scholarly journals Seasonality of Food Use and Caching in New Zealand Robins (Petroica Australis)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jamie Ernest Sherred Steer
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Competitive Response ◽  
Food Caching ◽  
Food Scarcity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Environmental Instability

<p>Foraging behaviour in birds is strongly determined by temporal factors such as season and time of day. Most birds show a limited number of food use methods such as consuming, feeding to conspecifics, or discarding. A relatively small number of birds also cache food for later use. The expression of caching in birds has been attributed to numerous factors. However, noting the environmental instability experienced by most caching species, researchers tend to cite survival of future food scarcity as the predominant advantage. Recording the food use behaviour of wild birds is typically difficult and time consuming, and many studies of north-temperate food-caching birds are limited by long caching distances, protracted caching durations, and a lack of year-round data. Additionally, food-caching in Australasian passerines has received limited quantification. The naïveté of the New Zealand robin (Petroica australis) makes it ideal for behavioural observations in the wild. Robins express a wide range of food use behaviours within close proximity of observers, and cached food is retrieved within a few days. Food use can be observed year-round in a temperate environment that is relatively stable. Thus, food use decisions in robins can be assessed in a wider context. In this study, behavioural data were collected from robins inhabiting the Karori Wildlife Sanctuary in Wellington. Robin behaviour was quantified by presenting monogamous, paired birds an ephemeral food resource and observing their responses. Seasonal variation in food use differed with sex and season. Birds mediated their food use in response to the presence of conspecifics. Males dominated food use year-round. During the breeding season, males cached little, mostly feeding familial conspecifics. However, non-breeding males selfishly cached food. Conversely, female caching propensity was mediated by courtship feeding during the breeding season, and the threat of male pilferage outside of it. Birds did not appear to anticipate future food scarcity. Instead, food was cached in the season in which retrieval would be least necessary. In robins, food is opportunistically cached, mainly as a competitive response to excess food.</p>

scholarly journals Seasonality of Food Use and Caching in New Zealand Robins (Petroica Australis)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jamie Ernest Sherred Steer
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Competitive Response ◽  
Food Caching ◽  
Food Scarcity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Environmental Instability

<p>Foraging behaviour in birds is strongly determined by temporal factors such as season and time of day. Most birds show a limited number of food use methods such as consuming, feeding to conspecifics, or discarding. A relatively small number of birds also cache food for later use. The expression of caching in birds has been attributed to numerous factors. However, noting the environmental instability experienced by most caching species, researchers tend to cite survival of future food scarcity as the predominant advantage. Recording the food use behaviour of wild birds is typically difficult and time consuming, and many studies of north-temperate food-caching birds are limited by long caching distances, protracted caching durations, and a lack of year-round data. Additionally, food-caching in Australasian passerines has received limited quantification. The naïveté of the New Zealand robin (Petroica australis) makes it ideal for behavioural observations in the wild. Robins express a wide range of food use behaviours within close proximity of observers, and cached food is retrieved within a few days. Food use can be observed year-round in a temperate environment that is relatively stable. Thus, food use decisions in robins can be assessed in a wider context. In this study, behavioural data were collected from robins inhabiting the Karori Wildlife Sanctuary in Wellington. Robin behaviour was quantified by presenting monogamous, paired birds an ephemeral food resource and observing their responses. Seasonal variation in food use differed with sex and season. Birds mediated their food use in response to the presence of conspecifics. Males dominated food use year-round. During the breeding season, males cached little, mostly feeding familial conspecifics. However, non-breeding males selfishly cached food. Conversely, female caching propensity was mediated by courtship feeding during the breeding season, and the threat of male pilferage outside of it. Birds did not appear to anticipate future food scarcity. Instead, food was cached in the season in which retrieval would be least necessary. In robins, food is opportunistically cached, mainly as a competitive response to excess food.</p>

scholarly journals Spatial dynamics of a nearshore, micronekton sound-scattering layer

