scholarly journals Forced migrations of Georgia and Ukraine: reasons for the emergence, process features, implications for countries

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Forced Migration ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
South Ossetia ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Forced Migrations ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
Joint Experience

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the causes, current realities and consequences of forced migrations of Georgia and Ukraine in order to identify key strategies for resolving the socio-economic problems of internally displaced persons and transforming them from a “problem vulnerable group” into an indicator of socio-economic development of the countries. Methodology. The study was conducted using a set of multidisciplinary approaches and methods. The paper was used philosophical, general scientific and concrete scientific research methods. Among them: methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative geographical method, mathematical and statistical, graphical method, problem method and some others. Results. Forced migration in Georgia and Ukraine is associated with armed conflicts, which were supported by the separatist sentiments of the part of the population. The center of the military confrontation in Georgia in 1989-1992 was the Tskhinvali region (South Ossetia), and in 1992-1993 – Abkhazia. In 2008, an armed conflict arose between Georgia, Russia and the separatist groups of South Ossetia, referred to as the Russian-Georgian war. In 2014, the Donbass (Donetsk and Luhansk regions) became a center of hostilities in Ukraine. Because of such military conflicts, millions of people have become internally displaced persons – a socially vulnerable category of the population. Analysis of the structural features of the IDPs of Georgia and Ukraine shows the unevenness of their territorial distribution: IDPs are settled in large cities close to their previous homes and almost completely ignore the countryside. Such resettlement speaks about possible intentions to return to their previous places of residence. As a result of the displacement of IDPs, a large burden on the social and economic spheres is observed in parts of Donetsk and Luhansk, as well as Kharkiv regions, the city of Kiev. A similar picture is observed in Georgia: IDPs are settled closer to the occupied regions of Abkhazia and the Tskhinvali region, in large cities and districts of Tbilisi, Samegrelo-Zemo, Svaneti and Imereti. IDPs have become a real challenge for both countries, with which the government could not finally cope. Unresolved in both countries are the housing problems of IDPs. In Ukraine, in addition to the housing problem, IDPs face acute problems with determining their status, social benefits, and employment. Ignoring the solution of these problems leads to increased tension in society, conflicts at the local level between the migrants and the local population, and, as a consequence, to repeated internal displacement. Resolving the problems of forced migrants should be the first line of policy with IDPs. Scientific novelty. a comprehensive comparative analysis of forced migration of Georgia and Ukraine related to military conflicts in the paper was carried out for the first time. The methodology of human-geographical research of migration processes, in particular forced migration, has been improved. The application of the joint experience of Georgia and Ukraine in solving the problems of IDPs was further developed. Practical significance. Studying the joint experience of countries in solving the socio-economic problems of IDPs, the features of their integration and adaptation will contribute to a deeper analysis of these processes at all levels of territorial organization, ensuring the erasing of borders between such a category as "migrants" and "ordinary population". This paper is only a part of the comprehensive study of the problems of IDPs, so the next step will be a study of the features of IDP integration in the host communities of Georgia and the implementation of this experience for Ukraine.

scholarly journals Forced Displacement and Refugees

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 439-440
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Palestinian Refugees ◽  
Displaced Populations ◽  
Syrian Civil War ◽  
The World

Forced migration has come to be the defining feature of the contemporary Middle East, a region that is both the source of and host to some of the largest forcibly displaced populations in the world. In 2015, 65 percent of the world's 19.4 million refugees—including the 5.5 million Palestinian refugees—as well as 30 percent of the world's thirty-eight million internally displaced persons were in the Middle East, while one out of every four refugees worldwide was from Syria. Seeking security and stability, millions of people from the region are on the move within and across social spaces that are at once strange and familiar, and in which they themselves are familiar and strange to others. In 2015, Turkey became host to the world's largest refugee population of over two million, while Zaʿatari camp in Jordan has grown rapidly to become one of the world's largest camps since the Syrian civil war began. With 7.6 million people—or 35 percent of the population—internally displaced, Syria now has the highest number of internally displaced persons in the world. Iraq has produced multiple overlapping displacements, resulting in one of the largest refugee resettlement programs of the past decade. Thousands of Syrians, Libyans, and Iraqis have undertaken perilous journeys across the Mediterranean Sea to seek asylum in Europe and elsewhere. Palestinian refugees are now in a fourth generation of exile, making their plight the longest running unresolved refugee situation in the world.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF FORCED MIGRATION ON THE ECONOMY OF UKRAINE

