Performance Evaluation of Angular Separation on Cell Site Diversity Gain

GIS Business ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 717-727
Author(s):  
Sharmini Enoch ◽  
Ifiok Otung ◽  
Naeem Azeemi ◽  
M.A. Habli
Keyword(s):  
Angular Separation ◽  
Rain Attenuation ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Broadband Wireless ◽  
Microwave Frequencies ◽  
Subscriber Station ◽  
Site Diversity ◽  
Signal Fading

There have been remarkable advancements in the field of broadband wireless access (BFWA) technologies. These technologies operate in microwave frequencies where rain attenuation is the most important factor leading to signal impairments. The use of cell site diversity (CSD) can help in overcoming the signal fading. During the event of rain, when the signal level falls below a particular threshold, the subscriber station switches to another base station in the coverage area. The CSD gain bears strong correlation with the angular separation between the various base stations. This paper analyses the effects of CSD gain on angular separation.

Analysis of the Effect of Tilting Antenna on the Coverage Area of ??the 4G LTE Network (Case Study of Trenggalek District)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
Rizal Aji Istantowi
Keyword(s):  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Lte Networks ◽  
Lte Network ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
4G Lte ◽  
4G Lte Networks

4G LTE networks in big cities are already well available. Meanwhile, on small to medium-sized cities, the 4G LTE network is not evenly distributed and maximized. This study chooses the variable tilting antenna to the coverage area, because in sending information from a base station using an antenna. The average RSRP value (dBm) of the existing base station in the calculation with a distance of 200 m is -122.90 dBm, a distance of 500 m is -136.79 dBm, and a distance of 1000 m -147.30 dBm. Meanwhile, in the simulation with a distance of 200 m of -108.22 dBm, a distance of 500 m of -121.81 dBm, and a distance of 1000 m of -132.69 dBm. The coverage area value of the existing base station in the calculation is 5.29%, while in the simulation it is 11.18%. The average RSRP value (dBm) at optimal conditions for calculations at a distance of 200 m is -80.13 dBm, at a distance of 500 m is -94.03 dBm and at a distance of 1000 m is -104.56 dBm. Meanwhile, the simulation at a distance of 200 m is -98.09 dBm, at a distance of 500 m is -112.79 dBm and at a distance of 1000 m is -123.31 dBm. The value of the coverage area for the calculation is 20.32%, while for the simulation it is 15.01%. The current need for base stations in Trenggalek District that has been met is 68%.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Base Station Efficiency Using Test Drives on Single-Band and Multi-Band Antennas

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Adith Ismail Shaleh
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Single Band ◽  
Network Throughput ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Network Efficiency ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
3G Network ◽  
Multi Band

Telecommunications support equipment and systems play a vital role in the network. Multi-band sectoral antennas are starting to replace single-band sectoral antennas at several base stations. The use of a single-band antenna that requires many antennas at the base station is not practical. The following research is conducting tests to evaluate the coverage area, rx signal level and network throughput produced by a multi-band sectoral antenna. Comparison of coverage area calculation using the walfisch-ikegami method. Testing the coverage area with the rx signal level utilizes a drive test so that the optimization of the success of the multi-band antenna is paired to obtain data to support decision making and determine the efficiency of the device in urban areas. From the test results of these 3 factors, the network efficiency generated by multi-band sectoral antennas and single-band sectoral antennas on the antenna coverage area shows that the results of single-band antennas are further than multi-band antennas. Meanwhile, on the signal side that is measured in the drive test process, the 2G network produced by the multi band antenna is better, for the 3G network the single band antenna is better. The 3G network throughput measurement data shows that the uplink access speed results are not good, because the good throughput value is only 42.54%. Measurements on the downlink side are also in poor condition, because the good throughput value is 38.57%.

scholarly journals Feasibility of CoMP usage in base station switching off during off-peak periods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abid Jan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Power Saving ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Coordinated Multipoint ◽  
Switching Mode ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