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 899-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly J Benoit-Bird ◽  
Whitlow W.L Au
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Hawaiian Islands ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Acoustic Scattering ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Animal Density ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractIn the Hawaiian Islands, there is a distinct resident community of micronekton, distributed along a narrow band where the upper underwater slopes of the islands meet the oceanic, mesopelagic environment. This mesopelagic boundary community serves as an important food resource to many animals. The goal of this work was to examine spatial heterogeneity of the Hawaiian mesopelagic boundary biomass at a range of scales, in the context of its diel vertical and horizontal migrations. A modified echosounder was used to sample the coasts of three Hawaiian Islands, permitting a range of scales from several meters to several kilometers to be assessed rapidly. The Hawaiian mesopelagic boundary community fits the hierarchical model of patch structure with patches within patches that are part of a larger-scale matrix of patches. Large differences in the overall distribution patterns of the mesopelagic boundary community exist along with a wide range of overall mesopelagic-animal densities. High animal-density locations have boundary-community layers with a large (kilometers) horizontal extent, and low animal-density locations have small (tens of meters), discrete patches. Higher animal-density locations are also more complex than low-density sites, with more levels of patchiness within the same range of spatial scales. Both time of day and distance from shore significantly affected the geometric and density characteristics as well as the distribution of aggregations within the boundary layer. Horizontal and vertical structures of the mesopelagic boundary community are also coupled. In high-density sites, there is strong vertical layering in acoustic-scattering strength while in low-density sites vertical acoustic structure is absent. The differences observed in the distribution of the mesopelagic boundary community at different levels of overall mesopelagic-animal density suggest biological forcing as the dominant mechanism. A description of heterogeneity in the mesopelagic boundary community in Hawaii is the first step in understanding its importance to both neritic and oceanic ecosystems and its potential for linking these two systems.

Natural enemies of bridal creeper Asparagus asparagoides in New Zealand

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 362-367
Author(s):  
H.M. Harman ◽  
N.W. Waipara ◽  
C.J. Winks ◽  
L.A. Smith ◽  
P.G. Peterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Invertebrate Fauna ◽  
Classical Biocontrol ◽  
Wide Range

Bridal creeper is a weed of natural and productive areas in the northern North Island of New Zealand A classical biocontrol programme was initiated in 20052007 with a survey of invertebrate fauna and pathogens associated with the weed in New Zealand Although bridal creeper was attacked by a wide range of generalist invertebrates their overall damage affected

Backpacking with the Saints

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belden C. Lane
Keyword(s):  
American Southwest ◽  
Spiritual Practice ◽  
Spiritual Journey ◽  
Human Response ◽  
John Muir ◽  
Hildegard Of Bingen ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Thich Nhat Hanh ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
John Of The Cross

Carrying only basic camping equipment and a collection of the world's great spiritual writings, Belden C. Lane embarks on solitary spiritual treks through the Ozarks and across the American Southwest. For companions, he has only such teachers as Rumi, John of the Cross, Hildegard of Bingen, Dag Hammarskjöld, and Thomas Merton, and as he walks, he engages their writings with the natural wonders he encounters--Bell Mountain Wilderness with Søren Kierkegaard, Moonshine Hollow with Thich Nhat Hanh--demonstrating how being alone in the wild opens a rare view onto one's interior landscape, and how the saints' writings reveal the divine in nature. The discipline of backpacking, Lane shows, is a metaphor for a spiritual journey. Just as the wilderness offered revelations to the early Desert Christians, backpacking hones crucial spiritual skills: paying attention, traveling light, practicing silence, and exercising wonder. Lane engages the practice not only with a wide range of spiritual writings--Celtic, Catholic, Protestant, Buddhist, Hindu, and Sufi Muslim--but with the fascination of other lovers of the backcountry, from John Muir and Ed Abbey to Bill Plotkin and Cheryl Strayed. In this intimate and down-to-earth narrative, backpacking is shown to be a spiritual practice that allows the discovery of God amidst the beauty and unexpected terrors of nature. Adoration, Lane suggests, is the most appropriate human response to what we cannot explain, but have nonetheless learned to love. An enchanting narrative for Christians of all denominations, Backpacking with the Saints is an inspiring exploration of how solitude, simplicity, and mindfulness are illuminated and encouraged by the discipline of backcountry wandering, and of how the wilderness itself becomes a way of knowing-an ecology of the soul.

