scholarly journals The immune system and the nature of immune disorders in patients with seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (sark) with moderate and severe

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Specific Ige ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Nasal Symptoms ◽  
Group 2

Introduction. Seasonal allergic rhinitis is allergic diseases (AD) of mucous membranes (primarily the conjunctiva of the eye and nasal mucosa), due to hypersensitivity to aerosol allergens of plant pollen and fungi spores, the concentration of which in the air periodically becomes causal. The leading clinical manifestation of SAR is considered as allergic conjunctivitis. According to statistics, about 70–90 % of patients with SAR develops Pulawy conjunctivitis, characterized by itching of eyes, eyelids, their redness, photophobia, lacrimation. Clinically important is the combination of SAR and conjunctivitis. Although the SAR attention usually emphasize on nasal symptoms, more than 80 % of patients, as practice shows, suffer from symptoms from the eyes. According to the European and North American researchers, more than 70 % of patients with SAR suffer from eye and nasal symptoms, and their severity the majority of patients assessed as moderate or severe. Materials and methods. Were examined in 120 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis in combination with conjunctivitis: 58 patients with moderate and 62 patients with severe disease. Research results. The patients of the 1st group the level of total IgE was increased 5.6 times, patients of group 2 – 7.1 times in comparison with the control group. The level of specific IgE in group 1 was 37.7 KU/L in group 2 – 46.9 KU/L, when reference levels – 0 – < 0,35 KU/L in the study, the CІC was established an increase of their concentration in patients of groups 1 and 2 groups. However, patients 1st group mainly increased levels of high molecular weight, the CІC, and in patients 2 groups – mainly the level of low molecular weight CІC. Discussion of research. The study of the population structure of the lymphatic peripheral blood of patients SARK revealed changes in T-cell link of immunity, characterized by a decrease in the content of CD3+-cells from patients 1 group by 10,7 %, in patients of group 2 – by 19,0 % in comparison with similar indicators of control group. Conclusions. Certain disorders in patients with severe disease are more profound than in patients with the moderate course of the disease. In patients with severe, in contrast to patients with moderate to severe flow disturbances and in the phagocytic link of immunity. In patients with severe as reduced the absorption activity of phagocytes and their ability in induction of reactive oxygen species. In patients with severe marked increase in the level of low molecular weight CІC, in patients with moderate to severe over – mainly high molecular weight of the CІC, which have less toxic than low molecular weight.

scholarly journals CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS WITH SEASONAL ALLERGIC RHINOCONJUNCTIVITIS (SARK). ANAMNESTIC DATA AND THE STRUCTURE OF COMORBIDITY

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-81
Author(s):  
Олексій Кузнєцов
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Scarlet Fever ◽  
Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Acute Bronchitis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Intestinal Infection ◽  
Nasal Symptoms

