Effect of diabetes mellitus on periodontal health status, salivary flow rate and salivary pH in patients with chronic periodontitis

Background: Diabetes and periodontitis are considered as chronic diseases with a bidirectional relationship between them. This study aimed to determine and compare the severity of periodontal health status and salivary parameters in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Seventy participants were enrolled in this study. The subjects were divided into three groups: Group I: 25 patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus with chronic periodontitis, Group 2: 25 patients had chronic periodontitis and with no history of any systemic diseases, Group 3: 20 subjects had healthy periodontium and were systemically healthy. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected for measurement of salivary flow rate and pH. All periodontal parameters (plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level) were recorded for each patient. Results: The results showed that all clinical periodontal parameters were highest in group 1 in comparison with groups 2 and 3. Comparisons between pairs of groups revealed significant differences between groups 1 and 2 for plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level, and highly significant differences for plaque index, gingival index between groups 2 and 3, and between groups 1 and 3. The salivary flow rate and pH were lower in group 1 compared to groups 2 and 3. Inter-group comparisons of salivary parameters also revealed a significant difference between groups 1 and 2, with a non-significant difference between groups 2 and 3. Conclusion: Type 2 diabetic patients have significantly lower salivary flow rate, pH and present with advanced periodontal destruction compared to healthy patients. Key word: Saliva; periodontitis; diabetes mellitus.

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Periodontal status and salivary flow rate among diagnostic radiology department workers

Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry ◽

10.26477/jbcd.v31i3.2694 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 17-20

Author(s):

Ghadah N. Alhusaini ◽

Ahlam T Mohammed

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Diagnostic Radiology ◽

Periodontal Pocket ◽

Control Group ◽

Pocket Depth ◽

Clinical Attachment Loss ◽

Periodontal Status ◽

Significant Difference

Background: diagnostic radiology field workers are at elevated risk level for systemic and oral diseases like periodontal diseases. This study was aimed to estimate the periodontal condition and salivary flow rate among diagnostic radiology workers. Material and method: The sample for this study consisted of a study group radiographers (forty subjects) working for 5 years at least and control group consisted of nurses and laboratory workers away from radiation (forty subjects) in Baghdad hospitals. All the 80 subjects aged 30-40 year-old and looking healthy without systemic diseases. Plaque, gingival, periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment loss indices were used for recording the periodontal conditions. Under standardized conditions, collection of unstimulated salivary samples was done and salivary flow rate was measured. Results: Although not significant statistically (p>0.01), analysis of the present study data showed that plaque and gingival indices were higher among radiographers. While periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment loss were higher among radiographers than control group with statistically highly significant difference (p<0.01). On the other hand salivary flow rate was lower among radiographers than control group with statistically highly significant difference (p<0.01). Conclusions: Ionizing radiation affects salivary flow rate and this in turn will affect periodontal status.

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Prevalence of root caries in relation to various risk factors in a sample of subjects aged (25-64) years in Erbil city: A cross sectional study

Erbil Dental Journal ◽

10.15218/edj.2020.11 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 79-88

Author(s):

Tara Talib ◽

Vian Majeed

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Educational Level ◽

Systemic Disease ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Tooth Brushing ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Plaque Index ◽

Root Caries ◽

Gingival Index

Backgrounds: Root surface caries is a significant oral public health problem among humans' due to improvements in health care, long life expectancy, and increasing demand to maintain oral health. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of root caries in subjects in Erbil city and its relation to various risk factors. Subjects and methods: The study was conducted in twelve primary health care centers in different directions of the city. A total of 2600 subjects (1352 males and 1248 females) attending these centers aged 25-64 years old were examined. The following clinical parameters were evaluated: root caries index, plaque index, gingival index, unstimulated salivary flow rate, other related factors as behavioral habits, oral practices, and educational level were assessed by means of multiple choice questionnaires by direct interview. Results: The results of this study showed that the prevalence of root caries was (22.3%) and the mean value of root caries was (33.650±16.504) in the whole sample with statistically significant age differences of both. Males were more prevalent in root surface caries than females with significant differences. Results showed that the mandibular teeth were more affected than the maxillary teeth, and that mandibular first molars were the mostly affected teeth by root caries. Prevalence of root caries was significantly associated with these risk factors: gingival index, plaque index, unstimulated salivary flow rate, educational level, wearing removable partial dentures, frequency of snacks, tooth brushing and frequency of tooth brushing, systemic disease and use of medication, while the results showed no association between prevalence of root caries and smoking. Conclusions: The results indicate that adults and older aged individuals in Erbil city have a high prevalence of root caries and high experience of root caries as expressed by root caries index and the prevalence of root caries was associates with these risk factors: Gingival index, Plaque index, unstimulated salivary flow rate, educational level, wearing removable partial dentures, frequency of snacks, tooth brushing and frequency of tooth brushing, systemic disease and use of medication while there was no association with smoking. Keywords: Root caries, Risk factors, Root caries index, Unstimulated salivary flow rate, Behavioral habits.