scholarly journals A multi-site, year-round turbulence microstructure atlas for the deep perialpine Lake Garda

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastiano Piccolroaz ◽  
Bieito Fernández-Castro ◽  
Marco Toffolon ◽  
Henk A. Dijkstra
Keyword(s):  
Turbulent Mixing ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Lake Garda ◽  
Standardized Protocol ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Buoyancy Driven Convection ◽  
Monitoring Activity ◽  
Additional Monitoring

AbstractA multi-site, year-round dataset comprising a total of 606 high-resolution turbulence microstructure profiles of shear and temperature gradient in the upper 100 m depth is made available for Lake Garda (Italy). Concurrent meteorological data were measured from the fieldwork boat at the location of the turbulence measurements. During the fieldwork campaign (March 2017-June 2018), four different sites were sampled on a monthly basis, following a standardized protocol in terms of time-of-day and locations of the measurements. Additional monitoring activity included a 24-h campaign and sampling at other sites. Turbulence quantities were estimated, quality-checked, and merged with water quality and meteorological data to produce a unique turbulence atlas for a lake. The dataset is open to a wide range of possible applications, including research on the variability of turbulent mixing across seasons and sites (demersal vs pelagic zones) and driven by different factors (lake-valley breezes vs buoyancy-driven convection), validation of hydrodynamic lake models, as well as technical studies on the use of shear and temperature microstructure sensors.

The Australia and New Zealand v Japan Southern Bluefin Tuna (Jurisdiction and Admissibility) Award of the First Law of the Sea Convention Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Kwiatkowska
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Bluefin Tuna ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Arbitral Tribunal ◽  
Compulsory Arbitration ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Future ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
Southern Bluefin Tuna

AbstractThe Southern Bluefin Tuna (Jurisdiction and Admissihilily) Award of 4 August 2000 marked the first instance of the application of compulsory arbitration under Part XV, Section 2 of the 1982 UN Law of the Sea Convention and of the exercise by the Annex VII Tribunal of la compétence de la compétence pursuant to Article 288(4) over the merits of the instant dispute. The 72-paragraph Award is a decision of pronounced procedural complexity and significant multifaceted impacts of which appreciation requires an in-depth acquaintance with procedural issues of peaceful settlement of disputes in general and the-law-of-the-sea-related disputes in particular. Therefore, the article surveys first the establishment of and the course of proceedings before the five-member Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal, presided over by the immediate former ICJ President, Judge Stephen M. Schwebel, and also comprising Judges Keith, Yamada. Feliciano and Tresselt. Subsequently, the wide range of specific paramount questions and answers of the Tribunal are scrutinised against the background of arguments advanced by the applicants (Australia and New Zealand) and the respondent (Japan) during both written and oral pleadings, including in reliance on the extensive ICJ jurisprudence and treaty practice concerned. On this basis, the article turns to an appraisal of the impacts of the Arbitral Tribunal's paramount holdings and its resultant dismissal of jurisdiction with the scrupulous regard for the fundamental principle of consensuality. Amongst such direct impacts as between the parties to the instant case, the inducements provided by the Award to reach a successful settlement in the future are of particular importance. The Award's indirect impacts concern exposition of the paramount doctrine of parallelism between the umbrella UN Convention and many compatible (fisheries, environmental and other) treaties, as well as of multifaceted, both substantial and procedural effects of that parallelism. All those contributions will importantly guide other courts and tribunals seised in the future under the Convention's Part XV, Section 2.

