scholarly journals Employment Relationships in Dairy Farming - Psychological Contracts Reconsidered

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupert Tipples ◽  
Nona Verwood
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Dairy Farming ◽  
Psychological Contracts ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Employment Relationships ◽  
Widespread Adoption ◽  
The Common

The essence of psychological contracting (in the contest of employment) is meeting mutual expectations. The common denominator between legal contracting and psychological contracting is that both are designed to express expectations of the self and of the other. Legal expectations lead to outcomes that are observable, measureable and usually quantifiable. Psychological expectations are usually invisible but nonetheless very real.This paper expresses the need for greater attentions to psychological contracting in a dairy sector going through substantial structural changes involving the replacement of self-employed farmers by hired managers and contract milkers and the widespread adoption of once-a-day milking.

The Problem of the Typology of Rationality in Muslim Culture

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 88-99
Author(s):  
Andrey A. Lukashev
Keyword(s):  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Islamic Culture ◽  
The Common ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The One ◽  
Muslim Culture

The typology of rationality is one of major issues of modern philosophy. In an attempt to provide a typology to Oriental materials, a researcher faces additional problems. The diversity of the Orient as such poses a major challenge. When we say “Oriental,” we mean several cultures for which we cannot find a common denominator. The concept of “Orient” involves Arabic, Indian, Chinese, Turkish and other cultures, and the only thing they share is that they are “non-Western.” Moreover, even if we focus just on Islamic culture and look into rationality in this context, we have to deal with a conglomerate of various trends, which does not let us define, with full confidence, a common theoretical basis and treat them as a unity. Nevertheless, we have to go on trying to find common directions in thought development, so as to draw conclusions about types of rationality possible in Islamic culture. A basis for such a typology of rationality in the context of the Islamic world was recently suggested in A.V. Smirnov’s logic of sense theory. However, actual empiric material cannot always fit theoretical models, and the cases that do not fit the common scheme are interesting per se. On the one hand, examination of such cases gives an opportunity to specify certain provisions of the theory and, on the other hand, to define the limits of its applicability.

scholarly journals Concluding lecture

1959 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 398-401
Author(s):  
H. C. Van De Hulst
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Galactic Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
The Common

This session contained all the papers that did not fit very well in the other sessions, i.e., those papers dealing neither with the solar system nor directly with problems of galactic structure nor with the faint sources and their statistics. This negative criterion has led to a variety of contributions, the common denominator of which is that we try to find out as much as we can about everything. I shall try to summarize the main points and add my own comments.

scholarly journals Uncertain causation: two hunters dilemma

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-61
Author(s):  
Богдан Петрович Карнаух
Keyword(s):  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Tort Law ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vicious Circle ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Common ◽  
Causal Nexus

According to the general principles of tort law, in order to succeed a plaintiff must prove causal nexus between the damage he or she sustained and the actions of a particular defendant. However, in some factual situations this task appears to be impossible, and the question arises whether the plaintiff should be left uncompensated or rather the general rule on proof of causation has to be relaxed. In a groundbreaking case Summers v. Tice (the facts of which are also known as ‘two hunters dilemma’), the Supreme Court of California favored the latter option. The Court shifted the burden of proof and decided that under these exceptional circumstances it is for each of the defendants to absolve himself from liability by providing evidence that he could not had caused the damage. The conclusion of the Court does not cause any doubts. However scholars dispute over the exact explanation of that conclusion, because it is the explanation that is crucial for future similar cases.The circumstances of the Summers case are thoroughly analyzed by many writers. Some suggest that even the number of defendants matters (supposing thus, that if there were three of them the court would not have reached the same conclusion). On the other hand, the character of their activity is underlined. The proponents of this point of view focus on the fact that the members of hunting party can coordinate their actions and it is this opportunity of coordination that justifies the burden shifting. The common denominator for numerous authors is spotlighting the fact that both hunters are at fault for causing the uncertainty, even though one of them might not be at fault for causing damage. However, in some other situation the uncertainty could have been caused without their fault. The author doubts if in the latter case the defendants should escape liability.The author offers the following explanation of the two hunters dilemma. Whenever it has been proven that defendants acted negligently subjecting the plaintiff to a certain type of risk and it has been proven that one of them did actually caused plaintiff’s damage, neither of the defendants can absolve himself from liability merely relying on the fact that the damage may have been caused by the other defendant. Otherwise the vicious circle will arise.

scholarly journals “The art of endlessly taking another view”

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (58) ◽  
pp. 431-482
Author(s):  
Mário Jorge Pereira de Almeida Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
The Self ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
The Third ◽  
Real Science ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Unifying Principles

  This paper deals with Fichte’s The Characteristics of the Present Age, and in particular with his discussion of the “empty form of knowledge” he claims stands at the centre of the third – i.e. the present – age. Fichte speaks of a fundamental principle that forms the ‘common denominator’ between the third and fourth main epochs. This fundamental principle – the “maxim of comprehensibility” (Maxime der Begreiflichkeit) – makes knowledge and comprehension the measure of all that “counts as being valid and as really existing”. But the question arises: How can one and the same principle act as the “unifying concept” for two different “main epochs of human life”? Does this not go directly against Fichte’s claim that two main epochs differ from each other in every respect, precisely because they arise from two entirely different “unifying principles”, and because everything in them must reflect the difference between their “unifying principles”? Fichte’s answer to this question is as follows:  a)  the fundamental maxim in question allows for two diametrically opposed interpretations, so that each of them provides the principle or the “unifying concept” from which the third and fourth main epochs arise, and b) the third main epoch only gives rise to the empty form of science, as opposed to “truly real science”: it stands for a careless and easy-going, shallow, conventional, trivializing and incorrect conception of the “fundamental maxim of comprehensibility” –  so that it misses what is essential, does not do justice to the fundamental maxim, overlooks its implications, and indeed goes against its innermost meaning. Special attention is paid to the question of whether and how some major features of Fichte’s “empty form of knowledge” result from a misguided and superficial understanding of Kant’s “maxims of the self-preservation of reason” and can be reconstructed from this vantage point.           

