scholarly journals Is there a need for intrinsic values in conservation biology?

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 498
Author(s):  
Dominic Hyde
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Conservation Biology ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Underlying Theory ◽  
Intrinsic Values ◽  
Theory Of Value ◽  
Deep Green

Conservation biology has amongst its aims the conservation of the biologically valuable. As a consequence, some underlying theory of value is invoked. Clear challenges to orthodox value theory have been on the table for some time now, with some arguing for recognition of intrinsic values in nature, and some conservation biologists subsequently drawing on such a view. However, this development of value theory has recently been criticised for lacking sufficient clarity and failing to serve the needs of decision-making in conservation biology. These criticisms serve to highlight confusion and difficulties in the development of a coherent and efficacious theory of intrinsic value for application in decision-making. They do not, however, count as sufficient grounds for the rejection of such a theory. Sylvan appears to offer a theory that avoids the criticisms made. The debate here is instructive in clearing away some of the misguided claims frequently encountered in this area and in seeing the value in Sylvan’s “deep green theory”.

scholarly journals Critique of methodological aspects of the study of value and price in the light of the actualization of Marxist theory

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-50
Author(s):  
Mykola Horlachuk
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Marxist Theory ◽  
Price Theory ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Theoretical Substantiation ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Theory Of Value ◽  
Critical Consideration

Purpose. The aim of the article is systematization of methodological methods and theoretical substantiation of the essence of value and price on the basis of critical consideration of scientific research of the Marxist theory of labour value. Methodology of research. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is scientific positions that are reflected in the works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists. In particular, the abstract and logical method is used in solving the tasks set in the work in order to classify the methodological tools of value forms, to diagnose the current state of scientific research on the theory of value and price; inductions and deductions – to identify relationships in the process of typology of different categories; epistemological and dialectical methods – to identify the most common problems of scientific evaluation of labour theory of value. Findings. An analysis of the existing methodological approaches is to the study of the fundamental provisions of the labour theory of value, as well as the categories of “cost” and “price”. Based on this, typical errors are identified and analysed, as well as the difficulties of interpreting value as a category of Marxist economic theory. The factors that led to the emergence of price theory based on the negation of value are studied. The main features of value empiricism are considered, the methodological methods that lead to the emergence of irrational constructions of value and price are highlighted. Originality. The evaluation of pricing theories depending on the recognition of value or price as a key category of the theoretical model was made. Based on the analysis of scientific research, the basic concepts and methodological approaches to explaining value are systematized, as well as the reasons for naturalistic, quantitative, idealistic and other aspects of understanding value or complete neglect of it. The scientific insignificance of using the category “intrinsic value” as a methodological tool for interpreting the Marxist theory of value is proved. Practical value. The essence of value and price is scientifically substantiated on the basis of critical consideration of the corresponding concepts offered by domestic and foreign scientists. Solving the fundamental problems of value and price will contribute to the development of an effective pricing policy for the practical purposes of economic development. Key words: methodology, Marxist theory, capital, cost, value, price, pricing, labour value theory, price theory, value creation, nooeconomics.

Kant against the Animals, Part 2

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. Korsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Intrinsic Values ◽  
Limits Of Knowledge

Opponents of Kant suppose he thinks that autonomy gives rational beings a special kind of intrinsic value. Since knowledge of intrinsic values would have to be a kind of metaphysical knowledge, this interpretation is contrary to Kant’s strictures on the limits of knowledge. Rather, Kant thinks that only rational beings can engage in reciprocal lawmaking, which is the source of moral laws. Animals cannot obligate us in the sense of participating in making laws for us. This, however, ignores a second sense in which we can have duties to animals: the laws we make for the treatment of people might also cover the treatment of animals. The chapter ends by explaining why it is hard to get this kind of conclusion using the universalization test.

British Economists and Philosophers on Marx's Value Theory, 1920–1925

2004 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Steedman
Keyword(s):  
Academic Writing ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
Great War ◽  
Bolshevik Revolution ◽  
Theory Of Value ◽  
Economic Journal ◽  
The Great War

In the aftermath of the Great War and the Bolshevik revolution, the years 1920–1925 witnessed a great upsurge of academic writing in Britain on Karl Marx's theory of value. We shall not seek to explain this phenomenon but it may nevertheless be of interest first to sketch, as a contrasting background, the limited interest shown in this topic in the pages of the Economic Journal, 1891–1920. For that journal did indeed, in that period, devote considerable space to matters socialist—taken in a broad sense (see Steedman 1990).

Barriers, Expectancy-Value Beliefs, and Physical Activity Engagement Among Adults With Visual Impairments

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
T.N. Kirk ◽  
Justin A. Haegele ◽  
Xihe Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Visual Impairments ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Expectancy Value ◽  
Activity Engagement ◽  
Correlational Approach ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Barriers To Physical Activity

The purpose of this inquiry was to examine the relationship between barriers to physical activity, expectancy-value variables, and physical activity engagement among adults with visual impairments. Using a descriptive correlational approach, a sample of 214 adults with visual impairments (Mage = 43.14, SD = 13.67) completed questionnaires pertaining to barriers to physical activity, expectancy-value beliefs about physical activity, and physical activity engagement. Data were analyzed via correlation and hierarchical regression. The final regression model explained 20.30% of variance in physical activity (p < .001). Intrinsic value (β = 0.26, p = .01) and expectancy beliefs (β = 0.33, p < .001) each emerged as significant predictors of physical activity engagement, which suggests that expectancy-value theory may have some utility for investigating the physical activity engagement of individuals with visual impairments. However, the lack of significant contribution of other variables such as attainment and utility values, as well as barriers factors, underscores the need for additional research in this area.