Ustilago hypodytes. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. M. Mordue
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Root System ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Meristematic Tissue ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vegetative Multiplication ◽  
Established Infection

Abstract A description is provided for Ustilago hypodytes. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A wide range of grasses, including species of Agropyron (many), Ammophila, Brachypodium, Bromus, Calamagrostis, Diplachne, Distichlis, Elymus (many), Festuca, Glyceria, Hilaria, Hordeum, Haynaldia, Lygeum, Melica, Orysopsis, Panicum, Phalaris, Phleum, Poa (many), Puccinellia, Secale, Sitanion, Sporobolus, Stipa (many), and Trisetum. DISEASE: Stem smut of grasses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Chiefly a temperate species found in Europe (including Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USSR, Yugoslavia) and North America (Canada, USA) and extending to central and South America (Argentina, Peru, Uruguay), N. Africa (Libya, Morocco, Tunisia), Japan, Australia and New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Not fully understood, though inoculation experiments have demonstrated that infection occurs in mature vegetative plants (possibly through meristematic tissue), not seeds or flowers (22, 240; 24, 511). Once established, infection is systemic, probably overwintering in the root system and spreading by vegetative multiplication of host plants as well as from plant to plant (24, 511; 19, 720).

scholarly journals Tourism 2025: an industry perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Wallace ◽  
Steve Riley
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Collective Actions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Stakeholder Support ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Framework Model ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Small Industry ◽  
Global Tourism

Purpose Tourism 2025 – Growing Value Together/Whakatipu Uara Ngatahi is a framework to unite New Zealand's large and diverse tourism industry and ignite strong, aspirational economic growth. Its goal is to see the tourism industry contribute $41 billion a year to the New Zealand economy by 2025, up from $24 billion now. It provides vital context for some collective actions by big or small industry clusters and for thousands of actions individual businesses will take each year. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach A wide range of tourism industry stakeholders were consulted over an 18‐month period to ensure the project was being developed on a solid, evidence‐based foundation. There was strong stakeholder support for a framework which the private sector takes ownership of and responsibility for, but which also recognises that public sector support is vital. The project team developed a “straw‐man” growth framework model which resulted in carrying out detailed investigations and consultation to test and, where necessary, adjust that model into its final form. Findings There were four major forces shaping the global tourism market. There was one positive force for New Zealand countered by three tough challenges. The strawman growth framework comprised five separate yet inter‐connected “cycle of growth” themes. These themes are relatively consistent with global national tourism plans that were studied. Used intelligently and in harmony, with the industry fully understanding the inter‐relationships and inter‐dependencies within the “cycle of growth”, the key themes enable the tourism industry to successfully come to grips with the challenges and opportunities ahead. Originality/value Tourism 2025 is aimed at aligning the industry on a pathway towards aspirational growth.

scholarly journals REPTILES DEL BOSQUE SECO ESTACIONAL EN EL CARIBE COLOMBIANO: DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LOS HÁBITATS Y DEL RECURSO ALIMENTARIO

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-377
Author(s):  
Luis Eduardo Rojas Murcia ◽  
Juan E. Carvajal Cogollo ◽  
Javier Alejandro Cabrejo Bello
Keyword(s):  
Food Resource ◽  
Horizontal Distribution ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Climatic Period ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Caribbean