Introduction. Seasonal allergic rhinitis is AZ of mucous membranes (primarily the conjunctiva of the eye and nasal mucosa), due to hypersensitivity to aerosol allergens of plant pollen and fungi spores, the concentration of which in the air periodically becomes prijenosnog. The leading clinical manifestation of SAR is considered as allergic conjunctivitis. According to statistics, about 70-90% of patients with SAR develops Pulawy conjunctivitis, characterized by itching of eyes, eyelids, their redness, photophobia, lacrimation. Clinically important is the combination of SAR and conjunctivitis. Although the SAR attention usually emphasize on nasal symptoms, more than 80% of patients, as practice shows, suffer from symptoms from the eyes. According to the European and North American researchers, more than 70% of patients with SAR suffer from eye and nasal symptoms, and their severity the majority of patients assessed asmoderate or severe.Materials and methods. Clinical and anamnestic study was done in 120 patients aged from 19 to 45 years. All the studied patients were divided according to the degree of severity of the disease: 58 patients with moderate course of seasonal allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis (EYE), which caused Pilica ambrosia and 62 patients with severe SARK, which pilca caused by ragweed. Of these, 43 (35,8%) women, 77 (64.1%) of men aged 19 to 25 years – 76 (63.3 per cent), from 25 to 45 years – 44 (36.6%) patients. The control group consisted of 30 healthy people.Research results. The differentiation of the history of infectious diseases patients. In the studied patients SARK with moderate current, acute respiratory illness (ARI) was observed in 54 (26,9%) patients, varicella – 16 (8,0%), mumps – 12 (6,0%), measles in 11 (5,5%), viral hepatitis in 4 (1,9%) patients, acute bronchitis 36 (17,9%), pneumonia – 17 (8,5%), the scarlet fever in 6 (2.9%) and intestinal infection in 7 (3,5%), sore throat – 25 (12,4%), otitis in 13 (6,5%) patients. In patients with severe SARK, ARI was observed in 59 (23,3%) patients, varicella – 24 (9,5%), mumps – in 18 (7.1 percent), measles – in 16 (6.3 percent), viral hepatitis in 7 (2.8%) and acute bronchitis – in 43 (17%), pneumonia in 19 (7,5%), scarlet fever in 8 (3,2%), intestinal infection in 9 (3,6%), angina 32 (12,6%), otitis media – in 18 (7.1 per cent) patients.Analyzing the structure of infectious diseases in the anamnesis in the studied patients SARK need to emphasize that their structure is dominated infection in the upper respiratory tract and broncho-pulmonary system that leads to depletion of nonspecific and specific immunity factors, formation of secondary immunodeficiency in these systems.Discussion of research. In the study of biochemical parameters of blood in patients with SARK in the period of aggravation established that the greatest changes are observed from endogenous cholesterol and phospholipids, which may indicate the failure of the macrophage link of immunity. At the same time, β-lipoproteins and NIK was increased only in the group of patients with severe SARK. The increase of phospholipids in serum of patients with severe SARK can point to the implementation of late phase allergic inflammation in cellular tissue structure of the nasal mucosa.Conclusions. Conducted research of history data, the structure of comorbidity, laboratory parameters allergological studies have shown that SARK is formed on the background of progressive sensitization and allergization of the organism, which is implemented in the manifestation of allergic reactions, forming the severity of SARK, and on the strength of the immune response to a variety of ecoalign that define the types of immunopathological reactions in this cohort of patients.

scholarly journals Chitosan-based biomaterials used in critical-size bone defects: radiographic study in rat's calvaria

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 312-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubens Spin-Neto ◽  
Felipe Leite Coletti ◽  
Rubens Moreno de Freitas ◽  
Chaíne Pavone ◽  
Sérgio Paulo Campana-Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Bone Density ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Critical Size ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Chitosan Hydrochloride ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Chitosan ◽  
High Molecular Weight Chitosan

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated, using digital radiographic images, the action of chitosan and chitosan hydrochloride biomaterials, with both low and high molecular weight, used in the correction of critical-size bone defects (CSBD's) in rat's calvaria. MATERIAL AND METHOD: CSBD's with 8 mm in diameter were surgically created in the calvaria of 50 Holtzman rats and these were filled with a blood clot (Control), low molecular weight chitosan, high molecular weight chitosan, low molecular weight chitosan hydrochloride and high molecular weight chitosan hydrochloride, for a total of 10 animals, which were divided into two experimental periods (15 and 60 days), for each biomaterial. The radiographic evaluation was made using two digital radiographs of the animal's skull: one taken right after the bone defect was created and the other at the moment of the sacrifice, providing the initial and the final radiographic bone density in the area of the defect, which were compared. RESULT: Analysis of radiographic bone density indicated that the increase in the radiographic bone density of the CSBD's treated with the proposed biomaterials, in either molecular weight, in both observed periods, where similar to those found in control group. CONCLUSION: Tested chitosan-based biomaterials were not able to enhance the radiographic density in the CSBD's made in rat's calvaria.

Perbedaan Pengaruh Aplikasi Gel Kombinasi Kitosan Berat Molekul Tinggi dan Rendah dengan Ekstrak Lidah Buaya (Aloe vera) Terhadap Kepadatan Kolagen pada Proses Penyembuhan Ulkus Traumatikus

DENTA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Sularsih Sularsih ◽  
Michelle Suhartono ◽  
Nafi’ah Nafi’ah
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Chitosan

