scholarly journals A look at the problem of exposure of the population caused by X-ray diagnostics: approaches to analysis and forecasting

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 166-173
Author(s):  
A.I.  Sevalnev ◽  
A.V. Kutsak ◽  
L.P. Sharavara ◽  
Yu.V. Volkova
Keyword(s):  
Practical Interest ◽  
The State ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Model Data ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Dose Load ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Medical Exposure ◽  
Radiological Studies

The article is devoted to the analysis of limitation of dose load on the population as a result of radiological researches. It is especially actual and represents rather high scientific and practical interest. In this regard, it is very important to have information about the state of the dose load of the population in separate regions and to rank types of diagnostics by the amount of their contribution to the total dose of medical exposure. The aim of the work was to study the state of dose load of the population of Zaporizhzhia region due to X-ray diagnostics, to develop approaches to analysis and forecasting regarding its limitation. Analytical, statistical calculation and logical generalization methods were used in the course of the work. We used the results of studies carried out in accordance with the regional “Program for the Protection of the Population of Zaporizhzhia Region from the Effect of Ionizing Radiation. The authors analyzed scientific publications (15 sources), including 9 Ukrainian and 6 foreign on the relevance of the problem of exposure of the population caused by X-ray diagnostics. The analysis of the results allowed to determine that in 2010-2014 the radiation dose of the population of Zaporizhzhia region due to X-ray diagnostics averaged 0.92 mSv year-1, in 2015-2016 the dose increased and amounted to 0.96 mSv year-1. The proposed approach to the analysis makes it possible to summarize and model data on radiological studies of the population over a long period of time, to identify persistent trends in the contribution of different types of radiation diagnostics to the dose of medical radiation. All this is necessary for the development, first of all, of measures to reduce the frequency of radiography, its replacement by other diagnostic methods. Priority tasks aimed at reducing the dose load of the population due to X-ray examinations are proposed.

Diagnosis of breast diseases under the assisted reproductive technologies programme

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 70-74
Author(s):  
L.D. Belotserkovtseva ◽  
◽  
N.V. Klimova ◽  
L.V. Kovalenko ◽  
V.V. Danilogorskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
The State ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Breast Diseases ◽  
Old Patients ◽  
Core Needle ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Radiation Imaging

Objective. To study the state of the breasts in women who undergo assisted reproductive technologies treatment, using modern methods of radiation imaging. Patients and methods. Pre- and prospective examination and analysis of the data of radiation imaging of the breasts of 220 women, having tubal factor infertility in combination with benign mammary dysplasia, who have successful or unsuccessful experience of participation in assisted reproductive technology programmes. The average age of patients was 42.5 years. Assessment points were: breast tissue density according to the findings of ultrasound, mammography and tomosynthesis, presence of clustered microcalcifications, presence of benign dysplastic processes and fibroadenomas of the breasts. Results. In the group of 35–39-year old patients, the most common pathological processes were fibrocystic mastopathy and fibroadenomas. The main diagnostic methods were ultrasound visualization and US-controlled core-needle vacuum-assisted biopsy. In the group of 40–44-year old women, the predominant pathological process was microcalcification clusters alongside high mammographic density. The main diagnostic methods were digital x-ray tomosynthesis and X-ray-guided core-needle vacuum-assisted biopsy. In the group of 45–49-year old women, cases of breast cancer were diagnosed. 12 women in this group had breast implants. Conclusion. Hormonal medication used in assisted reproductive technologies under the protocols of in-vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmatic sperm injection influence the state of the breasts, increasing a risk of developing diffuse benign mammary dysplasias and, quite possible, a risk of developing breast cancer later in life. Key words: breast diseases, assisted reproductive technologies, tomosynthesis, mammotome, clustered microcalcifications

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF RADIATION DOSES TO PATIENTS IN X-RAY DIAGNOSTICS

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
pp. 1331-1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei E. Okhrimenko ◽  
L. A. Ilin ◽  
I. P. Korenkov ◽  
S. P. Morozov ◽  
A. P. Birukov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Stochastic Effects ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Dose Load ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Current State ◽  
Medical Exposure

Introduction. The document analyzes the current state of issues of medical exposure of the population using methods of radiation diagnostics. Purpose of research is thr development of approaches to optimization of radiation doses to patients, taking into account radio-succeptibility and radioresistance of different age groups exposed to medical irradiation (MI), forming radiation doses and risks of induction of long-term stochastic effects in these groups. Material and methods. Analysis of factors affecting the formation of dose load approaches to the study of x-ray diagnostics at the present stage. Results. The paper gives a detailed review of modern scientific views on the effect of low doses of radiation, identifies controversial aspects of this problem, including the threshold of stochastic effects. The analysis of the main factors of MI dose formation is carried out. It is concluded that it is formed mainly in the field of diagnostic irradiation, while the restriction (1 mSv) applies only to preventive irradiation. This leads to a lack of systematic approaches to the reasonable limitation, optimization, and justification of diagnostic radiation procedures. The significant part of the dose load was shown to be formed due to unreasonable or erroneous directions to the study. Medical exposure is significantly different from other types - man-made and natural, and the risk of medical exposure competes with the risk of failure of radiation diagnostics. A number of measures aimed at reasonable limitation of medical exposure and reduction of risks of stochastic effects while ensuring high quality of diagnostics are proposed. The proposals are based on the provision to reduce radiogenic risks with increasing age. It is also proposed to develop “practical thresholds” of medical exposure for different age groups. Conclusion. The necessity of correction and approaches detailing on justification and purpose of studies in x-ray diagnostics, taking into account features of irradiated contingents, development on this basis of “practical thresholds” of MI at a priority of quality of clinical diagnostics is established.