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Selected salivary antioxidants and gingival health condition among a group of obese females aged 20-22 years in Baghdad, Iraq

Mustansiria Dental Journal ◽

10.32828/mdj.v14i1.761 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 65

Author(s):

Dr. Huda A. Yaseen ◽

Dr. Baydaa Hussein Hussein

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Health Condition ◽

Normal Weight ◽

The Body ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Plaque Index ◽

Control Group ◽

Gingival Health ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Obesity and periodontal disease are diseases of multifactorial etiologyclosely related to dietary habits and sociodemographic background of theindividuals. The aim of this study was the assessment of selected salivaryantioxidants and gingival health condition among a group of obese females aged20-22 years in comparison with normal weight females.Materials and methods: The study group included 40 obese females, with an agerange 20-22 years old. The control group included 40 normal weight females ofthe same age. Body weight was assessed by using the Body Mass Index (BMI).Collection of unstimulated salivary samples was carried out under standardizedconditions. Plaque and gingival indices were used for recording the oral hygieneand gingivitis. Salivary flow rate was measured then salivary samples wereanalyzed to determine the concentration of salivary antioxidants (total protein anduric acid).Results: The data analysis of the present study found that the level of salivary totalprotein was lower among the obese females compared to the normal weightfemales with statistically highly significant difference (p<0.01), while salivaryuric acid was statistically highly significantly higher among the obese than thenormal weight females (p<0.01). Salivary analysis demonstrated that the salivaryflow rate was statistically highly significantly higher among the obese females(p<0.01).The mean values of plaque index and gingival index were lower among obesefemales compared to the normal weight females with statistically highlysignificant difference for plaque index (p<0.01).Conclusions: The result of this research revealed that salivary antioxidant (uric acid)and salivary flow rate were higher among obese females than normal weightfemales which may play a role in protection oral tissue from oral diseases inaddition to the oral cleanliness effect.

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Periodontal status and salivary flow rate among diagnostic radiology department workers

Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry ◽

10.26477/jbcd.v31i2.2621 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 32-35

Author(s):

Ghadah N. Alhusaini ◽

Ahlam T Mohammed

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Diagnostic Radiology ◽

Periodontal Pocket ◽

Control Group ◽

Pocket Depth ◽

Clinical Attachment Loss ◽

Periodontal Status ◽

Significant Difference

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Correlation of salivary neopterin and plasma fibrinogen levels in patients with chronic periodontitis and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus

Pteridines ◽

10.1515/pterid-2017-0007 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 28 (3-4) ◽

pp. 177-183 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Angel Fenol ◽

V.R. Swetha ◽

Sajitha Krishnan ◽

Jayachandran Perayil ◽

Rajesh Vyloppillil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Chronic Periodontitis ◽

Study Groups ◽

Control Group ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Potential Biomarker ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy ◽

Significant Difference

AbstractNeopterin is a novel predictor for coronary events especially in diabetic patients and also an indicator for the effectiveness of the periodontal treatment. In this study, we assessed whether salivary neopterin can be used as a potential biomarker in evaluating the risk of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis. Forty subjects between 25 and 75 years of age and who matched the criteria were selected and divided into four groups. Their periodontal status was evaluated. Stimulated whole saliva and blood were collected for analysis of salivary neopterin and fibrinogen and HbA1c levels, respectively. Nonsurgical periodontal therapy was carried out. Patients were recalled after 3 months, and the same procedure was repeated. A reduction in all the parameters was seen after treatment in all the four groups. Salivary neopterin levels showed significant difference (p<0.001) in the values between the study groups and the control group before treatment. After 3 months of treatment, salivary neopterin levels showed a statistical significant reduction (p<0.001) in all the study groups. Neopterin could serve as an effective tool to assess the inflammatory process related to periodontitis and diabetes mellitus and also predict future cardiovascular events in diabetic patients.