<p><strong><em>Background:</em></strong><em> Traumatic ulcer is one of the most common oral wounds. Chitosan has mucoadhesive characteristic while Aloe vera containing lignin which is able to penetrate the skin. It is expected that the combined gel of chitosan and Aloe vera will function as wound healing accelerator in traumatic ulcer. Molecular weight is one of the characteristics of chitosan quality. <strong>Purpose:</strong> the aim of this experiment was to know the density of collagen fibers in wound healing of traumatic ulcer using the combined gel of chitosan with different molecular weight and Aloe vera. <strong>Materials and method: </strong>30 Male Rattus Norvegicus were divided into 3 groups. Group I was control group (without chitosan and Aloe vera), group II was given low molecular weight chitosan and Aloe vera, group III was given high molecular weight chitosan and Aloe vera. The groups were given traumatic ulcer making with 4 mm diameter and 2 mm depth. Rats were sacrificed by decapitation on day 3 and 7 then they were examined histopatologically to see the density of collagen fibers. <strong>Result:</strong> Statistical analysis with Kruskall Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test showed that there were significant difference p&lt;0,05 between high and low molecular weight chitosan with Aloe vera group on day 3 and 7. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Chitosan with high molecular weight and Aloe vera were more effective in wound healing of traumatic ulcer b</em><em>ecause they increase</em><em> the density of collagen fibers.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em>  Combined gel of chitosan and Aloe vera, density of collagen fibers, wound healing.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><strong><em>Korespondensi:</em></strong><em> Sularsih, Bagian Ilmu Biomaterial Kedokteran Gigi, Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi, Universitas Hang Tuah, Arif Rahman Hakim 150, Telepon 031-5912191.</em>

scholarly journals The hypocholesterolaemic effects of pectins in rats

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia A. Judd ◽  
A. S. Truswell
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Liver Lipid ◽  
Liver Cholesterol ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Distal Small Intestine ◽  
Cholesterol Levels

1. The hypocholesterolaemic effects of pectins were studied in a series of five experiments in weanling Sprague-Dawley rats.2. Expt A examined the effects of differing levels of dietary fat on plasma and liver lipids. Rats were given diets containing 100 g pectin, National Formulary (NF)/kg, and either 50,100, 150 or 200 g oil/kg. All diets contained 10 g cholesterol/kg. Plasma cholesterol levels were lower in all pectin-fed groups compared with rats given the control diet containing 100 g Solkafloc and 100 g oil/kg. Liver lipid and cholesterol levels increased with increasing fat content of the diet, reaching a plateau at 150 g fat/kg diet, but were still significantly lower in all pectin-fed groups compared with the control group.3. Expt B. The effects of molecular weight and degree of methoxylation of pectins were studied in five groups of rats given either a control diet containing 100 g Solkafloc/kg or high molecular weight, high methoxyl pectin (HMW HMP); high molecular weight, low methoxyl pectin (HMW LMP); low molecular weight, high methoxyl pectin (LMW HMP); low molecular weight, low methoxyl pectin (LMW LMP). All diets in this and subsequent experiments contained 100 g fat and 10 g cholesterol/kg. Plasma cholesterol levels were significantly lower than control values only in the HMW HMP group. Compared with controls, animals given HMW pectins had lower levels of liver lipid and liver cholesterol; on the LMW HMP diet the liver cholesterol, but not the liver lipid, was lower.4. Expt C. An attempt was made to clarify the possible effect of degree of methoxylation by feeding diets containing either 100 g Solkafloc/kg,100 g pectin NF/kg or 100 g very high methoxyl pectin/kg.Plasma cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by both pectins but there was no difference in effect between the two. Both had similar viscosities suggesting that this is a more important factor than methoxyl content.5. Expts D and E. Effects of dose on hypocholesterolaemic effects of HMP and LMP were studied. Diets containing 50 or 100 g Solkafloc, HMP or LMP/kg were given in Expt D, and 25 g Solkafloc or HMP/kg, 50 g Solkafloc, HMP or LMP/kg and 100 g Solkafloc or LMP/kg in Expt E. Plasma cholesterol levels were significantly reduced in groups given 50 or 100 g HMP/kg and in groups given 100 g LMP/kg.6.HMP were found to be more effective at lowering plasma cholesterol levels than LMP. LMW pectins were not effective. This suggests that the hypocholesterolaemic effects are at least partly due to viscosity.7. Gut length and weight was increased in pectin-fed animals compared with controls despite their lower body-weight. The weight of small intestinal contents at death was also greater in pectin-fed rats (Expts A and B), particularly in the distal small intestine.

scholarly journals Serum cystatin C as a measure of GFR in renal transplant patients

2003 ◽  
Vol 131 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 211-214
Author(s):  
Dijana Jovanovic ◽  
Pavle Krstivojevic ◽  
Ivana Obradovic ◽  
Vesna Djurdjevic ◽  
Radmila Blagojevic-Lazic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Renal Transplant ◽  
Creatinine Clearance ◽  
Cystatin C ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Transplant Patients ◽  
Renal Transplant Patients ◽  
Group 2

