scholarly journals State of vaccination of diphtheria and tetanus in the population of Ukraine in 2015-2018

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Coverage ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Vaccines For Children ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Coverage Rates

Vaccine prevention is the main and most effective way of preventing diphtheria and tetanus. In Ukraine, the primary course of vaccination against these infectious diseases is carried out in childhood, adults is due for revaccination every decade. The formation of reliable and long-lasting anti-diphtheria and anti-tetanus immune protection is possible only with strict adherence to the immunization schemes provided by the Calendar of preventive vaccinations. This paper analyzes the performance of vaccination coverage against diphtheria and tetanus in different age groups of Ukraine in 2015-2018. The subject of the study was the materials of statistical registration of vaccination of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. During 2015-2018, the coverage rate for three diphtheria and tetanus vaccines for children under one year of age was 21-67.2%, which is well below the 95% recommended for European countries. There was not sufficient volume and revaccination in 18 months, completing the primary vaccine complex, as well as additional immunization of persons over the age of 1 who had not previously been vaccinated. Extremely low in 2015, there were indices of coverage by revaccination of children 6 and 16 years old and adults - 4.1%, 1.9% and 0.1% respectively. Since 2016, the situation with the implementation of the plan of revaccination in all age groups in general in the country has begun to improve, however, the population coverage rates in the regions ranged from 3.7% to 99.4%. Thus, there was a tendency towards an increase in the number of persons who did not receive any vaccination or who were immunized with significant violations of the vaccination schemes, which threatened epidemic welfare. In such conditions, the monitoring of the state of herd immunity in the individual regions and throughout the country plays an important role in determining the real level of protection of the population from diphtheria and tetanus and planning of additional preventive measures.

scholarly journals Impact of Microbiota: A Paradigm for Evolving Herd Immunity against Viral Diseases

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asha Shelly ◽  
Priya Gupta ◽  
Rahul Ahuja ◽  
Sudeepa Srichandan ◽  
Jairam Meena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Environmental Enteropathy ◽  
Intestinal Dysbiosis ◽  
Protection Efficacy ◽  
Current Context ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Original Antigenic Sin

Herd immunity is the most critical and essential prophylactic intervention that delivers protection against infectious diseases at both the individual and community level. This process of natural vaccination is immensely pertinent to the current context of a pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection around the globe. The conventional idea of herd immunity is based on efficient transmission of pathogens and developing natural immunity within a population. This is entirely encouraging while fighting against any disease in pandemic circumstances. A spatial community is occupied by people having variable resistance capacity against a pathogen. Protection efficacy against once very common diseases like smallpox, poliovirus or measles has been possible only because of either natural vaccination through contagious infections or expanded immunization programs among communities. This has led to achieving herd immunity in some cohorts. The microbiome plays an essential role in developing the body’s immune cells for the emerging competent vaccination process, ensuring herd immunity. Frequency of interaction among microbiota, metabolic nutrients and individual immunity preserve the degree of vaccine effectiveness against several pathogens. Microbiome symbiosis regulates pathogen transmissibility and the success of vaccination among different age groups. Imbalance of nutrients perturbs microbiota and abrogates immunity. Thus, a particular population can become vulnerable to the infection. Intestinal dysbiosis leads to environmental enteropathy (EE). As a consequence, the generation of herd immunity can either be delayed or not start in a particular cohort. Moreover, disparities of the protective response of many vaccines in developing countries outside of developed countries are due to inconsistencies of healthy microbiota among the individuals. We suggested that pan-India poliovirus vaccination program, capable of inducing herd immunity among communities for the last 30 years, may also influence the inception of natural course of heterologous immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nonetheless, this anamnestic recall is somewhat counterintuitive, as antibody generation against original antigens of SARS-CoV-2 will be subdued due to original antigenic sin.

scholarly journals Wireless Recording of Limb Flexion-Extension Counter using GSM Module