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Child Abuse

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-147
Author(s):  
John F. Hick
Keyword(s):  
Child Abuse ◽  
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Sudden Infant Death ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Prolonged Apnea ◽  
The Common ◽  
Family Chronicle

In reporting two siblings who succumbed to "sudden infant death syndrome," Steinschneider exposes an unparalleled family chronicle of infant death.1 Of five children, four died in early infancy and the other died without explanation at age 28 months. Prolonged apnea is proposed as the common denominator in the deaths, yet the author leaves many questions relevant to the fate of these children unanswered. Apnea of greater than 15 seconds has been well documented for the two siblings studied.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Child Abuse

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 944-944
Author(s):  
J. F. Hick
Keyword(s):  
Child Abuse ◽  
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Sudden Infant Death ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Prolonged Apnea ◽  
The Common ◽  
Family Chronicle

In reporting two siblings who succumbed to "sudden infant death syndrome," Steinschneider exposes an unparalleled family chronicle of infant death.1 Of five children, four died in early infancy and the other died without explanation at age 28 months. Prolonged apnea is proposed as the common denominator in the deaths, yet the author leaves many questions relevant to the fate of these children unanswered.

Imagined Exegesis: Text and Picture in the Exegetical Works of Rupert of Deutz, Honorius Augustodunensis, and Gerhoch of Reichersberg

Traditio ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 145-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Curschmann
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Collective Knowledge ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mind's Eye ◽  
The Doors

Probably not long before the middle of the thirteenth century, Richard of Fournival, cleric, physician, and author, sent to an unnamed lady the autograph copy of his richly illustrated Bestiaire d'amours. In the prologue, Richard goes to some lengths to explain and justify the inclusion of pictures: hearing (oir) and vision (veir) are the doors through which collective knowledge is transmitted to the individual mind and memory (memoire), and word (parole) and picture (peinture) are the paths to these doors. Either one or the other route could have been chosen — in principle, they represent equivalent alternatives — but Richard is sending both words and pictures, because he wants to make doubly sure that the lady will indeed remember, that is to say, make his love the object of her own memory. The common denominator for word and picture is ‘image,’ and that is the notion on which the illustrator of one of the fourteenth-century copies of the Bestiaire based his introduction to the corresponding modes of reception: on folio 86v he depicted a reader who imagines what he reads (fig. 1); battle-ready warriors of romance stand before this seated figure in the privacy of his own room (indicated by the drapes), before his mind's eye, as it were, conjured up by the words of the text.

scholarly journals Beyond the Walls: Locating the Common Denominator in Herod’s Landscape Palaces

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-48
Author(s):  
Evie Gassner
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Structural Units ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Personal Involvement ◽  
The Third ◽  
Close Study ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The Question of King Herod's personal involvement in the Building Projects attributed to him was always one of the more dominant topics in the study of Herodian archaeology. The purpose of this short paper is to try and answer this question by researching and discussing the location of a ‘common denominator’ in the structure of Herod's “Landscape” palaces, through the study of the relationship each palace has with its surroundings. These palaces-the Promontory Palace in Caesarea, the Third Palace in Jericho, the Northern Palace in Masada and the Palace of Great Herodium-were chosen as case studies for their scale, architectural complexity and the unique connection they share with the landscape. While a close study of the interior of the palaces and their structural units show that each palace plan is unique and shares almost nothing in common with the other plans, a research of the landscape in which the palaces are located indicates that a common denominator to all four palaces can be found in the forms of the elements of water and the dramatic landscape. These two elements, combined with the uniqueness of the structures themselves, point to Herod's own involvement in the planning of the four “Landscape” palaces.

scholarly journals Strategy to Block Interference from the Source Language (cognate signifiants) in Korean-Chinese Interpretation

2006 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-262
Author(s):  
Hye-Rim Kim
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Research Strategies ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Acoustic Images ◽  
The Common ◽  
Korean Chinese ◽  
Interpretation Studies

Abstract Although Korean and Chinese are not from the same family of languages, they have the common denominator of cognate signifiant that is, both languages can be written with the same methods of expression. In this case cognate signifiant means that both Korean and Chinese can be expressed in Chinese characters. There are many similarities in the visual and acoustic images of the two languages and for this reason cognate signifiant persistently intervenes in interpretation of one to the other. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to highlight through the analysis of case studies how cognate signifiant causes interference by hindering the extraction of meaning in Korean-Chinese interpretation, and to explore ways of increasing Korean-Chinese interpretation ability based on the results of such research. In order to approach this issue, recorded examples of incorrect interpretation resulting from interference caused by cognate signifiant will be analyzed from the perspective of interpretation studies, which places importance on the conveyance of meaning for the purpose of achieving communication. Based on the results of such research, strategies to effectively block interference resulting from cognate signifiant will be established.

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