scholarly journals The Role of ICT in Addressing Corruption Across Political Regimes

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-55
Author(s):  
Mergen Dyussenov
Keyword(s):  
Mass Scale ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Political Regimes ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Key Resources

The paper reviews existing literature on the role of the internet in addressing corruption by breaking it down into instrumental, important, and critical roles, across two types of political regimes – (semi-)authoritarian and democracies. It analyzes the key resources and strategies utilized by governments and activists across these regimes, and looks into the common themes that emerge as a result of analyzing literature sources, i.e. the notion of crisis, lack of a single accepted definition of corruption across nations, factors found to positively correlate with reduced corruption, and the evolving nature of the internet. The paper finds that neither regime can be perfectly immune against mass-scale protests caused by dissatisfaction with worsening corruption. However, the regimes differ in the nature of protests, with semi-authoritarian regimes witnessing more violent and aggressive uprisings fueled by long-accumulated social disappointment with previous repressive regimes than across much of democracies.

Understanding the Functions of Jurisdictional Law

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Jerker B. Svantesson
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Legal Philosophy ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Public International Law ◽  
Important Concept ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter takes us into the domain of legal theory and legal philosophy as it places the questions of Internet jurisdiction in a broader theoretical, and indeed philosophical, context. Indeed, it goes as far as to (1) present a definition of what is law, (2) discuss what are the law’s tools, and (3) to describe the roles of law. In addition, it provides distinctions important for how we understand the role of jurisdictional rules both in private international law and in public international law as traditionally defined. Furthermore, it adds law reform tools by introducing and discussing the concept of ‘market sovereignty’ based on ‘market destroying measures’––an important concept for solving the Internet jurisdiction puzzle.

scholarly journals The Yedinoverie Church in the Dnipro Ukraine in the structure of the Russian Orthodox Church (the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Natalia Dianova
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Article ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Soviet Power ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of

In the presented scientific article, an attempt was made to study the origins of the origin of the Yedinoverie Church in the Dnipro Ukraine, the main stages of its development in the 19th and early 20th centuries and the definition of a place of common faith in the structure of the Russian Orthodox Church. Historical conditions and peculiarities of the emergence of uniformity are analyzed as a form of compromise between the Old Believers and the official Orthodox Church. The role of the Slavonic and Kherson Archbishop Nikifor (Feotoki) in the origin of the common religion and the reaction of the Holy Synod to its actions is examined. The process of creating Yedinoverie Church and the dynamics of its development in different regions of the Dnipro Ukraine is studied. In the context of the topic under consideration, scientific and interest documents are published and archived, which give an opportunity to consider certain aspects of the activities of the clergymen of the faith Edinoverie Church. The attitude of soviet power and the official Orthodox Church to the unity of faith at various stages of the period under investigation is considered. The main criteria of pressure on the Old Believers to join them in the Yedinoverie Church are clarified. It is noted that the activities of the Russian government did not bring the desired results and the number of co-religionists did not increase significantly. The reasons were the unwillingness of the Old Believers to change their spiritual priorities and the disappointment in the activities of the Russian Orthodox Church. With time, already in the first half of the XX century, the Yedinoverie Church, fulfilling its mission of associating schismatics with official Orthodoxy, became an integral part of the Russian Orthodox Church. Its church temples and monasteries gradually changed their status to Orthodox.

scholarly journals Beyond the Binary: Rethinking Gender Neutrality in Indian Rape Law

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-397
Author(s):  
Harshad PATHAK
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Rape Law ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Human Rights Based Approach ◽  
Gender Neutrality ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Indian Penal Code

AbstractDespite expanding the definition of rape under the Indian Penal Code to include non-penile-vaginal acts of penetration, the said definition continues to conform to a gender-specific notion of rape, based on a predetermined characterization of the victim-perpetrator framework on the basis of their genders. Herein, I will critique this idea of gender specificity in Indian rape law on the grounds that it reinforces a binary notion of gender, and results in gross underinclusion. Instead, it is more appropriate to adopt a human-rights-based approach in defining the offence of rape, and negate the role of gender in identifying the victims and perpetrators of an act of rape. The argument is pillared on a state’s obligation to not discriminate on the basis of sex, the recognition of transgender rights, and an assessment of the common grounds for opposing gender neutrality in Indian rape law.

scholarly journals Mass Communication: Some Redefinitional Notes

2002 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowland Lorimer
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
Mass Communication ◽  
Mass Scale ◽  
Public Access ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Web