INTRODUCTION Assessment of renal function is of great importance in clinical medicine, especially in renal transplant patients requiring frequent controls of renal function. Therefore, continuous efforts have been made in searching precise and simple method for determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Serum level of cystatin C (CyC), protein of low molecular weight, has been proposed as measure of GFR, but the data of its value in renal transplant patients are scarce [8-10]. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare the serum levels of low molecular weight proteins CyC and ?2-microglobulin (?2-MG) with creatinine clearance, as well known measure of GFR, in renal transplant patients and control group of patients with different renal disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included 36 patients divided into two groups. Group 1: 20 renal transplant patients (12 men and 8 women) aged between 22 and 63 (40.4?10.1) years with creatinine clearance from 7.1 to 77.7 ml/min. Group 2: 16 controls (5 men and 11 women) with various renal diseases, aged between 24 and 63 (41.5?12.5) years with creatinine clearance from 60.5 to 116.8 ml/min. N Latex Cystatin C and ?2-microglobulin for the Behring Nephelometer System was used in this study. Creatinine was determined with Jaffe-reaction in serum and urine. RESULTS In renal transplant patients as well as in control group of patients the significant correlation between creatinine clearance and reciprocal values of the serum CyC (rt=0.828; pt<0.001; rc=0.603; pc<0.05) and reciprocal values of the serum ?2-MG levels (rt=0.791; pt<0.001; rc=0.627 pc<0.05) was found (Graph 1). There was a slightly better correlation between creatinine clearance and reciprocal values of the serum CyC than the one between creatinine clearance and reciprocal values of the serum ?2-MG without statistical significance in renal transplant patients. There was no difference in correlation coefficients between both low molecular weight proteins and creatinine clearance in Group 2. The correlation coefficient between serum CyC and ?2-MG was r=0.839(p<0.001)in renal transplant patients and r=0.835 (p<0.05) in control group. There were no significant differences in correlation coefficients between reciprocal values of serum CyC and creatinine clearance (p=0,2043) as well as reciprocal values of serum ?2-MG and creatinine clearance (p=0.3717) between Group 1 and Group 2. DISCUSSION In renal transplant patients rapid assessment of graft function is necessary. This allows early recognition of rejection as well as differential diagnosis of different renal graft disorders. Study of Risch and co [16] suggested that serum CyC was very good marker for GFR in renal transplant patients which was confirmed by the other authors too [20-22]. During inflammatory process or other pathological conditions, especially during acute rejection or infections, CyC also provided precise assessment of GFR while creatinine clearance varied dramatically [16], Serum concentration of ?2-MG, another low molecular weight protein, also depends both on its production rate and the GFR [5,19]. Its production is dramatically different in patients with infections [5] as well as while immunosuppressive drugs are used [16], Therefore, ?2-MG is impractical as GFR marker in patients with renal transplants. So, serum CyC was considered as better marker for GFR than ?2-MG and creatinine clearance in renal transplant patients with different complications [16], In this study serum CyC was slightly better marker for GFR than ?2-MG, without statistical significance (Graph 1). Renal transplant patients, however, were in the stable condition at the time of the study. CONCLUSION Serum CyC was moderately better marker of GFR than ?2-MG in renal transplant patients when they were in the stable condition. Serum CyC and ?2-MG were the same markers of GFR in control group of patients with various renal diseases. There was no significant difference in correlation coefficients between reciprocal values of the serum CyC and creatinine clearance (p=0.2043) as well as reciprocal values of the serum ?2-MG levels and creatinine clearance (p=0.3717) between two examined groups of patients. The studies on renal transplant patients with acute graft rejection or infections are warranted.