scholarly journals Research and Correlation of Diagnostic Methods for Assessment of the State of Oil Filling in Cycloid Gearbox

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Petr Baron ◽  
Marek Kočiško ◽  
Jozef Dobránsky ◽  
Martin Pollák ◽  
Tomáš Cmorej
Keyword(s):  
Measurement System ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Gear Ratio ◽  
The State ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Magnetic Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fluorescent Method ◽  
Steel Dust ◽  
Specific Construction

The paper describes the research in the area of the application of diagnostic methods for assessment of the state of oil filling in cycloid gearbox of robotic manipulator. The experiments were realized on request of the manufacturer of the cycloid gearbox. Primarily, the two different methods were compared: an induction, magnetic method with the use of measurement system Cosmos-Steel Dust Checker and an RTG method, XRF (X-ray fluorescent method, analyses with use of X-ray radiation). These analytical methods provide the identification and quantification of emerging Fe abrasion particles occurring in the oil filling of the redactor. The results of the experiment pointed to the unsuitability of the application of the induction magnetic method for the assessment of an actual technical state of the cycloid gearbox. The reason for this lies in specific construction of the cycloid gearbox, with characteristic high operation temperatures of the oil filling, small dimensions, high transferred power, and gear ratio.

scholarly journals Naming abilities: Differentiation between objects and verbs in aphasia

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Carmen Spezzano ◽  
Márcia Radanovic
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
The State ◽  
Linguistic Processing ◽  
Cognitive Neuropsychology ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Injured Brain ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Architectural Models ◽  
Processing Mechanisms

Abstract Cognitive Neuropsychology aims to understand the processing mechanisms of normal and injured brain, by means of functional architectural models of information processing. Naming is one of the most important abilities in linguistic processing. Naming of different semantic and grammatical categories differ in their lexical properties and have distinct neuroanatomical substrates. We reviewed literature data on the differences between nouns and verbs in aphasic subjects reported by scientific publications in the form of indexed articles. Studies on naming abilities tended to emphasize the differentiation between nouns and verbs both in their lexical properties and neuroanatomical substrates. Functional neuroimaging studies have improved the state of knowledge regarding category-specific naming abilities, but further studies on different types of aphasia and the use of naming abilities in different contexts are warranted.

Identification of Asbestos Fibres in a Water Sample by X-Ray Microanalysis

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 274-275
Author(s):  
K. A. Brookes ◽  
D. Finbow ◽  
Madeleine Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Water Sample ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Transmission Imaging ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Normal Specimen ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen Cooling ◽  
Normal Transmission ◽  
Additional Port

Investigation of the particulate matter contained in the water sample, revealed the presence of a number of different types and certain of these were selected for analysis.An A.E.I. Corinth electron microscope was modified to accept a Kevex Si (Li) detector. To allow for existing instruments to be readily modified, this was kept to a minimum. An additional port is machined in the specimen region to accept the detector, with the liquid nitrogen cooling dewar conveniently housed in the left hand cupboard adjacent to the microscope column. Since background radiation leads to loss in the sensitivity of the instrument, great care has been taken to reduce this effect by screening and manufacturing components that are near the specimen from material of low atomic number. To change from normal transmission imaging to X-ray analysis, the special 4-position specimen rod is inserted through the normal specimen airlock.

Requesting physicians’ knowledge of X-radiation exposure from computed tomography scan examinations: A case study of two Nigerian tertiary hospitals

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 36-39
Author(s):  
Samson O. Paulinus ◽  
Benjamin E. Udoh ◽  
Bassey E. Archibong ◽  
Akpama E. Egong ◽  
Akwa E. Erim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tertiary Hospitals ◽  
Medical Exposure

