scholarly journals Mixing Business with Politics? The Role and Influence of the Australia New Zealand Leadership Forum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Simon Le Quesne
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Integration Policy ◽  
Building Relationships ◽  
Strategic Relationships ◽  
High Level ◽  
Key Participants ◽  
Unofficial Diplomacy

<p>Since 2004, the Australia New Zealand Leadership Forum (ANZLF), an annual bilateral business-led Forum, has facilitated the engagement of high level state and non-state Australian and New Zealand actors in debate, unofficial dialogue, networking, information and idea exchange. Yet very little is known about the event, who participates and what the ANZLF produces. Drawing on extensive interviews with key participants and organisations, this thesis examines the Forum’s genesis, its form and modalities, and the substance of the meetings. While the literature on “track two” diplomacy and regional integration often exaggerates the importance of business and other non-official actors in the process, evidence from the ANZLF case suggests that these participants merely promote, but do not transform trans-Tasman economic integration policy. Rather, the ANZLF has served as a tool for governments to expand their capacities and to draw on alternative resources. The ANZLF is an example of unofficial diplomacy helping governments to build strategic relationships with a variety of non-governmental actors to advance specific objectives. From a New Zealand perspective, the thesis argues the Leadership Forum has been beneficial in building relationships, networks and trust as the country engages in asymmetrical integration with Australia.</p>

scholarly journals Mixing Business with Politics? The Role and Influence of the Australia New Zealand Leadership Forum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Simon Le Quesne
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Integration Policy ◽  
Building Relationships ◽  
Strategic Relationships ◽  
High Level ◽  
Key Participants ◽  
Unofficial Diplomacy

<p>Since 2004, the Australia New Zealand Leadership Forum (ANZLF), an annual bilateral business-led Forum, has facilitated the engagement of high level state and non-state Australian and New Zealand actors in debate, unofficial dialogue, networking, information and idea exchange. Yet very little is known about the event, who participates and what the ANZLF produces. Drawing on extensive interviews with key participants and organisations, this thesis examines the Forum’s genesis, its form and modalities, and the substance of the meetings. While the literature on “track two” diplomacy and regional integration often exaggerates the importance of business and other non-official actors in the process, evidence from the ANZLF case suggests that these participants merely promote, but do not transform trans-Tasman economic integration policy. Rather, the ANZLF has served as a tool for governments to expand their capacities and to draw on alternative resources. The ANZLF is an example of unofficial diplomacy helping governments to build strategic relationships with a variety of non-governmental actors to advance specific objectives. From a New Zealand perspective, the thesis argues the Leadership Forum has been beneficial in building relationships, networks and trust as the country engages in asymmetrical integration with Australia.</p>

Sequencing, People Movements and Mass Politicization in European and Trans-Tasman Single Markets

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Leslie
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
European Market ◽  
Mass Mobilization ◽  
National Authority ◽  
Economic Market ◽  
Single European Market ◽  
Free Movement Of Goods

This article demonstrates the utility of comparative historical approaches and tools for temporal analysis in comparative regional integration. Over three decades Australian and New Zealand policymakers constructed a Trans-Tasman Single Economic Market that, like the Single European Market, creates supra-national authority and removes administrative barriers to free movement of goods, services capital and people. Like the Single European Market, the Trans-Tasman Single Economic Market regulates internal movements of people liberally. In Europe, some argue, liberal regulation of people movements has led to politicization of integration. In Australia and New Zealand integration has no mass political salience. This article compares European and trans-Tasman integration to explain these divergent outcomes. It shows how differing sequences of events can explain varying levels of mass mobilization around integration in the two cases. In Europe ‘economic integration’ preceded the liberalization of people movements. Trans-Tasman integration reversed this sequence.

scholarly journals Wpływ globalizacji i integracji w ramach MERCOSUR na wymianę handlową produktów przemysłu samochodowego Brazylii w latach 1990–2006

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 63-78
Author(s):  
Mirosław Wójtowicz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
World Wide ◽  
The Other ◽  
Integration Policy ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
Domestic Markets ◽  
Other Hand