<p>Con el fin de caracterizar la distribución horizontal (repartición de los hábitats) y la utilización del recurso alimentario (tipo y tamaño de las presas) del ensamblaje de reptiles del bosque seco estacional al norte de la región Caribe de Colombia, en el departamento del Cesar, se realizaron cinco salidas de campo con una duración de doce días cada una. Los muestreos se realizaron en jornadas diurnas y nocturnas, en un diseño de transectos replicados a lo largo de diferentes hábitats que incluyeron: pastizales, bordes e interiores de bosque. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos de uso de hábitat en un perfil de vegetación por cada época climática y análisis de amplitud y sobreposición de nicho. Se registraron 38 especies de 14 familias del orden Squamata. Las especies se distribuyeron de manera homogénea entre zonas abiertas y boscosas. Se encontraron registros de 31 categorías de presa en 109 estómagos de seis especies de serpientes (61 estómagos) y siete de lagartos (48 estómagos) con un porcentaje de estómagos vacíos de 38 %. Las presas de mayor importancia para los lagartos fueron Coleoptera y Araneae, y para las serpientes fueron los anfibios. La mayoría de las especies presentaron un amplio espectro de dieta y entre especies similares, como entre Anolis auratus y A. gaigei, se presentó uso de recursos similares. En síntesis, el ensamblaje de reptiles presentó una distribución homogénea en los hábitats evaluados (áreas abiertas y boscosas) y el recurso alimentario fue variado entre las diferentes especies; la estacionalidad de la zona presenta un papel fundamental en la estructura del ensamblaje de reptiles, presentándose menos abundancia durante la época seca, tanto en las áreas abiertas como en las boscosas.</p><p><strong>Reptiles from the Seasonal Dry Forest the Caribbean Region: Distribution of Habitat and use of Food Resource</strong></p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>We assessed the horizontal distribution and use of the food resource of the reptile’s assemblage of the seasonal tropical dry forest in the North of the Caribbean region of Colombia, department of Cesar. Five fieldtrips of 12 days each were performed, sampling was diurnal and nocturnal, following a transect design replicated along different habitats including grasslands, edge and interior of forest. We performed descriptive analyzes of habitat use, using a profile of vegetation by each climatic period; we also did an analysis of amplitude and niche overlap. We recorded 38 species of 14 families of the Squamata order. Species distributed evenly between open and forested areas. Record of 31 categories of prey in 109 stomachs of six species snakes (61 stomachs) and seven of lizards (48 stomachs) with a percentage of empty stomachs of 38 % was found. The preys of greater importance for the lizards were Coleoptera and Araneae and for snakes, amphibians. Most of the species presented a wide range of diet and between similar species, such as Anolis auratus and A. gaigei, found a similar use of resources. In summary, the assembly of reptiles presented a homogeneous distribution in the habitats evaluated (forested and open areas) and the food resource varied among the different species; the seasonality of the area plays a fundamental role on the structure of this reptile assembly with less abundance during the dry season in both, open and forested habitats.</p>

scholarly journals Deciphering the evolution of microbial interactions: in silico studies of two-member microbial communities

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayathri Sambamoorthy ◽  
Karthik Raman
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Community Function ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
In Silico Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
In The Wild

Microbes thrive in communities, embedded in a complex web of interactions. These interactions, particularly metabolic interactions, play a crucial role in maintaining the community structure and function. As the organisms thrive and evolve, a variety of evolutionary processes alter the interactions among the organisms in the community, although the community function remains intact. In this work, we simulate the evolution of two-member microbial communities in silico to study how evolutionary forces can shape the interactions between organisms. We employ genomescale metabolic models of organisms from the human gut, which exhibit a range of interaction patterns, from mutualism to parasitism. We observe that the evolution of microbial interactions varies depending upon the starting interaction and also on the metabolic capabilities of the organisms in the community. We find that evolutionary constraints play a significant role in shaping the dependencies of organisms in the community. Evolution of microbial communities yields fitness benefits in only a small fraction of the communities, and is also dependent on the interaction type of the wild-type communities. The metabolites cross-fed in the wild-type communities appear in only less than 50% of the evolved communities. A wide range of new metabolites are cross-fed as the communities evolve. Further, the dynamics of microbial interactions are not specific to the interaction of the wild-type community but vary depending on the organisms present in the community. Our approach of evolving microbial communities in silico provides an exciting glimpse of the dynamics of microbial interactions and offers several avenues for future investigations.

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