Objective: Physicians who often request for computed tomography (CT) scan examinations are expected to have sound knowledge of radiation exposure (risks) to patients in line with the basic radiation protection principles according to the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), the Protection of Persons Undergoing Medical Exposure or Treatment (POPUMET), and the Ionizing Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations (IR(ME)R). The aim is to assess the level of requesting physicians’ knowledge of ionizing radiation from CT scan examinations in two Nigerian tertiary hospitals. Materials and Methods: An 18-item-based questionnaire was distributed to 141 practicing medical doctors, excluding radiologists with work experience from 0 to >16 years in two major teaching hospitals in Nigeria with a return rate of 69%, using a voluntary sampling technique. Results: The results showed that 25% of the respondents identified CT thorax, abdomen, and pelvis examination as having the highest radiation risk, while 22% said that it was a conventional chest X-ray. Furthermore, 14% concluded that CT head had the highest risk while 9% gave their answer to be conventional abdominal X-ray. In addition, 17% inferred that magnetic resonance imaging had the highest radiation risk while 11% had no idea. Furthermore, 25.5% of the respondents have had training on ionizing radiation from CT scan examinations while 74.5% had no training. Majority (90%) of the respondents were not aware of the ICRP guidelines for requesting investigations with very little (<3%) or no knowledge (0%) on the POPUMET and the IR(ME)R respectively. Conclusion: There is low level of knowledge of ionizing radiation from CT scan examinations among requesting physicians in the study locations.

Geological Field Sketches and Illustrations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Genge
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Earth Science ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Worked Examples ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Geological Features ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject

Drawings, illustrations, and field sketches play an important role in Earth Science since they are used to record field observations, develop interpretations, and communicate results in reports and scientific publications. Drawing geology in the field furthermore facilitates observation and maximizes the value of fieldwork. Every geologist, whether a student, academic, professional, or amateur enthusiast, will benefit from the ability to draw geological features accurately. This book describes how and what to draw in geology. Essential drawing techniques, together with practical advice in creating high quality diagrams, are described the opening chapters. How to draw different types of geology, including faults, folds, metamorphic rocks, sedimentary rocks, igneous rocks, and fossils, are the subjects of separate chapters, and include descriptions of what are the important features to draw and describe. Different types of sketch, such as drawings of three-dimensional outcrops, landscapes, thin-sections, and hand-specimens of rocks, crystals, and minerals, are discussed. The methods used to create technical diagrams such as geological maps and cross-sections are also covered. Finally, modern techniques in the acquisition and recording of field data, including photogrammetry and aerial surveys, and digital methods of illustration, are the subject of the final chapter of the book. Throughout, worked examples of field sketches and illustrations are provided as well as descriptions of the common mistakes to be avoided.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of Clay Polymer Nanocomposites of P(4VP-co-AAm) and Their Application for the Removal of Atrazine

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge A. Ramírez-Gómez ◽  
Javier Illescas ◽  
María del Carmen Díaz-Nava ◽  
Claudia Muro-Urista ◽  
Sonia Martínez-Gallegos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
Nanocomposite Materials ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Numerous Species ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Synthesized Materials

Atrazine (ATZ) is an herbicide which is applied to the soil, and its mechanism of action involves the inhibition of photosynthesis. One of its main functions is to control the appearance of weeds in crops, primarily in corn, sorghum, sugar cane, and wheat; however, it is very toxic for numerous species, including humans. Therefore, this work deals with the adsorption of ATZ from aqueous solutions using nanocomposite materials, synthesized with two different types of organo-modified clays. Those were obtained by the free radical polymerization of 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) and acrylamide (AAm) in different stoichiometric ratios, using tetrabutylphosphonium persulfate (TBPPS) as a radical initiator and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (BIS) as cross-linking agent. The structural, morphological, and textural characteristics of clays, copolymers, and nanocomposites were determined through different analytical and instrumental techniques, i.e., X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Adsorption kinetics experiments of ATZ were determined with the modified and synthesized materials, and the effect of the ratio between 4VP and AAm moieties on the removal capacities of the obtained nanocomposites was evaluated. Finally, from these sets of experiments, it was demonstrated that the synthesized nanocomposites with higher molar fractions of 4VP obtained the highest removal percentages of ATZ.

scholarly journals Microwave-Assisted Fabrication of Mesoporous Silica-Calcium Phosphate Composites for Dental Application

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Adrian Szewczyk ◽  
Adrianna Skwira ◽  
Marta Ginter ◽  
Donata Tajer ◽  
Magdalena Prokopowicz
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Mesoporous Silica ◽  
Octacalcium Phosphate ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Coating Solution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Calcium Orthophosphates ◽  
Different Types

Herein, the microwave-assisted wet precipitation method was used to obtain materials consisting of mesoporous silica (SBA-15) and calcium orthophosphates (CaP). Composites were prepared through immersion of mesoporous silica in different calcification coating solutions and then exposed to microwave radiation. The composites were characterized in terms of molecular structure, crystallinity, morphology, chemical composition, and mineralization potential by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The application of microwave irradiation resulted in the formation of different types of calcium orthophosphates such as calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA), octacalcium phosphate (OCP), and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) on the SBA-15 surface, depending on the type of coating solution. The composites for which the progressive formation of hydroxyapatite during incubation in simulated body fluid was observed were further used in the production of final pharmaceutical forms: membranes, granules, and pellets. All of the obtained pharmaceutical forms preserved mineralization properties.

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