Existing cellular networks remain operational throughout the year irrespective of traffic. The usage of Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) transmission to provide service in the coverage area of a switched off base station (BS) during off-peak traffic hours has been investigated in this work. The switching off of a BS reduces its energy consumption to zero, however to cover the switched off BS coverage area by neighbouring BS’s, CoMP transmission causes an increase in energy consumption of the neighbouring BS’s. With increasing the number of base stations taking part in CoMP transmission the power consumption of CoMP base stations and site air conditioning unit increases. Results show that the aggressive usage of CoMP is not feasible in most of the twelve switching modes investigated. From the Energy Efficiency Ratio the most energy efficient switching mode is identified. It is then applied to part of a cellular network and the amount of power saving and Carbon Dioxide equivalent (CO2e) is determined. It is found that within a network of 42 cells 7.26% power can be saved by switching off seven base stations during off-peak traffic hours.

scholarly journals Transmit and Receive Antenna Selection Based Resource Allocation for Self-Backhaul 5G Massive MIMO HetNets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farah Akif ◽  
Aqdas Malik ◽  
Ijaz Qureshi ◽  
Ayesha Abassi
Keyword(s):  
Network Performance ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Antenna Selection ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
User Association ◽  
Transmit Antenna Selection ◽  
Coverage Area

With the advancement in wireless communication technology, the ease of accessibility and increasing coverage area is a major challenge for service providers. Network densification through Small cell Base Stations (SBS) integration in Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) promises to improve network performance for cell edge users. Since providing wired backhaul for small cells is not cost effective or practical, the third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has developed architecture for self-backhaul known as Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) for Fifth Generation (5G). This allows for Main Base Station (MBS) resources to be shared between SBS and MBS users. However, fair and efficient division of MBS resources remains a problem to be addressed. We develop a novel transmit antenna selection/partitioning technique for taking advantage of IAB 5G standard for Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) HetNets. Transmit antenna resources are divided among access for MBS users and for providing wireless backhaul for SBS. We develop A Genetic Algorithm (GA) based Transmit Antenna Selection (TAS) scheme and compare with random selection, eigenvalue-based selection and bandwidth portioning. Our analysis show that GA based TAS has the ability to converge to an optimum antenna subset providing better rate coverage. Furthermore, we also signify the performance of TAS based partitioning over bandwidth partitioning and also show user association can also be controlled using number of antennas reserved for access or backhaul.

scholarly journals Analisis Penataan Sel Untuk Layanan Sistem WCDMA Di Area Jalan Tengah I Kerobokan

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Alit Winaya ◽  
Gede Sukadarmika ◽  
Linawati Linawati
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Telecommunication Network ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Propagation Model ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Quality Service ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Cell Coverage ◽  
Antenna Tilt ◽  
Tilt Change

