scholarly journals Mothers in the New Zealand workforce

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Flynn ◽  
Magdalen Harris
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Work Arrangements ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Employed Mothers ◽  
Household Labour ◽  
Force Characteristics ◽  
Over Time

Motherhood is a significant factor in how women participate in paid work. Women are likely to restructure their work arrangements or withdraw from the labour market while caring for dependent children (OECD, 2011). However, women’s participation in the labour force has increased over time, in part due to more mothers remaining in and re-entering the labour market. The purpose of this paper is to look at the demographic and labour force characteristics of women in the prime parenting age group (those aged 25–49 years), in relation to their parent and partner statuses. Data from the Household Labour Force Survey and the Survey of Working Life are used to create a picture of these different groups of women over time, to identify the factors affecting a mother’s ability to participate in the labour market, and to understand how work arrangements and conditions for employed mothers differ from employed non-mothers’.

scholarly journals Time Series Analysis of Disparity between Maori and non-Maori Labour Market Outcomes in the Household Labour Force Survey

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Chapple ◽  
David Rea
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Ethnic Classification ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes ◽  
Household Labour ◽  
Over Time

Disparity in labour market outcomes between Maori and non-Maori is examined using Household Labour Force Survey (HLFS) data. The paper explores the nature of the ethnicity question and ethnic classification in the HLFS. It shows that there are substantial differences in labour market outcomes between those Maori who report only Maori ethnicity and those who report Maori and another ethnicity ("mixed" Maori). The paper then considers various methods of measuring disparity and uses these to examine the time series behaviour of disparity between 1985 and 1998. It concludes that disparity between Maori and non-Maori is greater today than in 1985. However, all this deterioration occurred between 1985 and 1992. Since 1992 disparity has been in decline. The bulk of time series variation in disparity between Maori and non-Maori has been driven by changes in outcomes for the sole Maori group. Mixed Maori, about a quarter share of the Maori ethnic group, has outcomes which closely track those of the non-Maori population over time.

scholarly journals Self-Employment and Labour Market Transitions in New Zealand

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinyi Shao ◽  
Mallika Kelkar
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
The Past ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Labour Market Transitions ◽  
Household Labour ◽  
Market Transitions

Self-employment in New Zealand has been trending up in the past two years, following subdued growth between 2000 and 2010. Self-employed people made up 11.3% of total employed in the year to March 2012 (251,800 workers), compared with 10.1% in the year to March 2010. Self-employment is defined in this paper as those people operating their own business without employees. The paper explores time series trends in self-employment, in particular across three post-recession periods. Characteristics of self-employed workers are also identified. This paper also investigates movements in and out of self-employment in order to understand the recent growth in this type of employment. The analysis uses longitudinal Household Labour Force Survey (HLFS) data. The HLFS provides official measures of a range of labour market indicators, including the number of people employed, unemployed and not in the labour force.

scholarly journals Discrimination in the Pakistan Labour Market: Myth and Reality

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (4II) ◽  
pp. 965-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmeen Mohiuddin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Women's Role

A general concern with equity in the economic development process and the focus on issues of poverty, population growth, and environmental degradation in recent years have both created an upsurge in the interest in women's role in economic development. The women in development (WID ) issue is closely related to the issue of sex discrimination. In economic terms, discrimination occurs whenever market allocations are affected not by the criterion of productivity, but by non-pecuniary or extraneous factors such as sex. Operationally, the most common forms of discrimination in the labour market are wage discrimination, whereby women are paid lower wages relative to men in all industries and occupations for work that is recognisably equal,l and occupational or job discrimination, whereby women are segregated into certain 'female' occupations which are generally low-paying. Both these types of discrimination are fairly common and extensive in Europe and North America, especially in the U. S. In Pakistan, as in some other Third World countries, there is another aspect of discrimination which is even more fundamental than the other two. This refers to the divergence between myth and reality about women's participation in the labour force, which is the most visible indicator of their contribution to economic activity, and hence to development. The reality is that women's labour force participation is high, measured either in terms of the percentage of adult women who work, or the proportion of the labour force that is female, or the hours of work. The myth within Pakistan (especially among the middle class, urbanites, government officials including planners and administrators, and even academicians) as well as outside is that women do not work.

Labour Force Participation and Nature of Employment Among Women in Selangor, Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-139
Author(s):  
Rulia Akhtar ◽  
Muhammad Mehedi Masud ◽  
Md Sohel Rana
Keyword(s):  
Family Background ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Financial Condition ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Developed Nations

There is an honest nexus between women’s participation in the workforce and national economic growth. However, the participation of women in the workforce in developing countries is still lagging behind compared to developed nations. Hence, the fundamental question that arises here is what are the key determinants to influence women to participate in the workforce with a special reference to Malaysia? To answer this research question, this study aims to identify the influencing determinants that motivate women to participate in the labour market in Malaysia. Based on data that have been collected from primary and secondary sources, logit model is used to analyse the factors affecting female labour force participation. The findings reveal that education, household income, financial condition of the households, family size and family background play a substantial role for female participation in the workforce. It implies that educated women and those who belong to joint families are more willing to participate in the workforce due to financial obligation. Based on the positive findings of this study, policymakers can take substantive steps to accelerate women’s participation in the workforce in Malaysia.