scholarly journals Early year undergraduate researchers’ reflections on the values and perceived costs of their research experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaye D. Ceyhan ◽  
John W. Tillotson
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Motivation ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Undergraduate Research ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
Expectancy Value ◽  
Research Experiences ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Future Work

Abstract Background Prior research reported that motivational beliefs that individuals attach to specific tasks predict continuing interest and persistence in the task. A motivational approach may be particularly useful for understanding undergraduate students’ engagement with research in their first and second years in college. The current study utilizes the expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation to qualitatively explore how much and in what ways early year undergraduate researchers value their research experience and what kinds of costs they associate with it. Results The results revealed that intrinsic value had the highest expression in participants’ motivation to engage in research. The second most expressed value type was the utility value of undergraduate research with regards to obtaining the desired outcomes, and attainment value played the least important role in participants’ motivation to engage in research. Findings also indicated that some of the participants associated a cost(s) to their research experience. The highest mentioned perceived cost was opportunity cost, where participants commented on losing other valued alternatives when engaging in research. Participants commented on the time, effort, or amount of work needed to engage in research, and a few participants commented on the emotional cost associated with their research experience in terms of the fear of failure. Conclusion As perceived cost is the least studied in the expectancy-value framework, this study contributes to cost values within college students, particularly about early year undergraduate researchers. The findings of this study can form the basis for future work on exploring ways to increase the values and decrease the costs students experience in their undergraduate research experiences.

Choice: its increase and its value

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Dowding
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Market Process ◽  
Made In

Much has been made in recent years of increasing the choice of the citizen-consumer.This article argues that the concept of ‘increasing choice’ is far more problematic than at first appears and has little intrinsic value in itself.Choice is only to be valued in itself in the sense that the process of choices or decision-making plays a part in our own preferences.To justify the introduction of the market process on the grounds of increasing choices is doubly wrong; first, increasing choices is not in itself valuable and, secondly, what is valuable about tha market has little to do with choice.

A Naturalistic Intrinsic Value Theodicy

2019 ◽  
pp. 236-258
Author(s):  
Scott A. Davison
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Human Freedom ◽  
Human Survival ◽  
Divine Intervention ◽  
Intrinsic Values ◽  
The World ◽  
The Universe

The theodicy explored in Chapter 13 is naturalistic in the sense that it does not appeal to the existence of good things or events or processes that cannot be studied using the natural sciences. More specifically, unlike most of the theodicies that are typically discussed in the literature, this one does not involve any claims about human survival of death, the existence of a soul, libertarian human freedom, or divine intervention, miraculous or otherwise. The theodicy explored here involves the following claims: Everything that exists is intrinsically valuable to some degree; the universe as a whole is a thing of immense intrinsic value; the immense intrinsic value of the universe as a whole provides God with a justifying reason for creating it; the evil in the world is offset by the intrinsic values of the creatures affected together with the intrinsic value of the world that comes from its regularity.

Procedural Justice and Narrow Instrumentalism

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-67
Author(s):  
Gabrielle Watson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Procedural Justice ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Proper Place ◽  
Intrinsic Values

One persistent aspect of accounts of procedural justice relates to the role and value of ‘respect’ in citizens’ encounters with the police. In privileging procedures over outcomes, procedural justice—as standardly conceived—provides an optimistic view of the capacity of the police to bridge differences, interests, and values through respectful practices and decision-making. This chapter reflects on that familiar narrative and proposes that respectful relations have become—however unintentionally—a subsidiary concern of policing scholars and practitioners alike. Crime control outcomes increasingly occupy a central place on the intellectual agenda and, in practice, there is evidence of procedural justice being pursued on largely pragmatic ‘law and order’ grounds. When these instrumental concerns are not held in their proper place, we risk the erosion not only of respect but also of a range of other intrinsic values—transparency, neutrality, fairness, recognition, voice—that, taken together, comprise the very idea of procedural justice itself.

Psychiatric Disturbance and Decisionmaking

1986 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark H. B. Radford ◽  
Leon Mann ◽  
Ross S. Kalucy
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Test Session ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Conflict Theory ◽  
Psychiatric Disturbance ◽  
Expectancy Value ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Decision Avoidance ◽  
Coping Patterns

The relationship between psychiatric disorder (as measured by severity of psychoneurotic status and depression) and decisionmaking behaviour was examined in a sample of 39 hospitalised patients. Measures based on the conflict theory of decision-making of Janis and Mann (1977) and the expectancy-value theory of decisionmaking of Edwards (1961) were administered. Patients who scored highest on measures of psychoneurotic disorder—the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory—were least confident about their decision-making. They also reported a high use of maladaptive decision-making coping patterns, in particular decision avoidance. Slightly over one-half of the patients demonstrated an ability to make rational decisions, while the remainder made either irrational decisions or avoided making any decision at all. Observation in the test session revealed that patients were strikingly slow in answering the questionnaires and often attempted to make no response. The importance of this area of research for patient assessment and treatment is discussed.

Uncovering a Tension

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 159-169
Author(s):  
Luke Maring ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Democratic Values ◽  
Nation States

It is common to assume (a) that democracy is intrinsically valuable, and (b) that nation-states have the authority to exclude would-be immigrants from their territory. Are (a) and (b) in tension? This paper argues that they are. Every account of democracy’s intrinsic value suggests that nation-states lack the authority to exclude would-be immigrants. In fact, reflection on democratic values suggests an even more heterodox conclusion: nation-states should not be the privileged sites of decision-making that we often take them to be.

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