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1485-1490
Author(s):  
Haritha Murali ◽  
P. Lakshmi Prabha ◽  
Aishwarya Nair ◽  
Vishal R. Nair
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Cuff Pressure ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Inflatable Cuff ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Wireless Recording ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Rate Sensor ◽  
Limb Flexion

People belonging to different age groups who suffered fractures, temporary limb paralysis, paraplegia and monoplegia and various stages of hypertension (High BP) need to carry out physiotherapy to regain motor control in the limb(s). So this limb flexion extension counter can assist the subject to exercise properly and independently recover with ease. This device will help to monitor parameters such as heart rate, temperature and limb flexion-extension counts. Using GSM module the readings will be transmitted directly via SMS to the subject’s phone thus helping the individual to keep a record of their workout. The microcontroller used is ARDUINO MEGA 2560 which interfaces the temperature sensor LM35, IR Proximity Sensor for limb flexion-extension count and the pulse rate sensor SEN-11574 along with the GSM Module. A goniometer is used for measuring the angle made between the limbs. The pressure is applied on the arm using an inflatable cuff which acts as the load or stress for doing the exercise. On bending the forelimb, the IR sensor glows thus showing as a count. The pulse rate sensor shows the varying pulse rates during exercise. The cuff pressure is maintained between 30-50 mm of Hg. The conclusion is that pulse rate and temperature are directly proportional to each other from preliminary tests and using wireless recording it is easier for the subject to store and maintain record of his/her progress.

scholarly journals Poliomyelitis in the Netherlands before and after vaccination with inactivated poliovaccine

1967 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hofman
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
First Year ◽  
Aluminium Phosphate ◽  
Poliomyelitis Vaccine ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Individual Protection ◽  
The Individual

Formalin-inactivated polio vaccine has been used in the Netherlands since 1957. Within 3 years all children born in 1945 and later were offered vaccine. In the first years poliovaccine from different manufacturers were used. In 1961 a vaccine produced in the Netherlands by the ‘Rijks Instituut voor de Volksgezondheid’ (National Institute of Public Health) became available and in 1962 the poliomyelitis components were incorporated in a quadruple vaccine, which contains 15 Lf diphtheria, 5 Lf tetanus toxoid and 16 × 109Bordetella pertussis organisms in addition to the three polio components. As an adjuvant this quadruple vaccine contains 1·5 mg. aluminium phosphate per 1 ml. dose. For infants the schedule became three doses at ages 3, 4 and 5 months respectively, followed by a booster dose at the end of the first year. The over-all acceptance rate can be estimated at almost 90% of those eligible, but there were pockets in the population with lower rates.Since 1924 poliomyelitis has been a notifiable disease. During and after the last World War major epidemics occurred.The poliomyelitis morbidity rates in the 8 post-vaccination years 1958–65 were compared with those from two preceding 4-year periods 1950–3 and 1954–7. In the 1–4-year-old children, who presented the most vulnerable age group, paralytic poliomyelitis was reduced by about 97 % and in the other age groups this percentage was slightly less. The over-all reduction was 96 %. Comparison of the morbidity rates of non-vaccinated persons in 1958–65 with the rates from 1950–3 and 1954–7 gave an impression of the extent of the herd immunity. These rates were reduced 70–80 % in the children under 15 years and 90–95 % in those over this age. The individual protection given to the vaccinated was calculated from the morbidity rates in non-vaccinated, incompletely and fully vaccinated persons in the 1958–65 period. The reduction of morbidity was 90–95% for children of 1–14 years who got three doses or more and about 85 % for those who had only 1 or 2 doses. Fully vaccinated children, who are profiting from both individual protection and herd immunity, showed a reduction of 97–99 %.From the data presented it is concluded that vaccination with inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine can provide very effective protection for the individual and the community provided that a vaccine of good quality is used and the rate of acceptance is 75 % or better.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Surgical Affections of Cattle in Aarong Dairy Area of Pabna

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
ASM Noman ◽  
NS Juyena ◽  
MM Alam ◽  
RN Ferdousy ◽  
S Paul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Foot Diseases ◽  
Strong Relation ◽  
Foot Disease ◽  
One Year ◽  
Female Cattle ◽  
Efficiency And Productivity