‘Toil in the factory, toil in the home’

Bread Winner ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 160-190
Author(s):  
Emma Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Women’S Experiences ◽  
Women's Experiences ◽  
Family Model ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Male Breadwinner ◽  
Wide Range

This chapter takes a look at the kind of options which were available to married women without a reliable breadwinner for support, and how they were able to navigate their way through these options. It emphasises the remarkably stable nature of the married women's participation in the workplace. A wide range of economic measures have indicated that the economy underwent unprecedented growth and restructuring after 1830, yet none of these changes appear to have made much of an impact on the likelihood of married women participating in the labour market. Equally, the nineteenth century witnessed the emergence of the breadwinning family model — the ideological justification for higher male wages, a wage sufficient to support the male breadwinner and his dependent wife and children at home. Yet this too had very little impact on women's experiences, failing to raise male wages to a level at which paid work for married women became unnecessary in most families. Indeed, as the autobiographies in this chapter show, it becomes evident that married women's working patterns do not fit into our usual ways of conceiving work at all.

scholarly journals When two (or more) do not equal one: an analysis of the changing nature of multiple and single jobholding in Europe

2021 ◽  
pp. 102425892110026
Author(s):  
Wieteke Conen ◽  
Paul de Beer
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Empirical Knowledge ◽  
Economic Vulnerability ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Eu

The scope and structure of multiple jobholding and its consequences for multiple jobholders are changing in many Western economies. Only limited quantitative empirical knowledge is currently available on the changing features of multiple jobholding and whether the economic vulnerability of multiple jobholders has been changing over time. In this article we focus on the position and trends of multiple jobholders compared with single jobholders in Europe. We study this in terms of working hours, workers’ desire to work more hours, and in-work poverty. To that end, we analyse data since the early 2000s from the EU Labour Force Survey and from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions. Our findings show that multiple jobholding is a significant and increasing labour market phenomenon in many advanced economies, with changing characteristics, for example in terms of gender distribution and combinations of contracts. In-work poverty is relatively high among non-standard workers, but the findings do not indicate a deteriorating trend effect. In-work poverty seems to be on the rise among people who are single, for both single jobholders and multiple jobholders.

scholarly journals Work Arrangements in New Zealand: First Results from the Survey of Working Life

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Barnes ◽  
Sharon Boyd ◽  
Sophie Flynn
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Employment Relationships ◽  
Work Arrangements ◽  
Employment Conditions ◽  
First Results ◽  
Permanent Employees ◽  
Household Labour ◽  
Conditions Of Employment

Work arrangements in New Zealand have changed substantially in the last 30 years, leading to increased diversity in contracting arrangements, hours and times worked, and terms and conditions of employment. This paper describes the current work arrangements, employment conditions and job satisfaction levels of employed people in New Zealander from data collected in the Survey of Working Life. The survey was run as a supplement to the Household Labour Force Survey in the March 2008 quarter, to answer questions such as: 'How prevalent is casual work in New Zealand?', 'How many employed people work non-standard hours?’ and 'Who is most likely to experience stress or discrimination at work?’ The focus o f the data analysis is to identify workers with different types of employment relationships (for example, temporary versus permanent employees), and describe the demographic and job characteristics associated with these different employment relationships. Working-time patterns and conditions of employment are the other key topics examined in this paper. It is intended that this supplement be repeated every three years to monitor changes in employment conditions, work arrangements and job quality in New Zealand.

scholarly journals Social class and the risk of unemployment: Trends, gender differences and the contribution of education

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannu Lahtinen ◽  
Outi Sirniö ◽  
Pekka Martikainen
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Turn Of The Millennium ◽  
Employment Relations ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
Market Risks ◽  
Over Time

Previous research has shown that an advantaged social class position protects individuals from unemployment, but less is known about how this relationship has developed after the turn of the millennium, how it varies by gender and to what extent education contributes to the association between these factors. We assess these questions using register-based data on the Finnish labour force over a 28-year period between 1988 and 2015. The overall risk of unemployment was 2.7–3.7-fold among manual classes compared to upper non-manual classes, and 1.4–1.7-fold among lower compared to upper non-manual classes. Controlling for education attenuated the differences between social classes by about two-thirds. Social class disparities were somewhat more distinct among men than among women, but gender differences narrowed over time. Overall, temporal changes were small, especially among men, except for a curvilinear pattern observed for the relative unemployment risk of the lower non-manual class. To conclude, despite a comparatively egalitarian context and drastic changes in economic conditions and labour market structures over time, social stratification in unemployment has been substantial and considerably persistent. This is in line with the conceptualization of social class underpinning differing employment relations and, therefore, inherently creating variation in labour market risks.

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