Anosmi / hyposmia or ageusia / hypogeusia occur with a similar frequency. Symptoms of damage to the equilibrium system, such as dizziness, are reported by approx. 1/3, vertigo and hearing loss approx. 5-6%, tinnitus approx. 10% of patients. Reports of coexistence with COVID-19 of peripheral paresis of the facial nerve are so far relatively few and often included in the neurological disorders, the frequency of which is also about 1/3 of COVID-19 cases. Importantly, both catarrhal symptoms and the others listed here may precede, co-occur or follow the appearance of the leading symptoms of COVID-19. They can also be the only symptoms of this disease. This should prompt otorhinolaryngologists to be particularly vigilant in this regard

Is SARS-CoV-2 transmitted by asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infected individuals?

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail F. Melicor ◽  
Katrina Loren R. Rey ◽  
Leonila F. Dans
Keyword(s):  
Case Reports ◽  
Case Series ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Wide Confidence Interval ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Health Organization

KEY FINDINGSAsymptomatic and pre-symptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 may occur.• Manifestations of COVID-19 are highly varied and may include asymptomatic cases, who do not manifest with anysigns and symptoms despite testing positive for COVID-19 by viral nucleic acid tests. Pre-symptomatic cases areinfected individuals who are still in their incubation period, hence do not exhibit any symptoms yet but eventuallydevelop symptoms.• As of June 2020, only 586 (2.8%) of the 20,990 active cases in the Philippines were classified as asymptomatic,but it is unclear whether cases are pre-symptomatic or carriers (true asymptomatic).• Based on 36 observational studies (case reports, case series, cross-sectional and cohort studies) and 9 statisticalmodeling analysis, asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 may occur. However, 3studies reported no transmission from pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic cases.• Studies on viral load comparing symptomatic cases with pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic cases reportedcontradicting results. The duration of viral shedding was significantly longer for symptomatic patients comparedto asymptomatic patients but similar for asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic patients.• Therewas no difference in the transmission rates of symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. However,the estimatedinfectivity and probability of transmission was higherfor symptomatic cases compared to asymptomatic cases, butresults were imprecise due to a wide confidence interval.• The World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recognize thepossibility of pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic transmission. According to WHO, current evidence suggestsasymptomatic cases are less likely to transmit the virus than symptomatic cases.

scholarly journals Feasibility study: honey for treatment of cough in children

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveed Ahmed ◽  
Alastair Sutcliffe ◽  
Claire Tipper
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Cough Assessment ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Tract Infections

Respiratory tract infections are an important health problem because of high incidence and economic costs. The World Health Organization identifies honey as a potential demulcent treatment for cough. The aim of this study is to determine: i) patient public perceptions towards a proposed randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing the effects of honey to placebo for treatment of cough in children; ii) potential participation rates for proposed trial; iii) whether age and gender of parent or child impacts on proposed cough assessment tools. Forty adult participants with children age 1-6 years presenting with an upper respiratory tract infection were enrolled. They underwent a structured interview regarding the proposed trial and assessed their child’s cough using two validated questionnaires. Eighty-eight percent of those recruited were willing to participate in the proposed trial. The two independently validated cough scores correlated well. A relationship between age and gender of child or parent with cough assessment score was not found. We conclude that a RCT to determine the effects of honey versus placebo is feasible. The public find the outcome measures and trial design acceptable.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Diagnosis, Treatments and Prevention: A Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-34
Author(s):  
Soumik Chatterjee ◽  
Sabyasachi Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Novel Coronavirus are very harmful virus. This viruses have positive single stranded RNA genome and enveloped which is called nucleocapsid. The family of this virus is Coronaviridae. This virus originated from species of avian and mammalian. This virus effect on upper respiratory tract in humans. Many species of these novel coronaviruses (HCoVs) are named as HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63. Predominant species of this virus is Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) across the world.  In both adults and childrens HCoV-HKU1 sp. is causes for chronic pulmonary disease and HCoV-NL63 species causes for upper and lower respiratory tract disease. Most recent species of this virus is MERS-CoV. This species caused for acute pneumonia and occasional renal failure. The new strain of novel Coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2. This strain causes for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). This disease named by the World Health Organization. Now world fighting against COVID-19 and according to the recent statistics report of world about the COVID-19 cases approx 22.6M confirmed cases and 792K death cases appeared and recovered 14.5M. COVID-19 disease starts to spread from December 2019 from china. Covid-19 disease is emerged in Wuhan seafood market at Wuhan of South China and then rapidly spread throughout the world. The corona virus outbreak has been declared a public health emergency of International concern by World Health Organization (WHO). In this article we summarize the current clinical characteristics of coronavirus and diagnosis, treatments and prevention of COVID-19 disease. In this review article, we analyze data from various Research Reports like WHO guidelines and other articles. It is very important to the readers that new data of COVID-19 updating nearly every hour of day regarding clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment strategies, and outcomes COVID-19 disease. The degree of COVID-19 disease varying throughout the world. COVID-19 affected patient shows various symptoms like fever, cough, sore throat, breathlessness, fatigue, and malaise among others. The COVID-19 disease is being treated through general treatment like symptomatic treatment, by using antiviral drugs, oxygen therapy and by the immune system. There is no vaccine or therapeutic strategies for deal with this disease yet. In this critical situation preventive measures must be require.  A very important issue in preventing viral infection is hand hygiene. There are other entities that people can boosting the immune system and help in infection prevention.