Abstract: This paper offers a new definition of mass communication, one that embraces the Internet and its capacity to allow communication between individuals on a mass scale; decentralized broadcasting by means of the Web; and the traditional, centralized media of mass communication such as broadcasting and newspapers. It argues that such a redefinition affirms public access and relegates centralized broadcasting to a more appropriate, particular type of mass communication. It also discusses other redefinitional literature that focuses on the mass/interpersonal communication dichotomy. The paper is intended both to redefine and to encourage discussion of the significance of changing, modern communication technology. Résumé : Cet article propose une nouvelle définition de la communication de masse qui inclut : Internet et sa capacité d'assurer la communication entre individus à une échelle de masse; la radiodiffusion décentralisée que permet le Web; et les médias centralisés traditionnels de la communication de masse comme la radiodiffusion et les journaux. L'article soutient qu'une telle redéfinition permet de mettre de l'avant l'idée d'accès du public et relègue la radiodiffusion centralisée à un type particulier de communication de masse, ce qui semble plus approprié. Il discute aussi d'autres écrits proposant des redéfinitions portant sur la dichotomie « communication de masse/communication interpersonnelle ». Le but de l'article est à la fois de redéfinir la signification de technologies de communication modernes et changeantes et d'encourager la discussion de cette signification.

scholarly journals Dead But Not Gone: Contemporary Legacies of Communism, Imperialism, and Authoritarianism

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 419-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Simpser ◽  
Dan Slater ◽  
Jason Wittenberg
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Research Traditions ◽  
Comparative Historical Analysis ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Mechanisms Of Persistence ◽  
Cross Fertilization ◽  
Strict Definition

A profusion of recent research has focused on historical legacies as key to understanding contemporary outcomes. We review this body of research, analyzing both the comparative-historical analysis (CHA) and modern political economy (MPE) research traditions as applied to the study of communism, imperialism, and authoritarianism. We restrict our focus to the sizeable subset of arguments that meets a relatively strict definition of legacies, i.e., arguments that locate the roots of present-day outcomes in causal factors operative during an extinct political order. For all their differences, the CHA and MPE approaches both face the challenges of convincingly identifying the sources of historical persistence and of reckoning with alternative channels of causation. We find that mechanisms of persistence in legacy research generally belong to one of three main categories. While both traditions acknowledge the role of institutions in historical persistence, CHA research tends to emphasize the lasting power of coalitions, whereas work in MPE often argues for the persistence of cognitions. We argue that, at their best, CHA and MPE approaches yield complementary insights. Further progress in legacy research will benefit from greater cross-fertilization across research traditions and deeper recognition of commonalities across communist, imperialist, and authoritarian regimes.

The Rights and Wrongs of Curiosity (Plutarch to Augustine)

1988 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Social Origins ◽  
The Social ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
The Common ◽  
Social Habits ◽  
Definition Of

One of the more endearing of the seventy-eight treatises which make up the Moralia of Plutarch is one entitled ‘On not minding your own business'. The Greek title, Περ Πολυπραγμοσνης, reminds us momentarily of Plato's famous definition of justice in Republic 4, which is to do your own thing (μ πολυπραγμονεῖν). Plutarch was indeed an ardent Platonist, but here he is concerned not with political philosophy but with social habits. The treatise reminds me of nothing so much as of a famous Lancastrian comedian of my youth called Norman Evans, who in a sketch called Over the Garden Wall assumed the transvestite role of a nosy female neighbour, simultaneously pegging out clothes and retailing juicy items of gossip. For Plutarch, after defining this nosiness or πολυπραγμοσνη as ‘an unhealthy and harmful state of mind, a fondness for learning the misfortunes of others, a disease apparently free of neither envy nor malice’, condemns the common tendency to pry into the social origins of neighbours, their debts, and their private conversations. He likewise condemns people who read their friends' letters, and who watch sacred ceremonies which it is μ θμισ ρν (perhaps he had in mind Clodius' gate-crashing of the rite of Bona Dea). Such inquisitiveness, says Plutarch, is invariably accompanied by a wagging tongue, for what these people gladly hear, they gladly blab about: a ἃ γἔρ δως κοουσιν, δως λαλοσιν Pascal in his Pensees says much the same thing: ‘Curiosity is only vanity. Most often we only wish to know in order to talk about it.’

scholarly journals Concept of Competitive Authoritarianism and Its Criticism in Scientific Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-169
Author(s):  
Yu. S. Medvedev
Keyword(s):  
Political Process ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
Political Regimes ◽  
The West ◽  
Competitive Authoritarianism ◽  
Main Criticism ◽  
Exceptional Stability