The aim of this paper is determining the influence of the globalization and regional integration processes on the Brazilian automobile industry. The paper also contains the analysis of changes in the state’s industrial policy towards this sector and their influence on winning new foreign investments. The analysis also concerns changes in the MERCOSUR integration policy towards the automobile industry. It was observed that the changes that occurred in the Brazilian automobile industry in the years 1990–2006 are to a large extent a consequence of world-wide transformations in the sector, caused by globalization. On one hand, the changes consisted in modernizing the existing plants, and on the other hand – in emergence of completely new enterprises that aimed at global expansion on the so-called rising markets. This led to the increase in production, diversification of the assortment of available models, and the increase in competition on the Brazilian market.As for integration policy, the member states tried to postpone as long as possible complete liberalization of products trade in this industry within MERCOSUR. Owing to this, they were able to conduct individual policies in this sector, on one hand trying to maintain the barriers that protected their domestic markets, and on the other hand, trying to offer as much as possible to attract foreign investors. This led to numerous conflicts and great tension, chiefly between Argentina and Brazil, which endangered the process of economic integration. Still, the emerging problems were successfully overcome and the barriers for automobile industry trade within MERCOSUR were gradually eliminated. It was reflected in the rapid increase in car trade between the two countries in years 2003–2006.

scholarly journals Regional economic integration in Europe: Effects and open issues

2006 ◽  
Vol 58 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 84-103
Author(s):  
Pero Petrovic ◽  
Miroslav Antevski
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Regional Economic Integration ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
National Productivity ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Open Issues

In analyzing regional economic integration in Europe the authors pay special attention to the development in the European Union, for other forms of regional or sub regional integration at the continent are in fact mostly transitional and provisional, and directly connected with EU. The authors argue that in spite of considerable success and high level of integration of the EU, several important open issues remain in that process. They are results of mixed character of European integration: political and economic. Too many kinds of interests are of opposed character, and it is very hard to harmonize them in real politics. The main problems in the EU have their cause in the nature of European integration: international competitiveness of European economy, social character of European states, national productivity, challenges of enlargement.

'Planning Economic Integration7, by L.B.M. Mennes, Rotterdam University Press, 1973.

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-439
Author(s):  
G. M. Radhul
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Planning Model ◽  
Integration Policy ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Future Production ◽  
Planning Models ◽  
Partici Pant ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Integration Area

The book under review deals with economic integration among deve¬loping countries from the point of view of planning. The author believes that it is useful to approach economic integration from a planning point of view and to develop planning models for it, because the theory of economic integration relevant for developing countries should be directed towards the impact of integration on future investments and future production. The type of models used in the book are the multisector linear programming models and the method of analysis is essentially a comparison of two situations; one with economic integration and the other without. For each prospective partici¬pant a medium term planning model is drawn up taking account of its economic situation in some base year. The results of these single country planning models are analysed and compared to those of a similar planning model for the integration area as a whole. The consequences of the integration policy are then evaluated.

The Awkwardness of Australian Engagement with Asia: The Dilemmas of Australian Idea of Regionalism

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
BAOGANG HE
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Full Member ◽  
Regional Institutions ◽  
International Power ◽  
Asian Context ◽  
High Level ◽  
Pacific Community

AbstractAustralia has experienced difficulties engaging with Asia-Pacific regional integration. Despite Australian attempts to punch above its weight in regional forums and to be a regional leader, it is still not regarded as a full member or as quite fitting into the region. It is an ‘awkward partner’ in the Asian context, and has experienced the ‘liminality’ of being neither here nor there. The former Rudd government's proposal for an ‘Asia Pacific Community’ (APC) by the year 2020 was a substantive initiative in Australia's ongoing engagement with Asia. It has, however, attracted a high level of criticism both at home and abroad. The main critical analysis of the proposal has focused on institutional building or architecture, or its relationship with existing regional institutions, but overlooks a host of often fraught questions about culture, norms, identities, and international power relations. The APC concept needs to be scrutinized in terms of these questions with a critical eye. This paper examines the cultural, cognitive, and normative dimensions of Rudd's proposal. It analyses four dilemmas or awkward problems that the APC faces.