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Association Between Salivary Flow Rate and the Use of Systemic Medication Among 76-, 81-, and 86-year-old Inhabitants in Helsinki, Finland

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/00220345920710120401 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 71 (12) ◽

pp. 1875-1880 ◽

Cited By ~ 116

Author(s):

T.O. Narhi ◽

J.H. Meurman ◽

A. Ainamo ◽

J.M. Nevalainen ◽

K.G. Schmidt-Kaunisaho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Age Groups ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Systemic Medication ◽

Younger Age ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference ◽

Saliva Flow

The aim of this study was to examine salivary flow rate and its association with the use of medication in a representative sample of 76-, 81-, and 86-year-old subjects, totaling 368. In this study, 23% (n = 80) of the subjects were unmedicated. From one to three daily medications were used by 47% (n = 168) and more than four medications by 30% (n = 104). The most commonly used medications were nitrates, digitalis or anti-arrhythmic drugs (47.7%), analgesics and antipyretics (32.6%), and diuretics (29.5%). The mean number used daily was significantly higher in 86-year-olds than in the two younger age groups (p < 0.01). No significant differences in this respect were found between genders. Among the unmedicated subjects, 76-year-olds had significantly higher stimulated salivary flow rates than did the 81-year-olds (p < 0.05). Unmedicated women showed significantly lower unstimulated (p < 0.01) and stimulated flow rates than did men (p < 0.05). Stimulated salivary flow rate was also significantly higher in the 76-year-old medicated subjects than in the medicated 86-year-old subjects (p < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in unstimulated salivary flow rates among the three age groups. Medicated women showed significantly lower unstimulated salivary flow rates than men (p < 0.001), although the difference in stimulated saliva flow was not significant. A statistically significant difference in unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rates was found between unmedicated persons and those who took from four to six, or more than seven, prescribed medications daily.

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Dental Caries and Salivary Alterations in Type I Diabetes

Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry ◽

10.17796/jcpd.36.2.x436ln878221g364 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 181-184 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Kavita Rai ◽

Amitha Hegde ◽

Ananth Kamath ◽

Suchetha Shetty

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Control Group ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type I ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Salivary Ph ◽

Anti Oxidant

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is a severe disease that raises blood glucose levels because of hyperglycemia and insulinopenia. Fluctuations in water and electrolyte levels may result in xerostomia and other changes in the salivary composition. Since diabetes has an influence on oral health, it is important for the dentist to be aware of newer advances in the field of diabetes and to recognize specific oral problems related to diabetes. Thus, the dentist becomes an important part of the health care team for the patients with diabetes. Aim: The present study correlated salivary flow rate, salivary pH and total salivary antioxidant levels and dental caries in type I diabetic patients. Method: A total of 200 children that included 100 known diabetic children (study group) and 100 healthy children (controls) of both the sexes and from similar socioeconomic backgrounds formed the part of this study. Dental caries was assessed using DMFT index. The salivary total anti-oxidant level was estimated using phospho molybdic acid using spectrophotometric method. The salivary flow rate was recorded using the Zunt method and the salivary pH using the pH indicating paper. The results were statistically analyzed using t-test. Conclusions: The analyzed parameters showed increase in salivary anti-oxidant levels, reduced salivary flow rate, increase incidence of dental caries, salivary pH was decreased when compared to the control group.

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Pengaruh obat kumur beralkohol terhadap laju aliran saliva dan pH saliva

e-GIGI ◽

10.35790/eg.5.2.2017.16538 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Feiby Rawung ◽

Jane Wuisan ◽

Michael A. Leman

Keyword(s):

Oral Mucosa ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

T Test ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Wilcoxon Test ◽

Purposive Sampling ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Salivary Ph ◽

Before And After

Abstract: Mouthwash is one of the accessible oral healthcare and practical for use by the community. Various commercial products contain more than one active ingredient; the most common one is alcohol with varied concentrations from 6% to 26%. Mouthwash with high concentration of alcohol can cause some effects to some users, like burning and dry sensation of the oral mucosa. Dry oral mucosa caused by reduced saliva production will be more susceptible to irritation. Reduced amount of saliva also causes lower oral pH which leads to increased growth of cariogenic bacteria. This study was aimed to investigate the influence of alcoholic mouthwash to salivary flow and salivary pH. This was a quasi-experiment study with before and after treatment groups. The population study was students of Dental Medical Education Program of Medical Faculty of University of Sam Ratulangi, Manado, batch 2012, with a total of 30 respondents obtained by using purposive sampling method. The T test showed that salivary flow rate before and after treatment had no significant difference (p >0.05) based on T test. Moreover, the Wilcoxon test showed that there was no significant difference of salivary pH between before and after treatment (p >0.05). Conclusion: There was no effect of rinsing with alcoholic mouthwash on salivary flow and salivary pH.Keywords: alcoholic mouthwash, salivary flow rate, salivary pH Abstrak: Obat kumur merupakan salah satu produk perawatan kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang mudah diperoleh dan praktis digunakan sendiri oleh masyarakat. Berbagai produk komersial mengandung lebih dari satu bahan aktif; salah satunya yaitu alkohol dengan konsentrasi bervariasi dari 6% hingga 26,9%. Kandungan alkohol yang tinggi dapat menimbulkan efek bagi sebagian pengguna, seperti sensasi terbakar dan kering di area mukosa mulut disebabkan berkurangnya saliva yang memudahkan terjadinya iritasi. Berkurangnya saliva juga menyebabkan pH mulut rendah sehingga pertumbuhan bakteri kariogenik meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh obat kumur beralkohol terhadap laju aliran saliva dan pH saliva. Jenis penelitian ialah eksperimen semu dengan kelompok sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan. Populasi penelitian yaitu mahasiswa Angkatan Tahun 2012 Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter Gigi, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado yang berjumlah 30 responden, diperoleh dengan purposive sampling. Hasil uji T berpasangan mennunjukkan data laju aliran saliva sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan tidak memiliki perbedaan bermakna (p >0,05). Berdasarkan uji Wilcoxon, data pH saliva sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan tidak memiliki perbedaan bermakna (p >0,05). Simpulan: Tidak terdapat pengaruh berkumur dengan obat kumur beralkohol terhadap laju aliran saliva dan pH saliva.Kata kunci: obat kumur beralkohol, laju aliran saliva, pH saliva