AARONG dairy area of Pabna comprises a major part to meet the demand of milk and meat production in Bangladesh. Various diseases including surgical affections reduce the fitness, efficiency and productivity of cattle in this area. There is a need to investigate the occurrence of surgical diseases to take proper preventive measures. Therefore, the prevalence of surgical affections of cattle was studied in four Upazilas of Pabna from December 2012 to May 2013. A total of 2390 cattle from different households were included and surgical affections were recorded. The overall prevalence was 44.3% in stall feeding system, among which surgical affections were more prevalent in Sujanagar Upazilas (13.3%), and the highest prevalent surgical affection was foot diseases (8.2%) followed by navel ill (6.3%), myiasis (4.6%), arthritis, hernia and wounds (3.6%). Overall prevalence of surgical affections was slightly higher in female cattle in comparison to males The prevalence of navel ill (11.3%), foot disease (11.1%), hernia (6.1%) and horn affections (4.9%) were found to be higher in male. Whereas, myiasis (5.9%), upward patellar fixation (2.8%) were found to be higher in females. There is significant (P<0.01) difference in the prevalence of hernia, upward patellar fixation, horn affection, foot diseases and myiasis between male and female. It was also observed that cattle of 0-1 year was affected more frequently with surgical affections (18.7%) among which prevalence of navel ill (15.5%), hernia (8.3%), myiasis (5.4%) and foot diseases (5.3%) were higher. In addition, foot disease was more prevalent surgical affection in cattle of more than one year. Moreover, significant variation (P<0.01) was existed in the prevalence of upward patellar fixation, foot diseases, arthritis and wounds among three age groups. However, results of the present study indicate that there is a strong relation among the prevalence of surgical affections, sex and age of animals. Moreover, foot disease is a common occurrence in stall feeding cattle in Pabna.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v24i1-2.19104 Progress. Agric. 24(1&2): 85 - 92, 2013

scholarly journals New vaccination protocols for the dog and cat: the challenge of today for a better and safer prevention

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
M. E. MYLONAKIS (Μ.Ε. ΜΥΛΩΝΑΚΗΣ) ◽  
A. F. KOUTINAS (Α.Φ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ) ◽  
M. SARIDOMICHELAKIS (Μ. ΣΑΡΙΔΟΜΙΧΕΛΑΚΗΣ) ◽  
C. K. KOUTINAS (Χ.Κ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ) ◽  
N. SOUBASIS (Ν. ΣΟΥΜΠΑΣΗΣ) ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Care Program ◽  
Preventive Health Care ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Vaccinations are an integral part of a comprehensive preventive health care program targeting to minimize the incidence of major canine and feline infectious diseases. Currently, vaccination practices are re-evaluated globally towards a twofold objective: to strengthen "herd immunity", which depends on the percentage of vaccinated animals in a population, and to reduce the "vaccine load" per animal in order to minimize the vaccine-associated adverse reactions. To this end, the updated canine and feline vaccination guidelines, encourage the vaccination of as many animals as possible, while at the same time classify the vaccines into core, non-core and not recommended. Core vaccines should be administered, if possible, to every dog and cat.Canine parvovirus-2, canine adenovirus-2, canine distemper virus, feline parvovirus, feline calicivirus/herpesvirus-1 and rabies vaccines fall into this category. Non-core vaccines are selectively given to dogs and cats after assessing the risk/benefit ratio. There are also vaccines for which there is currently no sufficient scientific evidence to justify their use. Importantly, after the one-year booster inoculation that follows the completion of the initial puppy/kitten vaccination series, core vaccines should be given no more frequently than every three years, as the duration of the protective immunity far exceeds this time interval. This review focuses on the updated canine and feline vaccination guidelines pertaining to the individual animal as well as to those living in groups. Important questions related to vaccination programs and to relevant adverse reactions are also answered. An effort has been made to align these guidelines according to what is considered a "norm" among the small amimal practitioners in Greece.

Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Wiktor Soral ◽  
Mirosław Kofta
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

The Autobiographical Subject and the Death Penalty

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-187
Author(s):  
E. S. Burt
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
First Person ◽  
Philosophical Investigation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

Why does writing of the death penalty demand the first-person treatment that it also excludes? The article investigates the role played by the autobiographical subject in Derrida's The Death Penalty, Volume I, where the confessing ‘I’ doubly supplements the philosophical investigation into what Derrida sees as a trend toward the worldwide abolition of the death penalty: first, to bring out the harmonies or discrepancies between the individual subject's beliefs, anxieties, desires and interests with respect to the death penalty and the state's exercise of its sovereignty in applying it; and second, to provide a new definition of the subject as haunted, as one that has been, but is no longer, subject to the death penalty, in the light of the worldwide abolition currently underway.

METHODOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH OF PERSONALITY SELF-DEVELOPMENT RESOURCES

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
Svitlana Kuzikova
Keyword(s):  
Professional Training ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Life Strategy ◽  
Psychological Resources ◽  
Vital Activity ◽  
Development Organization ◽  
Self Development ◽  
Individual Consciousness ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

The author's approach to the empirical study of the peculiarities of self-development of a person has been  considered. The criteria of self-development as a subject activity have been characterized. Its indicators have been  given.  The  psychological  resources  of  personal  self-development  have  been  singled  out:  the  need  for  self- development as its source and determinant; conditions that ensure its success; mechanisms as functional means and  conditions  for  its  implementation.  Their  essence  has  been  revealed.  The  need  for  self-development  has  been  determined by the actualization of the characteristics of self-development (self-activity, vital activity, development of  self-consciousness) and has been occurred when the content structure of the individual consciousness and the  transformation of semantic entities changed. Conditions of self-development has been defined by mature I of  personality, openness, tolerance to the new, the presence of a conscious goal of self-realization and active life  strategy. Reflection, self-regulation and feedback have been considered as mechanisms of self-development. The  methodical approaches and means of studying the peculiarities and factors of the development of the subject of self- development in adolescence in the process of professional training have been offered, and the results of their  integrated empirical research have been highlighted. Particular attention has been paid to the analysis of the level  of actualization of self-development resources among students, discovered with the author's diagnostic method  "DCPSD" (Dispositional Characteristic of Personality of Self-development). It has been proved that psychological  resources as a set of possibilities of development already exist in the psychological reality of a person. It has been  shown that the dominance of the level of self-development resources’ actualization of the individual (and their  combination) can be correlated with the dimensions of the individual psychological space, indicating the individual  peculiarity of the personal self-development organization. It has been noted that, at the same time, actualization,  strengthening and harmonization of all psychological resources of a person self-development, enrichment of its  relations with the environment and other people, and increasing spirituality is necessary for the implementation of  progressive conscious personal self-development. У  статті  розглянуто  авторський  підхід  до  емпіричного  вивчення  особливостей  саморозвитку  особистості. Охарактеризовано критерії саморозвитку як суб’єктної діяльності, наведено його показники.  Виокремлено психологічні ресурси особистісного саморозвитку: потребу в саморозвитку як його джерело і  детермінант; умови, які забезпечують його успішність; механізми як  функціональні засоби і умови його  здійснення.    Розкрито    їх    сутність.    Потреба    в    саморозвитку    визначається    актуалізованістю  характеристик саморозвитку (самоактивність, життєдіяльність, розвиненість самосвідомості) і виникає  при зміні змістової  структури індивідуальної свідомості та трансформації смислових утворень. Умови  саморозвитку  окреслюють  зріле  Я  особистості,  відкритість,  толерантність  до  нового,  наявність  усвідомленої   мети   самоздійснення   та   активної   життєвої   стратегії.   Як   механізми   саморозвитку  розглядаються рефлексія, саморегуляція та зворотній зв'язок. Запропоновано методичні підходи і засоби  вивчення особливостей та чинників становлення суб’єкта саморозвитку в юнацькому віці в процесі фахової  підготовки, висвітлено результати їх комплексного емпіричного дослідження. Особливу увагу приділено  аналізу  рівня  актуалізації  ресурсів  саморозвитку  у  студентів,  виявленого  за  допомогою  авторської  діагностичної методики «ДХСО». Доведено, що психологічні ресурси  як сукупність можливостей розвитку  вже існують у психологічній реальності людини. Показано, що домінування рівня актуалізації ресурсів  саморозвитку особистості ( та їх поєднання) можна співвіднести з вимірами психологічного простору  особистості,   що   свідчить   про  індивідуальну   своєрідність   організації   особистісного  саморозвитку.  Зазначено,  що  в  той  же  час  для  здійснення  прогресивного  усвідомленого  особистісного  саморозвитку  необхідна   актуалізація,   взаємопосилення   і   гармонізація   всіх   психологічних   ресурсів   саморозвитку  особистості, збагачення її зв’язків із навколишнім середовищем та іншими людьми, підвищення духовності.