Africa’s prospects for infrastructure development and regional integration: energy sector

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethèl Teljeur ◽  
Mayuree Chetty ◽  
Morné Hendriksz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Resource Planning ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Energy Planning ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Energy Infrastructure ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Infrastructure Investments

Energy sector development is required to enable greater regional economic integration (harmonization of legal and regulatory frameworks for energy, coordination of energy infrastructure investments, etc.) in Africa. This can address problems associated with fractured energy infrastructure investment and allowing African nations to develop more shared facilities. In addition, regional integration facilitates trade of energy resources and services via sub-regional power pools. Despite the current attempts to integrate regional infrastructure via power pools, actual trade within these pools is low, and the opportunity to derive efficiencies from integrated regional resource planning is missed in favour of national plans. Different stages and design of energy market liberalization or (re-) regulation and the desire for energy self-sufficiency (“security of supply”) hinder the development of bilateral or multilateral projects. Investment in interconnection capacity is required to facilitate intra-power pool trade and achieve the efficiencies associated with the pooling of demand and integrated energy planning.

scholarly journals Baa, Baa, Black Sheep  Have You Any Wool?  Developing the RBV  Through a Study of the  New Zealand Merino Clothing Industry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Andrew Jackson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Clothing Industry ◽  
Black Sheep ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
High Level ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Competitive Rivalry

<p>This thesis explores how the traditional approaches to researching the Resource-Based View (RBV) do not fully address the heterogeneity within the participants of the research. Traditional approaches assume similar levels of knowledge, prioritisation, and value (awareness) are held across the participants. This thesis proposes that this similarity may not exist for every industry. Focused on the New Zealand merino clothing industry, this research employed two studies to determine the key characteristics and perceptions of the main players in the industry. Initially an industry profile is formed from secondary data sources, which covers the 30 years since the inception of the New Zealand merino clothing industry. This profile forms the basis for the interview sample and provides comparison for interview findings. Through the use of open-ended questions and a semi-structured interview process this thesis carried out interviews with the CEOs of thirteen New Zealand based merino clothing firms from throughout New Zealand. These interviews offered the participants the opportunity to express their perspectives on the resources they deem to be most important. The outcomes of these interviews are surprising; with the results questioning more assumptions of RBV research than just the similarity of awareness. Drawing together the analysis of the industry profile and the findings of the interviews, these two studies highlight a number of key findings. Most significantly, it is apparent that the majority of the interviewees do not perceive themselves as competing, though the industry profile indicates that the industry has a high level of competitive rivalry. Additionally, the firms do not appear to be differentiating themselves from one another, with few unique approaches utilised by the interviewees in regards to product, design, and business practice. Lastly, this thesis illustrates that these differences in perception between the industry profile analysis and the interview findings could be due to the ambition and future perspectives of the CEOs.</p>

scholarly journals The Ideology of Integration: An examination of the New Zealand and Ireland case studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Miran Milosevic
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Integration Policy ◽  
Integration Policies ◽  
Study Case ◽  
National Membership