In WCDMA system, signal service coverage determines quality service of telecommunication network . To give maximum network service at Jl. Tengah I Kerobokan area, thus requiring the study of the arrangement of the cell coverage on BTS Protpeliatan Sector ? and BTS AnyarKaja Sektor ?. The method used is calculation the distance of base station with proper propagation model which suits the condition of both base stations, also antenna azimuth and tilting were given, and simuation using Atoll software to see the predicted coverage area of BTS. As the result, suitable propagation for BTS Protpeliatan Sector ? is Okumurra Hatta model and BTS AnyarKaja Sektor ? is Cost 231 Hatta model, maximum coverage signal service of BTS Protpeliatan Sector ? is 1,17 km and for BTS AnyarKaja Sektor ? is 1,11 km. Requirement of antenna tilt change from 0º to 0,95º for BTS Protpeliatan Sektor ? and for pada BTS AnyarKaja Sektor ?, antenna tilt change from 0º to 1º and change of 30º antenna sector direction from 180º to 210º. From simulation using Atoll software with above parameters, acknowledge that area of Jl. Tengah I Kerobokan already get maximum service with received signal level pass the KPI (Key Performance Indicator) standard.  Dalam sistem WCDMA, cakupan layanan sinyal merupakan penentu kualitas layanan jaringan telekomunikasi. Untuk memberikan layanan jaringan yang  maksimal di area Jl. Tengah I Kerobokan maka dilakukan analisis penataan cakupan layanan sel pada BTS Protpeliatan Sektor ? dan BTS AnyarKaja Sektor ?. Metode yang digunakan yaitu perhitungan jarak cakupan BTS dengan model propagasi yang paling sesuai dengan kondisi kedua BTS, penentuan arah azimuth dan tilting antena, serta simulasi menggunakan Atoll untuk melihat prediksi cakupan layanan BTS. Didapatkan bahwa model propagasi yang sesuai dengan BTS Protpeliatan Sektor ? adalah  model Okumurra Hatta dan BTS AnyarKaja Sektor ? adalah model Cost 231 Hatta, jarak cakupan layanan maksimum BTS Protpeliatan Sektor ? adalah sejauh 1,17 km dan pada BTS AnyarKaja Sektor ? sejauh 1, 11 km. Diperlukan perubahan tilt antena dari 0º menjadi 0,95º  pada BTS Protpeliatan Sektor ? dan perubahan sudut tilt dari 0º menjadi 1º serta perubahan arah sekorisasi antena sebesar 30º dari 180º menjadi 210 º pada BTS AnyarKaja Sektor ?. Dari hasil simulasi yang dilakukan menggunakan software Atoll dengan parameter tersebut, diketahui bahwa area Jl. Tengah I Kerobokan telah mendapatkan layanan yang maksimal dengan level penerimaan sinyal yang telah memenuhi standar KPI (Key Performance Indictator).  

scholarly journals Feasibility of CoMP usage in base station switching off during off-peak periods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abid Jan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Power Saving ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Coordinated Multipoint ◽  
Switching Mode ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

Existing cellular networks remain operational throughout the year irrespective of traffic. The usage of Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) transmission to provide service in the coverage area of a switched off base station (BS) during off-peak traffic hours has been investigated in this work. The switching off of a BS reduces its energy consumption to zero, however to cover the switched off BS coverage area by neighbouring BS’s, CoMP transmission causes an increase in energy consumption of the neighbouring BS’s. With increasing the number of base stations taking part in CoMP transmission the power consumption of CoMP base stations and site air conditioning unit increases. Results show that the aggressive usage of CoMP is not feasible in most of the twelve switching modes investigated. From the Energy Efficiency Ratio the most energy efficient switching mode is identified. It is then applied to part of a cellular network and the amount of power saving and Carbon Dioxide equivalent (CO2e) is determined. It is found that within a network of 42 cells 7.26% power can be saved by switching off seven base stations during off-peak traffic hours.

scholarly journals Performance analysis of handover parameter for natural disaster in LTE-A network

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 319
Author(s):  
Azita Laily Yusof ◽  
Ainnur Eiza Mohd Azhar ◽  
Norsuzila Ya’acob
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disaster ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Rescue Operation ◽  
Power Outage ◽  
Disaster Area ◽  
Optimal Value

<span>Natural disaster is an unpredictable event which can cause service communication disruption. The disruption of service communication can be divided into three cases which are power outage, broken backhaul and physical destruction by disaster. This paper focuses on power outage case. Although each base stations equipped with backup batteries, it only last for several hours. After natural disaster hit certain areas, traffic is highly congested due to panic and rescue operation of lifesaving. This scenario will drain the backup batteries quickly. In order to limit the UEs’ connection to the affected base station, this research proposed to adjust Received Signal Strength (RSS) based on parameter called as a distance fraction coefficient, α so that the affected coverage area is reduced when in disaster area situation. The parameter is added in the path loss equation and later in the RSS equation. The numerical results show the RSS improved whereby α=0.2 gives the optimal value and therefore limit the incoming traffic to the affected base station. </span>

scholarly journals Pengaruh Jarak Base Station Dengan Subscriber Station Terhadap Kinerja Wimax

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heru Abrianto ◽  
Andi Anggoro
Keyword(s):  
Base Station ◽  
Ieee 802.16 ◽  
Wireless Access ◽  
Broadband Wireless Access ◽  
Wireless System ◽  
Broadband Wireless ◽  
Subscriber Station