Management ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-45
Author(s):  
Valeriia G. Shcherbak
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
The State ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. Significant geopolitical transformations, the annexation of the Crimea, and the conflict in the Donbass affect the functioning of the Ukrainian economy. These processes provoked a profound and only political but also socio-economic crisis, intensification of labor migration, massive forced displacement of the population: the emergence of the category of forced migrants – internally displaced persons (IDP). IDPs are citizens of a country that does not cross borders and migrate within their own country for compelled reasons (similar to the case with refugees). In Ukraine, they are called forced migrants.The hypothesis of scientific research is to find out how the emergence of regional migration asymmetry, in particular the emergence of a significant number of IDP, affects the asymmetry of migration processes in Ukraine, the economy and welfare of the population, and the level of socio-economic development of the country.The aim is to diagnose the existing processes of domestic forced migration processes in Ukraine, including the asymmetry of migratory flows, the impact of the movement of internally displaced persons on the level of development of regional economies.The research methodology is fundamental and applied research in the field of forced internal migration, the demographic situation and the state of the labor market, UN materials, the ILO, UNESCO, the bodies of the state statistics service, materials from other official sources and Internet resources. During the study, methods of systematization, theoretical generalization, scientific classification, comparative analysis, statistical methods were used.Results: the main factors determining the conditions and nature of forced internal migration in Ukraine in 2014–2017 were determined. The main directions of forced internal migration since the beginning of hostilities in the Donbass were determined. The emergence of regional asymmetry of migration processes at the level of aggregate migratory flows is investigated.Conclusions: it is proved that all regions of Ukraine have a significant right-side asymmetry of balance in the direction of arrivals in the region, which manifests itself in the concentration of refugees in the presence of a relatively small number of most mass flows. HPE is perceived in their places of residence as an additional resource for the development of a regional economy: the emergence of new opportunities for increasing social activity by refugees; the opening of new businesses; a strong motivation to succeed; intensification of production and provision of services; filling jobs that were not in demand by the local population.

scholarly journals The impact of internal displacement on the refugee migration crisis

KPGT_dlutz_1 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-274
Author(s):  
Eveline Vieira Brigido ◽  
Fabiola Wust Zibetti ◽  
Liton Lanes Pilau Sobrinho
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Internal Displacement ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Migration Crisis ◽  
The Impact

This article aims to analyze the potential impact of forced internal displacement on international refugee migration, considering the relation between internal and international migration: Are today’s IDPs tomorrow’s refugees? It is likely that many refugees were forcibly displaced in their own countries before applying for asylum. Therefore, to develop this investigation, this article is divided into three sections. In the first section, it presents a general approach about internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees, including definitions and the bases of its protection under international law. Afterwards, it analyzes data on international migration and on internal displacement. At the end, these data are compared and possible link between internal and international forced migration is analyzed.

scholarly journals Ancestor Worship and Disrupted Continuity among Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Georgia

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nana Chabukiani
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Ancestor Worship ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
South Ossetia ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Settlements

Due to the Russian-Georgian military conflict in 2008, thousands of eth- nic Georgians had to flee from their villages in South Ossetia and move to new settlements built for what were now termed internally displaced persons (IDPs). Through displace- ment, IDPs lost their connection with their places of origin and, consequently, their con- nection with their ancestry. Based on ethnographic research conducted in the Koda IDP settlement, the article explores how rituals related to the deceased help IDPs sustain be- longing to their family lineage. The article illustrates that verbal commemoration, and in particular toasting, gives IDPs an opportunity to maintain presence of the deceased within their social group. While verbal commemoration is sufficient for this, tangible objects also seem to play a significant role. The place of burial and the soil provide an opportunity for the continuation of the social group of the extended family and its constant re-creation.

scholarly journals Regulatory guarantees of the internally displaced person’s rights and freedom

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
Alina Orieshkova
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Basic Law

The state cannot be considered democratic, social and legal in the absence of normative legal guarantees that ensure the unimpeded realization of the rights, freedoms and interests of a person and a citizen, including internally displaced persons, and in case of their violation, protection and restoration. Encountered in 2014 with military aggression, the occupation of part of Ukraine, the authorities faced not only the problem of internal forced migration, but also the need to create effective safeguards for the rights and freedoms of internally displaced persons, in particular, regulatory and legal ones. It is highlighted that in the context of ensuring the rights and freedoms of internally displaced persons, one of the issues of discussion is the correlation of international and national law, which requires doctrinal study. After analyzing the correlation between international and national law, it is noted that in Ukraine superiority is given to the monistic theory, which is characterized by preservation of the supremacy of the basic law of the state, with the recognition of the priority of international law over the national one. It is stressed that the norms of international and national legal acts on protection and assistance to internally displaced persons provide an opportunity to ensure the effective functioning of public authorities and local self-government bodies for the protection and support of such a category of persons as IDP. It is noted that normative-legal regulation in the field of protection of rights and freedoms of internally displaced persons is characterized by imperfection and imbalance in various aspects of public life. On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of international and national normative legal acts in the field of ensuring the rights and freedoms of internally displaced persons, author’s classification is given. The advantages of classification of normative legal acts in the context of ensuring the rights and freedoms of internally displaced persons are noted.