<p>The study of integration policy is of particular relevance in an increasingly globalised world, since integration policy was shown to be important to the maintenance of social cohesion of immigrant receiving host societies (Papillon 2002, p. iii, Schugurensky 2003, pp.11-12, Friessen 2003, pp.187-191). This thesis sought to examine the fit of two explanatory theoretical models in explaining integration policy outcomes in two case study states, Ireland and New Zealand, during the period 1995-2006. More specifically, the thesis tried to determine whether the influence of the model of national membership adopted in each study case (civic membership in the New Zealand case and ethno cultural membership in the case of the Republic of Ireland) was able to anticipate the correct outcomes with regard to integration policies adopted during the study period, or whether political party positioning on socio economic lines was more important in anticipating integration policy outcomes. This assessment was conduct in light of apparent ‘fit’ of the respective theoretical models in each study case to integration policies enacted during the study period, in order to determine whether the theories that seem to fit the best anticipate the correct outcomes in each study case.  This was a salient question in light of the dichotomy in integration policy approaches in the two study states. Notwithstanding that both New Zealand and Ireland were immigrant receiving states during the study period, there was a marked difference between New Zealand’s approach to integration policy formulation and that of Ireland. New Zealand’s approach to integration policy was well structured and became more developed, while Ireland did not have a cohesive integration policy during the study period, relying instead on a reactionary approach composed of a collection of policy statements and ‘ad hoc’, reactionary policies.  As noted briefly above, the two theoretical models that were assessed for fit against outcomes in integration policies in the study states were the Brubaker theory of membership and the theory of political party positioning along the socio-economic left/right axis. The Brubaker theory suggests that integration policies are the outcome of national membership models (i.e. a civic or ethno cultural conception of national belonging), whilst the theory of party positioning along socio-economic lines suggests that integration policies are based on the influence of socio economic political party ideology. An investigation was made of the fit of the Brubaker membership models against that of the socio economic political ideology models in predicting integration policy outcomes in each respective case study. In addition, an examination of the interaction between the two explanatory theories was conducted, and an assessment made of whether this interaction had an impact on integration policy formulation. In exploring the interaction between two competing explanations for integration policy outcomes, this thesis aimed to facilitate a more comprehensive understanding for the reasons of the divergence in the approach to integration policy in the two case study states, and also a better understanding of the factors impacting on integration policy in general.</p>

scholarly journals The Ideology of Integration: An examination of the New Zealand and Ireland case studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Miran Milosevic
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Integration Policy ◽  
Integration Policies ◽  
Study Case ◽  
National Membership

<p>The study of integration policy is of particular relevance in an increasingly globalised world, since integration policy was shown to be important to the maintenance of social cohesion of immigrant receiving host societies (Papillon 2002, p. iii, Schugurensky 2003, pp.11-12, Friessen 2003, pp.187-191). This thesis sought to examine the fit of two explanatory theoretical models in explaining integration policy outcomes in two case study states, Ireland and New Zealand, during the period 1995-2006. More specifically, the thesis tried to determine whether the influence of the model of national membership adopted in each study case (civic membership in the New Zealand case and ethno cultural membership in the case of the Republic of Ireland) was able to anticipate the correct outcomes with regard to integration policies adopted during the study period, or whether political party positioning on socio economic lines was more important in anticipating integration policy outcomes. This assessment was conduct in light of apparent ‘fit’ of the respective theoretical models in each study case to integration policies enacted during the study period, in order to determine whether the theories that seem to fit the best anticipate the correct outcomes in each study case.  This was a salient question in light of the dichotomy in integration policy approaches in the two study states. Notwithstanding that both New Zealand and Ireland were immigrant receiving states during the study period, there was a marked difference between New Zealand’s approach to integration policy formulation and that of Ireland. New Zealand’s approach to integration policy was well structured and became more developed, while Ireland did not have a cohesive integration policy during the study period, relying instead on a reactionary approach composed of a collection of policy statements and ‘ad hoc’, reactionary policies.  As noted briefly above, the two theoretical models that were assessed for fit against outcomes in integration policies in the study states were the Brubaker theory of membership and the theory of political party positioning along the socio-economic left/right axis. The Brubaker theory suggests that integration policies are the outcome of national membership models (i.e. a civic or ethno cultural conception of national belonging), whilst the theory of party positioning along socio-economic lines suggests that integration policies are based on the influence of socio economic political party ideology. An investigation was made of the fit of the Brubaker membership models against that of the socio economic political ideology models in predicting integration policy outcomes in each respective case study. In addition, an examination of the interaction between the two explanatory theories was conducted, and an assessment made of whether this interaction had an impact on integration policy formulation. In exploring the interaction between two competing explanations for integration policy outcomes, this thesis aimed to facilitate a more comprehensive understanding for the reasons of the divergence in the approach to integration policy in the two case study states, and also a better understanding of the factors impacting on integration policy in general.</p>

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