The concept of competitive authoritarianism by Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way has become one of the compelling responses to the decline of the transition paradigm that used to hold optimistic expectations about democratization of political regimes that combined elements of democracy and authoritarianism. According to Levitsky and Way’s logic, the presence of an authoritarian component does not allow one to characterize such mixed regimes as democratic, and in this sense, competitive authoritarianism is still authoritarianism. At the same time, it differs from other forms of authoritarian regimes due to the non-illusory ability of the opposition to compete for the executive power. The concept of competitive authoritarianism has been widely used in the study of political regimes, but the resulting important need for a deeper understanding of its assumptions has given rise to a number of critical evaluations among the researchers. The main criticism of the opponents regards the operationalization of the concept of “competitive authoritarianism”, the historical limitations of its usage, as well as Levitsky and Way’s idea that competitive authoritarian regimes are predetermined to democratize if they maintain broad and close ties with the West that are regarded as some kind of frozen objective reality. The article attempts to bring together the critical arguments that have been expressed in the research literature against the concept of competitive authoritarianism, and thereby contribute to a more balanced reception of this concept in the domestic scientific discourse. According to the author’s conclusion, the main flaws of the concept are related to the interpretation of the reasons for the vulnerability/stability of competitive authoritarian regimes. The focus on the role of the West and the regime’s ability to control the political process ignores a number of other significant factors, including the ability of the opposition to counter the current government with some real alternative, which is especially important in the Russian context, where the absence of such an alternative is one of the key reasons for the exceptional stability of the authoritarian regime.

scholarly journals The intercultural encounter as a communicative event subject to mediation

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 59-74
Author(s):  
Grażyna Zarzycka
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Foreign Language Teaching ◽  
Speech Communication ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Original Definition ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The University

The aim of this article is to discuss the place and role of the intercultural encounter (IE) in communication and education, including in foreign language teaching. Firstly, I present the IE as a communicative event and define it using terms developed by ethnographers of speech (communication). Secondly, I discuss the concepts contained in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. Companion Volume with New Descriptors (CEFR 2018) relating to the mediation of text, concepts, and communication, and present the original definition of mediation in intercultural contacts. That section emphasises that mediation does not only act as an intermediary facilitating the course of a communication event but also as an “understanding interview with oneself.” Next, I discuss theoretical concepts related to the IE, I describe it as a tool used in teaching and intercultural education, and I present a description of the IE by a student of the Teaching Polish as a Foreign/Second Language course at the University of Lodz. Finally, I analyse an example description of an IE and present preliminary conclusions on how to use IE descriptions in various educational contexts.

scholarly journals The terrorism of individuals: the main trends and features of counteraction

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-112
Author(s):  
Mihail Pavlik ◽  
Konstantin Borichev
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Terrorist Threat ◽  
Counter Terrorism ◽  
Religious Associations ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Terrorist Acts ◽  
Tools And Methods

The article is devoted to the consideration of the current phenomenon – «the terrorism of individuals». In particular, it is presented the definition of the concept in question, its main specificity and current trends. The article describes the terrorist acts committed by loner terrorists in the period from 2017 to 2020 in Europe, as well as an analysis of similar crimes from 2000 to 2014. Special attention is paid to the role of international terrorist organizations in their work with their followers in the form of individual terrorists.The features of preparation of the investigated terrorist acts, including the means, tools and methods of their commission, are considered. It was done the analysis of the ideological component in the illegal activities of loner terrorists, and were identified the main directions of their terrorist ideology. The role of the Internet, social networks and messengers in terrorist activities was studied. Proposals to counteract the terrorism of individuals and improve the effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures in general are presented. As a result of the study, the fundamental directions of anti-terrorist activities in Russia in the sphere of countering the terrorist threat posed by loner terrorists were identified. Special attention is paid to the prevention of lone-person terrorism and the participation of representatives of public and religious associations and national diasporas in this activity.The features of preparation of the investigated terrorist acts, including the means, tools and methods of their commission, are considered. It was done the analysis of the ideological component in the illegal activities of loner terrorists, and were identified the main directions of their terrorist ideology. The role of the Internet, social networks and messengers in terrorist activities was studied. Proposals to counteract the terrorism of individuals and improve the effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures in general are presented. As a result of the study, the fundamental directions of anti-terrorist activities in Russia in the sphere of countering the terrorist threat posed by loner terrorists were identified. Special attention is paid to the prevention of lone-person terrorism and the participation of representatives of public and religious associations and national diasporas in this activity.

scholarly journals Dispositional experience and current language research strategy

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-120
Author(s):  
Pavol Žigo
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
Natural Basis ◽  
Research Strategies ◽  
Contemporary Research ◽  
Language Research ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract The contribution deals with the degree of unity, complexity, intensity and their relatedness to the dispositional experience within linguistic investigation. Contemporary research strategies in linguistics testify to the liberalization of language and to the effort to re-evaluate the previous attitudes to the linguistic canon. A considerable role within formulating the theories about linguistic changes is played by the ability to identify the natural basis of the common thought of the ordinary users of language, by their public opinion concerning language, their voice of naturalness, their ability – as well as the strength – of their prejudices, but not to elevate/promote/raise the particular mistakes into the role of changes. A thorough theory of the identification or of the definition of linguistic changes and of the dynamism in language should be able to question also its own discourse and view it within the perspective of the phenomenal idea of R. Barthes “Do not do what I say but what I do”.

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