THE SCIENCE OF JUDICIAL PSYCHOLOGY

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-87
Author(s):  
Petru TĂRCHILĂ
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Psychosocial Characteristics ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Behavioral Profile ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Determining Factor ◽  
Determinant Factor

Judicial psychology is the science that analyzes and tries to understand the criminal phenomenon in general and its determinant factor in particular, by the complexity of factors that generate it and by the diversity of its forms of manifestation. Although the determining factor of criminal behavior is always subjective being generated by the psychic of the offender, this aspect must be correlated with the context in which it manifests itself: social, economic, cultural context etc. Judicial psychology investigates the behavior of the individual in all its aspects, seeking a scientific explanation of the mechanisms and factors enhancing criminal favors, thus enabling the identification of the preventive measures to be taken to reduce the categories of offenses. It studies the psycho-behavioral profile of the offender, identifying the causes that determined its behavior in order to take preventive measures.The domain of judicial psychology is mainly deviance, conduct that departs from the moral or legal norms that are dominant in a given culture. The object of judicial psychology is the criminal act, correlated with the psychosocial characteristics of the participants in the judicial action (offender, victim, witness, investigator, magistrate, lawyer, civil party, educator, etc.). The science of judicial psychology also analyzes how these characteristics appear and manifest themselves in concrete and special conditions of their interaction in three phases of the criminal act: the pre-criminal phase, the actual criminal phase and the post-criminal phase.

PHILOSOPHICAL PROPAEDEUTICS IN THE SYSTEM OF PRESCHOOL EDUCATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
Gan N.Yu. ◽  
Ponomareva L.I. ◽  
Obukhova K.A.
Keyword(s):  
Modern Science ◽  
Preschool Education ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Social Relevance ◽  
The Social ◽  
Moral Problems ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Training

Today, worldview, spiritual and moral problems that have always been reflected in education and upbringing come to the fore in society. In this situation, there is a demand for philosophical categories. One of the priority goals of education in modern conditions is the formation of a reasonable, reflexive person who is able to analyze their actions and the actions of other people. Modern science is characterized by an understanding of the absolute value and significance of childhood in the development of the individual, which implies the need for its multilateral study. In the conditions of democratization of all spheres of life, the child ceases to be a passive object of education and training, and becomes an active carrier of their own meanings of being and the subject of world creation. One of the realities of childhood is philosophizing, so it is extremely timely to address the identification of its place and role in the world of childhood. Children's philosophizing is extremely poorly studied, although the need for its analysis is becoming more obvious. Children's philosophizing is one of the forms of philosophical reflection, which has its own qualitative specificity, on the one hand, and commonality with all other forms of philosophizing, on the other. The social relevance of the proposed research lies in the fact that children's philosophizing can be considered as an intellectual indicator of a child's socialization, since the process of reflection involves the adoption and development of culture. Modern society, in contrast to the traditional one, is ready to "accept" a philosophizing child, which means that it is necessary to determine the main characteristics and conditions of children's philosophizing.

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