scholarly journals Anxiety of Dental Professionals during Covid-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pinar Kiymet Karataban
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Acute Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Dental Professionals

Coronavirus (COVID-19) is an enveloped RNA virus with a size of ~350 kilobase-pair and COVID-19 is commonly transmitted via aerosols, saliva, nasal droplets, and surface contact which causes severe acute respiratory tract infection among infected humans, and recently many cases declared with severe blood clotting. The average incubation period ranges from 4 to 14 days. The infected person usually presents fever accompanying an upper respiratory tract infection (RTI) and complaints of dry cough, and dyspnea. It is highly recommended to keep any suspected individuals in quarantine (isolation). After its first emergence in Wuhan, China in 2019 and then intercontinental spread it was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. The pandemic of COVID-19 deeply affected the whole world and healthcare workers as front liners are most at risk among professional groups. Dentistry is among the riskiest occupational groups that include all direct and indirect ways of COVID-19 spread. In this process, the dentists who experienced the effects of COVID-19 in the working conditions, economy, and social fields were psychologically negatively affected, and their anxiety, fear, and stress levels increased. In this review, we discuss the increased risk of the spread of coronavirus during dental operative procedures and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the anxiety level, depression, and mental health of dental professionals.

A Review on Prevention, Transmission and Symptoms of the Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Mohammadi ◽  
Yahya Ehteshaminia ◽  
Seif Ali Mahdavi
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
World Health ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Introduction: Coronavirus belongs to a family of viruses that can cause symptoms such as pneumonia, fever, shortness of breath and lung infection. On December 29, 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) coined the term New Coronavirus 2019 to refer to a coronavirus that affects the lower respiratory tract of patients with pneumonia in Wuhan, China. The new coronavirus was first identified in Wuhan, among a number of patients with an unknown form of viral pneumonia who also had a history of Huanan seafood market. Materials and Methods: In this study, the websites of PubMed, Google Scholar, SID, and Magiran were searched and related articles were reviewed. Results: Symptoms of COVID-19 occur after a period of 2 to 10 days and the period of symptoms resulting in death of patients varied between 6 to 41 days. Common symptoms at the onset of the disease are fever, cough, and fatigue. Each carrier is reported to infect an average of 3.77 others. Conclusion: Regarding the way of transmission of viral diseases of the upper respiratory tract, such as COVID-19, i.e., the transmission by respiratory droplets as well as close communication between individuals, solutions have been recommended by experts. Researchers are suggesting not touching the T-zone on the face, using a mask and following the principles of social distancing are the most effective ways to control the disease. Due to the lack of definitive treatment or effective vaccine for COVID-19 so far, following these principles has a significant role in combating this pandemic.

scholarly journals Haemophilus parasuis and Glässer’s disease in pigs: a review

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 168-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Nedbalcova ◽  
P. Satran ◽  
Z. Jaglic ◽  
R. Ondriasova ◽  
Z. Kucerova
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Haemophilus Parasuis ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
High Doses ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Very High

Haemophilus parasuis is a common epiphyte of the upper respiratory tract of pigs. The factors of H. parasuis pathogenicity that enable some strains to be virulent and consequently cause a clinical disease have not been established yet. Fifteen serovars of H. parasuis have been described at present. Individual serovars differ in virulence, and considerable differences in virulence also exist within each serovar. Virulent strains can particularly participate as microorganisms secondary to pneumonia, cause septicaemia without polyserositis or Glässer’s disease characterized by polyserositis, pericarditis, arthritis and meningitis. Clinical symptoms of this disease are highly variable. Therefore, culture detection of causative agent, particularly from the brain, joints and polyserositis is an essential diagnostic tool. The disease caused by H. parasuis can be treated with antibiotics; however, oral or parenteral administration of very high doses of antibiotics is necessary. The level of animal hygiene and animal husbandry are important factors for prevention of this disease. Commercial or autogenous vaccines can be used in the immunoprophylaxis of pre-parturient sows and their progeny after weaning. For the production of autogenous vaccines, it is most effective to use isolates from animals with lesions present in CNS. Isolates recovered from arthritic and systemic sites of infection are less suitable and isolates recovered from lungs are not suitable at all because of their heterogeneity.

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