Peningkatan permintaan layanan telekomunikasi tidak sepenuhnya dapat di penuhi oleh penyelenggaratelekomunikasi, Hal tersebut dikarenakan keterbatasan jaringan kabel yang tersedia dan mahalnyapenyelenggaraan untuk jaringan kabel tersebut. Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) menjadi salah satu alternatifsolusi untuk permasalahan tersebut. Seiring berkembangnya teknologi wireless, kemudian muncul WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) sebuah standar internasional mengenai wireless system yangmengacu pada standar IEEE 802.16. Kebutuhan kualitas layanan yang baik menjadi tolak ukur, tingkat kepuasanpelanggan. Jarak Base Station (BS) dengan Subscriber Station (SS) merupakan salah satu faktor yangberpengaruh terhadap kinerja WIMAX, karena jarak antar keduanya akan menyebabkan parameter Free SpaceLoss (L FS ) semakin besar, hal ini mengakibatkan kinerja WiMAX akan semakin turun.

DEVELOPMENT OF VALUATION METHOD OF THE STATUS OF BASE STATIONS FOR DETERMINING THE NEED OF THEIR UPGRADING

2017 ◽  
pp. 60-70
Author(s):  
Natalya Ivanovna Shaposhnikova ◽  
Alexander Aleksandrovich Sorokin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Cellular Network ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Valuation Method ◽  
The Status ◽  
Telecommunications Services ◽  
Theory Of Fuzzy Sets

The article consideres the problems of determining the need to modernize the base stations of the cellular network based on the mathematical apparatus of the theory of fuzzy sets. To improve the quality of telecommunications services the operators should send significant funding for upgrading the equipment of base stations. Modernization can improve and extend the functions of base stations to provide cellular communication, increase the reliability of the base station in operation and the functionality of its individual elements, and reduce the cost of maintenance and repair when working on a cellular network. The complexity in collecting information about the equipment condition is determined by a large number of factors that affect its operation, as well as the imperfection of obtaining and processing the information received. For a comprehensive assessment of the need for modernization, it is necessary to take into account a number of indicators. In the structure of indicators of the need for modernization, there were introduced the parameters reflecting both the degree of aging and obsolescence(the technical gap and the backlog in connection with the emergence of new technologies and standards). In the process of a problem solving, the basic stages of decision-making on modernization have been allocated. Decision-making on the need for modernization is based not only on measuring information that takes into account the decision-makers, but also on linguistic and verbal information. Therefore, to determine the need for upgrading the base stations, the theory of fuzzy sets is used, with the help of which experts can be attracted to this issue. They will be able to formulate additional fuzzy judgments that help to take into account not only measuring characteristics, but also poorly formalized fuzzy information. To do this, the main indicators of the modernization need have been defined, and fuzzy estimates of the need for modernization for all indicators and a set of indicators reflecting the need for upgrading the base stations have been formulated.

Mobile network synthesis strategy

2019 ◽  
pp. 98-101
Author(s):  
V. Lyandres
Keyword(s):  
Average Distance ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Service Area ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Frequency Assignment ◽  
Network Synthesis ◽  
Universal Method ◽  
Synthesis Strategy ◽  
Adaptive Vector Quantization

Introduction:Effective synthesis of а mobile communication network includes joint optimisation of two processes: placement of base stations and frequency assignment. In real environments, the well-known cellular concept fails due to some reasons, such as not homogeneous traffic and non-isotropic wave propagation in the service area.Purpose:Looking for the universal method of finding a network structure close to the optimal.Results:The proposed approach is based on the idea of adaptive vector quantization of the network service area. As a result, it is reduced to a 2D discrete map split into zones with approximately equal number of service requests. In each zone, the algorithm finds such coordinates of its base station that provide the shortest average distance to all subscribers. This method takes into account the shortage of the a priory information about the current traffic, ensures maximum coverage of the service area, and what is not less important, significantly simplifies the process of frequency assignment.

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