The Effect of Dextran of Various Molecular Weight on the Coagulation in Dogs

1961 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
pp. 015-024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Erik Bergentz ◽  
Oddvar Eiken ◽  
Inga Marie Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Bleeding Time ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Factor V ◽  
Coagulation Mechanism ◽  
Coagulation Defects

Summary1. Infusions of low molecular weight dextran (Mw = 42 000) to dogs in doses of 1—1.5 g per kg body weight did not produce any significant changes in the coagulation mechanism.2. Infusions of high molecular weight dextran (Mw = 1 000 000) to dogs in doses of 1—1.5 g per kg body weight produced severe defects in the coagulation mechanism, namely prolongation of bleeding time and coagulation time, thrombocytopenia, pathological prothrombin consumption, decrease of fibrinogen, prothrombin and factor VII, factor V and AHG.3. Heparin treatment of the dogs was found to prevent the decrease of fibrinogen, prothrombin and factor VII, and factor V otherwise occurring after injection of high molecular weight dextran. Thrombocytopenia was not prevented.4. In in vitro experiments an interaction between fibrinogen and dextran of high and low molecular weight was found to take place in systems comprising pure fibrinogen. No such interaction occurred in the presence of plasma.5. It is concluded that the coagulation defects induced by infusions of high molecular weight dextran are due to intravascular coagulation.

Systemic Thrombin Generation and Activity Resistant to Low Molecular Weight Heparin Administered Prior to Streptokinase in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (01) ◽  
pp. 057-061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis W T Nilsen ◽  
Lasse Gøransson ◽  
Alf-Inge Larsen ◽  
Øyvind Hetland ◽  
Peter Kierulf
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Heparin ◽  
Troponin T ◽  
Bleeding Complications ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Creatine Kinase Mb

SummaryOne hundred patients were included in a randomized open trial to assess the systemic factor Xa (FXa) and thrombin inhibitory effect as well as the safety profile of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) given subcutaneously in conjunction with streptokinase (SK) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). The treatment was initiated prior to SK, followed by repeated injections every 12 h for 7 days, using a dose of 150 anti-Xa units per kg body weight. The control group received unfractionated heparin (UFH) 12,500 IU subcutaneously every 12 h for 7 days, initiated 4 h after start of SK infusion. All patients received acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) initiated prior to SK.Serial blood samples were collected prior to and during the first 24 h after initiation of SK infusion for determination of prothrombin fragment 1+2 (Fl+2), thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) complexes, fibrinopeptide A (FPA) and cardiac enzymes. Bleeding complications and adverse events were carefully accounted for.Infarct characteristics, as judged by creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT), were similar in both groups of patients.A comparable transient increase in Fl+2, TAT and FPA was noted irrespective of heparin regimen. Increased anti-Xa activity in patients given LMWH prior to thrombolytic treatment had no impact on indices of systemic thrombin activation.The incidence of major bleedings was significantly higher in patients receiving LMWH as compared to patients receiving UFH. However, the occurrence of bleedings was modified after reduction of the initial LMWH dose to 100 anti-Xa units per kg body weight.In conclusion, systemic FXa- and thrombin activity following SK-infusion in patients with acute MI was uninfluenced by conjunctive LMWH treatment.

scholarly journals Inhibitory effect of low-molecular-weight peptides (0–3 kDa) from Spirulina platensis on H2O2-induced oxidative damage in L02 human liver cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Ma ◽  
Xiankun Zeng ◽  
Min Zhou ◽  
Le Cheng ◽  
Difeng Ren
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Spirulina Platensis ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Liver Health ◽  
L02 Cells

AbstractSpirulina platensis protein hydrolysates were prepared by digesting protein extracts with papain, and the hydrolysates were separated into 30, 10, and 3 kDa weights using membrane ultrafiltration. The 0–3 kDa low-molecular-weight Spirulina peptides (LMWSPs) proved the highest chemical antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability, hydroxyl radical (·OH) scavenging activities and total antioxidant capacity. Cellular antioxidant ability of LMWPs fractions against 2000 μg/mL H2O2 induced oxidative damage of L02 cells were investigated. The MTT assay results displayed that LMWSPs at different concentrations (0–1000 μg/mL) had proliferation effect on the L02 cells and that treatment of the L02 cells with the 1000 μg/mL LMWSPs (0–3 kDa) significantly prevented H2O2-induced oxidative damage compared with control cells. Moreover, the 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescent probe assay showed that the levels of ROS and NO were significantly lower in the experimental group that was treated with the peptides for 24 h than in the control group. Furthermore, using the corresponding kits, the treatment inhibited the reduction of SOD activity and the increase of MDA contents in the L02 cells. Therefore, LMWSPs (0–3 kDa) may have potential applications in antioxidant and liver health products.

MP29-02 in the Treatment of Nasal Symptoms of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis

2011 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. AB199-AB199
Author(s):  
W. Carr ◽  
S.R. Shah ◽  
W. Wheeler ◽  
H. Sacks
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Nasal Symptoms
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