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Saliva diagnostic utility in patients with type 2 diabetes: Future standard method

Journal of Medical Biochemistry ◽

10.2478/jomb-2019-0019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marwa Mrag ◽

Asma Kassab ◽

Asma Omezzine ◽

Raoua Belkacem Chebil ◽

Fatma Ben Fredj Ismail ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Total Protein ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Oral Exam ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

Significant Difference

Summary Background The purpose of the present study was to assess saliva reliability in diagnosis and monitoring type 2 diabetes instead of blood. Methods Blood and unstimulated whole saliva were collected from 300 type 2 diabetic subjects and 300 healthy controls in fasting. Then, the salivary flow rate was calculated. All parameters including glucose, urea, amylase, total protein, albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), immunoglobulin A (IgA), potassium, calcium and chloride were assessed in the supernatant, using an autoanalyzer. Oral exam was conducted by a single examiner on full mouth excluding third molars. Statistical analysis was performed by the SPSS 20.0 version. Results Saliva screening showed that glucose, urea, amylase, total protein, potassium, calcium and chloride were significantly higher in patients compared to controls (p < 0.05). Whereas, the IgA level and salivary flow rate were significantly reduced in patients (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in albumin and CRP levels (p = 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between salivary and plasma glucose levels (r = 0.887, and r = 0.900, p < 0.001), as well as, salivary and blood urea (r = 0.586, and r = 0.688, p < 0.001) in patients and controls, respectively. Conclusions From this study, saliva could be suggested as a useful diagnostic tool for type 2 diabetes.

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Differences in the salivary inorganic ions levels and salivary flow rate of the periodontitis and non-periodontitis patients

Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.24198/pjd.vol30no3.21201 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Rizki Amalina ◽

Mahdalena Mahdalena ◽

Grahita Aditya

Keyword(s):

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Inorganic Ions ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Plaque Deposition ◽

Periodontal Inflammation ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Saliva Flow

Introduction: Saliva contains numerous proteins and electrolytes that may serve as biomarkers of pathological conditions, including periodontitis. Saliva flow also influenced by pathological conditions, such as periodontitis. Therefore, saliva analysis, as one of the biomarker source needs to be examined. This study was aimed to analyse the differences salivary inorganic ions levels (calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate) and salivary flow rate in periodontitis and non-periodontitis patients. Methods: This research was analytic-observational using two groups, the healthy periodontal group consisting of 21 people (PI scores between 0-0.2) and the periodontitis group consisting of 21 people (PI scores between 0.7-8.0). Unstimulated saliva was collected using a passive drolling method. The calcium, phosphate and bicarbonate levels in the saliva were analysed using UV/Vis spectrophotometers. Results: Calcium, phosphate and bicarbonate levels in saliva were different between groups. Salivary flow rate also different between groups. There was a significant difference (p = 0.00) in the calcium, phosphate and bicarbonate levels between groups (t-test), and also significantly different (p = 0.000) salivary flow rate between groups. The higher the salivary flow rate, the higher the levels of calcium, phosphate and bicarbonate would be. Conclusion: Periodontitis condition increases the level of salivary inorganic ions and salivary flow rate because of periodontal inflammation. This inflammation mainly because of plaque deposition and calculus. Increased level of inorganic ions in the saliva such as calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate, and also the salivary flow rate indicates the existence of a periodontal disease.

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