Trapped in the Past: Memories of Georgian Internally Displaced Persons on the Margins of Society

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malkhaz Toria ◽  
Nino Pirtskhalava ◽  
Elene Kekelia ◽  
Konstantine Ladaria
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Internal Displacement ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Future Expectations ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
South Ossetia ◽  
The Past ◽  
Constant Pain ◽  
Imperial Politics

AbstractFrom the early 1990s through the 2008 “Russo-Georgian war,” waves of armed conflicts in the Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali regions of Georgia forced thousands of residents, mainly ethnic Georgians, to leave their homes. More than two decades of protracted internal displacement, marked by tough economic and social problems, led this vulnerable community to a common trap in reckoning with the past: an overwhelming sense of the fundamental ruptures between the idealized past and current, miserable reality. Failures of the displacement policy and “side effects” of numerous humanitarian aid projects hinder internally displaced persons’ social integration and leave them on the margins of Georgian society with almost a singular option: to constantly recall meaningful life in the lost homeland, which they remember as free of ethnic phobias and economic problems. In this article, we suggest that for persons who are internally displaced, memories are defined not only by their past lived experiences and present hardships, but also by the official historical narratives that argue that Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian “endemic” unity and cohabitation was destroyed by Russian imperial politics. Living in constant pain also narrows the future expectations of the internally displaced persons. However, it is the past and the memories that are supposed to be useful in achieving the utopian dream of a return.

scholarly journals The State of Forced Migration and the Main Problems of Internally Displaced Persons in Ukraine

2020 ◽  
pp. 161-167
Author(s):  
I. Smyrnova ◽  
◽  
V. Chebotarova ◽  
Yu. Kotelevets ◽  
D. Kurbatska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Social Assistance ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
The State ◽  
Comprehensive System ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Housing Problem ◽  
Legal Mechanism

The article considers topical issues of providing social assistance to internally displaced persons. The main problems of internally displaced persons have been identified. It is noted that evaluation, collection of information and its analysis, a comprehensive system of observations identify the state of IDPs, which allows to identify the essence of proper, effective, equitable social development. The state of the normative-legal mechanism of solving the housing problem for IDPs at the national and regional levels is analyzed. Measures to improve the regulatory and legal mechanism for solving the housing problem of internally displaced persons are proposed.

scholarly journals НОВІ ВИКЛИКИ ВИМУШЕНОЇ ВНУТРІШНЬОЇ ТА ТРУДОВОЇ МІГРАЦІЇ В УКРАЇНІ

2019 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 73-84
Author(s):  
Валерія Геннадіївна Щербак
Keyword(s):  
Labor Migration ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Factors Affecting

The paper provides insights into the scale, intensity, the major trends and forms of internal and labour migration which has become an integral and critical attribute of social realia of modern Ukrainian society. The key factors affecting the settings and nature of forced internal and labor migration in Ukraine in 2014–2017 have been identified along with its essential vectors in the context of increased competition in the labor market, military actions in the Donbas region and the economic crisis. The study reveals the effects from forced internal labor migration on the national employment policy and explores the changes in the demand for qualified professionals. It is specified that forced internal and labor migration in Ukraine over 2014–2017 is the most large-scale internal migration since the Chernobyl nuclear power station accident in 1986. According to the Ministry of social policy of Ukraine, there were about 1.5 million of internally displaced persons (IDPs) registered in March 2018. Despite the ongoing war, occupation and life hazard, the number of registered internally displaced persons has decreased in the past two years. However, the government and public organizations mark permanent and increasingly intensified bilateral migration. The key factors affecting the forced migration process are the following: the complexity of gender and age ratio: there is a significant prevalence of women – 62% of IDPs, about 24% of IDPs are able-bodied adults (among them 70% are women), 59% of IDPs are pensioners, 13% children and 4% of people with disabilities. Another specific factor is unemployment – by the beginning of 2018 up to 60% of migrants were unemployed against 30% in 2015. According to the International organization for migration data, as of March 2018, the unemployment rate of IDPs amounted to 48%, with 70% of able-bodied IDPs have higher education. It is demonstrated that about 3% of Ukrainians refer to internally displaced persons which makes the largest group of IDPs in Europe. However, in the last two years the number of registered IDPs and people who apply for social assistance is reduced. A range of unresolved issues in the area of legal social protection of forced migration and the need for a theoretical understanding of the legal social processes in the modern realia of social protection of refugees and internally displaced persons have been discussed, emphasis is put on a dramatic increase in the number of legislative and other normative legal acts, the prolonged absence of the vital laws regulating social and legal protection of refugees and internally displaced persons.

scholarly journals Features of the adaptation of internally displaced persons to the new social environment

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Tarlan Tagiyeva
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
Forced Migrants

The issues of adaptation to a new environment have always been relevant, today they are also important, since in the context of globalization people are "eternal nomads" (Attali) looking for a better life. Along with this, the concept of "forced migrants" has long been included in the scientific circulation, as a category of people, for various reasons forcibly or for reasons beyond their control, who left their habitable places. The adaptation of internally displaced persons who have become victims of military conflicts is especially painful, since the state, as a rule, is not able to provide them with timely and necessary assistance. There are peculiarities of communication between the settlers and the local population, which should be taken into account in the matter of psychological rehabilitation and subsequent social adaptation.

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